Duba tsatso na Harshen Konkani

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in India}}
[[Fayil:Konkani language.svg|thumb]]
{{Redirect|Konkani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox language
| name             = Konkani
| nativename       = {{lang|kok|कोंकणी}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA-all|kõkɳi|}} (in the language itself), {{IPA-all|kõkɵɳi|}} ([[anglicised]])
| ethnicity        = [[Konkani people]]
| image            = Konkani language.svg
| imagecaption     = The word "Konkani" written in Devanagari script
| imagescale       = 
| states           = [[India]]
| region           = [[Konkan]] (includes [[Goa]] and the coastal areas of [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and some parts of [[Kerala]], [[Gujarat]] ([[Dang district, Gujarat|Dang district]]) and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]])<ref name="kenya">{{cite book|last=Whiteley |first=Wilfred Howell |title=Language in Kenya|year= 1974|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=589}}</ref><ref name="curzon">{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Denis|title=Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters|year=2004|publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-85359-673-5|page=158}}</ref>
| speakers         = 2.26 million
| date             = 2011 census
| ref              = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = [[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern Zone]]
| fam5             = [[Marathi–Konkani languages|Marathi–Konkani]]
| dia1             = '''Dialect groups''': [[Canara Konkani]], [[Goan Konkani]], [[Maharashtrian Konkani]], [[Kerala Konkani]]
| dia2             = '''Individual dialects''': [[Malvani dialect|Malvani]], [[Mangalorean Konkani|Mangalorean]], Chitpavani, Antruz, Bardeskari, Saxtti, [[Nawayathi dialect|Daldi]], Pednekari, [[Koli Christians|Koli]] and [[Agri dialect|Aagri]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LqRXZPJTUoC&pg=PA4230|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: La Behmen-Maheya|first=Subodh|last=Kapoor|date=10 April 2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=9788177552713|via=Google Books}}</ref>
| script           = '''Past''':<br>[[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]<br>[[Nāgarī script|Nāgarī]]<br>[[Goykanadi]]<br>[[Modi script]]<br>
'''Present''':<br>[[Devanagari]] (official)<ref group="note">Devanagari has been promulgated as the official script.</ref><br>[[Latin script|Roman]]<ref group="note">Roman script is not mandated as an official script by law. However, an ordinance passed by the government of Goa allows the use of Roman script for official communication. This ordinance has been put into effect by various ministries in varying degrees. For example, the 1996 Goa Panchayat Rules stipulate that the various forms used in the election process must be in both the Roman and Devanagari script. {{Cite web|date=1996|title=Panchayat Raj Act And Rules|url=https://panchayatsgoa.gov.in/pdfdoc/Panchayat_Raj_Act_and_Rules.pdf?#zoom=100 |archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610181357/https://panchayatsgoa.gov.in/pdfdoc/Panchayat_Raj_Act_and_Rules.pdf?#zoom=100|url-status=live|access-date=|website=panchayatsgoa.gov.in}}</ref><br>[[Kannada script|Kannada]]<ref group="note">The use of Kannada script is not mandated by any law or ordinance. However, in the state of Karnataka, Konkani is used in the Kannada script instead of the Devanagari script.</ref><br>[[Malayalam script|Malayalam]]<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/><br>[[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]]
| nation           = {{flag|India}} <br>
* [[Goa]]<ref name="goacom2049"/>
| agency           = [[Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy]] and the [[Government of Goa]]<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/419.pdf|title=The Goa Daman and Diu Official Language Act|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=5 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304010627/http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/419.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2009}}</ref>
| iso2             = kok
| iso3             = kok
| lc1              = gom
| ld1              = Goan Konkani
| lc2              = knn
| ld2              = [[Maharashtrian Konkani]]
| glotto           = goan1235
| glottoname       = Goan Konkani
| glotto2          = konk1267
| glottoname2      = Konkan Marathi
| map              = Geographic_Distribution_of_Native_Konkani_Speakers.png
| mapcaption       = Distribution of native Konkani speakers in India
| notice           = Indic
| notice2          = IPA
}}
{{Infobox Scheduled Language of India
| SLI         = Konkani language <!-- name as inscribed on the Eighth Schedule List: use with the STAND-ALONE version of this template -->
| Official_name = Konkani language <!-- name as inscribed on the Eighth Schedule List: use ONLY with the embedded version of this template, if it doesn't matches the name of the template it is in-->
| image       = Konkani3scripts.jpg <!-- optional -->
| image_size  = <!-- optional -->
| caption     =  <!-- optional -->
| Part_of     = [[Official languages of India]] <!-- optional: when the article subject is part of a SLI listing, not a full one, e.g. Meitei language -->
| Includes    = [[Languages with official status in India|Official language]] of the [[Government of Goa]] <!-- optional: when a group of subjects together form this SLI; avoid long listings, in which case it is better to summarize or to omit the parameter altogether-->
| Location    = [[Goa]] <!-- optional -->
| ID          = constitution-india-seventy-first-amendment-act-1992
| Coordinates = <!-- optional; use {{coord}} -->
| Year        = 1992
| Extension   = <!-- optional -->
| Website     = <!-- optional -->
| locmapin    = <!-- optional -->
| map_caption = <!-- optional -->
| map_width   = <!-- optional -->
| relief      = <!-- "1" for relief map - if available -->
| child       = <!-- optional; set to "yes" to embed this infobox within another infobox -->
| embedded    = <!-- optional; use to embed another infobox template within this one, e.g. {{Location map many}} -->
}}
{{Constitutionally recognised languages in India}}

Konkani (Devanagari: कोंकणी, Kannada: ಕೊಂಕಣಿ, Malayalam: കൊംകണീ, Perso-Larabci: کونکنی, Romi: Konknni, IAST: Armany: IAST, Template:) yankin Konkan, tare da yammacin gabar tekun Indiya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen harsuna 22 da aka ambata a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kuma harshen hukuma na jihar Goa ta Indiya. Hakanan ana magana a cikin Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat da Damaon, Diu & Silvassa.

Konkani memba ne na rukunin yaren Kudancin Indo-Aryan. Yana riƙe abubuwa na tsarin Vedic kuma yana nuna kamanceceniya da harsunan Indo-Aryan na Yamma da Gabas. Rubutun Konkani na farko yana da kwanan wata 1187 AD.

Akwai yarukan Konkani da yawa da ake magana da su tare da bayan yankin Konkan, daga Damaon a arewa zuwa Karwar a kudu; Mafi yawansu ba a iya fahimtar juna da juna kawai saboda rashin tuntuɓar harshe da mu'amala tare da ma'auni da manyan nau'ikan Konkani. Har ila yau, bakin haure suna magana da shi a wajen yankin Konkan; a cikin Nagpore, Surat, Cochin, Mangalore, Ahmedabad, Karachi, New Delhi da sauransu. Yaruka kamar Malvani, Chitpavani, Bombay Gabashin Indiya, Koli da Aagri a Maharashtra na bakin teku; Har ila yau, ana fuskantar barazana ta hanyar karkatar da harshe cikin yawancin harsunan jahohi da yankuna da ba na Konkani ba na Indiya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/konkanis-to-be-blamed-for-lingos-precarious-state/articleshow/65494285.cms|title='Konkanis to be blamed for lingo's precarious state' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=22 August 2018 |accessdate=27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/AJVHke7VvvvVPerV1jv8WO/Konkani-a-language-in-crisis.html|title=Konkani: a language in crisis|first=Vivek|last=Menezes|date=8 September 2017|website=mint|accessdate=27 December 2020}}</ref>

==Rabe-rabe==
Konkani na reshen harshen Indo-Aryan ne. Yana daga cikin rukunin Marathi-Konkani na harsunan Indo-Aryan na kudanci. Yana da sassauƙa, kuma ƙasa da nisa daga Sanskrit idan aka kwatanta da sauran harsunan Indo-Aryan na zamani. Masana harsuna sun bayyana Konkani a matsayin hadewar Prakrits iri-iri. Ana iya danganta hakan da haduwar bakin haure da gabar tekun Konkan ta shaida tsawon shekaru.<ref name=paisaci>{{cite book|last=Menezes|first=Armando|title=Essays on Konkani language and literature: Professor Armando Menezes felicitation volume|year=1970|publisher=Konkani Sahitya Prakashan|pages=118 pages (see page:2)}}</ref>

== Sunaye da Etymology ==
Yana yiwuwa kawai tsohon Konkani ya kira Prakrit ta masu magana da shi. Ba a samun ambaton sunan Konkani a cikin adabi kafin karni na 13. Maganar farko ta sunan Konkani tana cikin "Abhanga 263" na karni na 13 na mawaƙin Marathi Hindu, Namadeva (1270-1350). An san Konkani da sunaye iri-iri: Canarim, Concanim, Gomantaki, Bramana, da Goani. Masu iya magana da Marathi da aka koyan suna kiran sa Gomantaki.

Konkani an fi kiransa da Língua Canarim ta Fotigal da Língua Brahmana ta masu mishan Katolika. Daga baya Fotigal ya fara kiran Konkani da Língua Concanim. Sunan Canarim ko Língua Canarim, wanda shine yadda ƙarni na 16 Bature Jesuit Thomas Stephens ke nuni da shi a cikin taken sanannen aikinsa Arte da lingoa Canarim ya kasance mai ban sha'awa koyaushe. Zai yiwu kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Farisa ta bakin teku, kinara; idan haka ne, yana nufin "harshen bakin teku". Matsalar ita ce wannan kalma ta zo tare da Kanarese ko Kannada. Duk marubutan Turai, duk da haka, sun gane nau'ikan harshe guda biyu a cikin Goa: plebeian, wanda ake kira Canarim, da kuma na yau da kullun (wanda masu ilimi ke amfani da shi), wanda ake kira Língua Canarim Brâmana ko kuma kawai Brâmana de Goa. Na biyun shi ne zabin da Turawa suka fi so, da ma na sauran jiga-jigai, don rubuce-rubuce, wa'azi, da manufofin addini..<ref>Mariano Saldanha, "História de Gramática Concani," ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 8 (1935–37)'' 715. See also M. L. SarDessai, ''A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992'' (New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2000) 42–43.</ref>

Akwai ra’ayoyi mabambanta dangane da asalin kalmar Konkan don haka Konkani:

* V. P. Chavan ya bayyana cewa asalin asalin sunan Konkan don haka Konkani ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Kannada konku ma'ana 'ƙasa marar daidaituwa'. Asalin Kannada yana nuna cewa Konkana zai iya haɗawa da yankin Kannada kuma 'ƙasa marar daidaituwa' yana nuna yanayin tuddai na yankin. Konku a Kannada kuma yana nufin abin da ba shi da 'madaidaici' kuma 'karkace'.
* Kalmar Konkan ta fito ne daga ƙabilar Kukkana (Kokna), waɗanda su ne ainihin mazauna ƙasar da Konkani ta samo asali.
* A cewar wasu nassosin Puranas, Parashurama ya harba kibiyansa a cikin teku kuma ya umarci Bahar Allah ya koma har inda kibiyarsa ta sauka. Sabon yanki da aka kwato ta haka ya zama sananne da Konkan ma'ana yanki ko kusurwar ƙasa, kōṇa (kusurwa) + kaṇa (yanki). An ambaci wannan almara a cikin Sahyadrikhanda na Skanda Purana.

==Tarihi==

=== Shawarwari substrate tasiri ===
{{Expert needed|linguistics|section|reason=The Kurukh and Oraon tribes speak Dravidian languages, not Austroasiatic|date=October 2017}}
Ƙarshen harshen Konkani ya ta'allaka ne a cikin maganganun ƙabilun Austroasiatic da ake kira Kurukh, Oraon, da Kukni, waɗanda wakilansu na zamani harsuna ne kamar Kurukh da yarukansa da suka haɗa da Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, da Malto. A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Indiya, waɗannan kabilun Australoid suna magana da harsunan Austro-Asiatic ko Munda waɗanda suka taɓa zama Konkan, sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Indiya (Chota Nagpur Plateau, Mirzapur) kuma ba a samun su a Konkan kuma. Olivinho Gomes a cikin makalarsa "Littafin Konkani na Tsakiyar Tsakiya" shima ya ambaci sunan Mundari. Goan Indologist Anant Shenvi Dhume ya gano yawancin kalmomin Austro-Asiatic Munda a cikin Konkani, kamar mund, mundkar, dhumak, goem-bab. Wannan substratum ya shahara sosai a Konkani.<ref name=mudns>{{cite book|last=India. Office of the Registrar General|title=Census of India, 1961, Volume 1, Issue 1 Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General|year=1961|publisher=Manager of Publications|page=67}}</ref>

Tasirin nahawu na harsunan Dravidian akan tsari da tsarin ma'anar harsunan Indo-Aryan yana da wuyar fahimta. Wasu masana ilimin harshe suna bayyana wannan rashin fahimta ta hanyar jayayya cewa Indo-Aryan ta Tsakiya da Sabon Indo-Aryan an gina su akan wani yanki na Dravidian. Wasu misalan kalmomin Konkani na asalin Dravidian sune: naall (kwakwa), mahaukaci (mai wanki), choru (shinkafa da aka dafa) da mulo (radish). Masana harsuna kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa yankin Marathi da Konkani yana da alaƙa da Dravidian Kannada..<ref name=subkan>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature: Introductory articles|year=1990|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|pages=See Page 45}}</ref><ref>Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003) ''The Dravidian Languages'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. {{ISBN|0-521-77111-0}} at pp.4–6.</ref>

=== Tarihi da ci gaban farko ===
Hijira na masu magana da harshen Indo-Aryan sun faru a tsawon tarihin gabar tekun yammacin Indiya. Kusan 2400 BC tashin farko na masu magana da yare na Indo-Aryan na iya faruwa, tare da kalaman na biyu ya bayyana kusan 1000-700 BC. Mutane da yawa sun yi magana da tsoffin harsunan Indo-Aryan, waɗanda ƙila suna da alaƙa da Vedic Sanskrit; wasu har yanzu suna magana da yarukan Dravidian da Desi. Don haka an haifi tsohon Konkani Prakrit a matsayin haɗuwar yarukan Indo-Aryan yayin karɓar kalmomi da yawa daga maganganun Dravidian. Wasu masana harsuna suna ɗaukan Shauraseni shine magabata yayin da wasu ke kiransa Paisaci. Ana iya tabbatar da tasirin Paisachi akan Konkani a cikin binciken Dokta Taraporewala, wanda a cikin littafinsa Elements of Science of Languages (Jami'ar Calcutta) ya tabbatar da cewa Konkani ya nuna abubuwa da yawa na Dardic da ke samuwa a Kashmiri a yau. Don haka, babban nau'in tsohon Konkani yana kiran Paishachi ta wasu masana harshe. Wannan magabata na Konkani (ko Paishachi Apabhramsha) ya adana tsohon nau'i na haɓakar sauti da nahawu, yana nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan kalmomi da ake samu a cikin Sanskrit da adadi mai yawa na nahawu waɗanda ba a samun su a Marathi. (Misalan wannan ana samun su a cikin ayyuka da yawa kamar Dnyaneshwari, da Leela Charitra.) Konkani haka ya ci gaba tare da hadaddun Sanskrit gabaɗaya da tsarin nahawu, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama asusun ƙamus na kansa. An yi imanin tashin na biyu na Indo-Aryans yana tare da Dravidians daga tudun Deccan. Hakanan ana ɗaukar Paishachi a matsayin yaren Aryan da Dravidians ke magana.

Konkan Mauryas da Bhojas ne suka yi mulkin Goa da Konkan; a sakamakon haka, ƙaura da yawa sun faru daga arewa, gabas da yammacin Indiya. Baƙi sun yi magana da harsuna daban-daban na yare, wanda ya haifar da cakuda fasalin Gabas da Yammacin Prakrit. Daga baya Magadhi Prakrit ya yi tasiri sosai. Harshen Pali (harshen liturgical na mabiya addinin Buddha) ya kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka nahawu na Konkani Apabhramsha da ƙamus. An raba manyan sabbin sabbin harsuna a Konkani tare da harsunan Indo-Aryan na Gabas kamar Bengali da Oriya, waɗanda suka samo asali daga Magadhi.

Maharashtri Prakrit shine kakan Marathi da Konkani, shine harshen hukuma na Daular Satavahana wanda ya mallaki Goa da Konkan a farkon ƙarni na Zamani. Karkashin ikon daular Satavahana, Maharashtri ya zama Prakrit mafi yaduwa a lokacinsa. Da yake karatun tarihin Maharashtri da wuri, masana harsuna da yawa sun kira Konkani "'yar Maharashtri ta fari". Wannan tsohon harshen da ya kasance na zamani da tsohon Marathi an same shi ya bambanta da takwaransa.

Tasirin Sauraseni akan Konkani bai yi fice kamar na Maharashtri ba. Kalmomin Konkani kaɗan ne aka samu don bin tsarin Sauraseni. Siffofin Konkani sun fi kama da Pali fiye da madaidaitan siffofin Sauraseni. Babban tasirin Sauraseni akan Konkani shine sautin ao da aka samo a ƙarshen yawancin sunaye a cikin Sauraseni, wanda ya zama o ko u a cikin Konkani. Misalai sun haɗa da: dando, suno, raakhano, dukh, rukhu, manisu (daga Prakrit), dandao, sunnao, rakkhakao, dukkhao, vukkhao, vrukkhao, da manniso. Wani misali zai iya zama sautin ण a farkon kalmomi; Har yanzu ana kiyaye shi cikin kalmomin Konkani da yawa na asalin Shauraseni, kamar णव (9). Archaic Konkani wanda aka haife shi daga Shauraseni yaren Prakrit a farkon matakin juyin halitta (kuma daga baya Maharashtri Prakrit), ana yawan magana har zuwa 875 AD, kuma a lokacinsa na ƙarshe ya haɓaka zuwa Apabhramsha, wanda za'a iya kiransa magabata na tsohon Konkani.

Kodayake yawancin rubutun dutse da faranti na jan karfe da aka samu a Goa (da sauran sassan Konkan) daga karni na 2 BC zuwa karni na 10 AD suna cikin Sanskrit mai tasiri na Prakrit (wanda aka rubuta a farkon Brahmi da archaic Dravidian Brahmi), yawancin wurare, tallafi, sharuɗɗan da suka shafi aikin gona, da sunayen wasu mutane suna cikin Konkani. Wannan yana nuna cewa ana magana da Konkani a cikin Goa da Konkan.<ref name=dhume2>{{cite book|last=Sinai Dhume|first=Ananta Ramakrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 BC to 1352 AD|year=2009|publisher=Broadway book centre|location=Panaji|isbn=9788190571678|pages=Chapter 6(pages 202–257)}}</ref>

Ko da yake yana cikin ƙungiyar Indo-Aryan, Konkani ya rinjayi yaren dangin Dravidian. Wani reshe na Kadambas, wanda ya mulki Goa na dogon lokaci, ya samo asali ne a Karnataka. Ba a taɓa amfani da Konkani don dalilai na hukuma ba. Wani dalilin da Kannada ya rinjayi Konkani shine kusancin ainihin yankuna masu magana da Konkani zuwa Karnataka. Tsofaffin takardun Konkani sun nuna tasirin Kannada akan nahawu da kuma ƙamus. Kamar harsunan kudancin Dravidian, Konkani yana da glides na prothetic y- da w-. Tasirin Kannada ya fi bayyana a Konkani syntax. Alamar tambaya a cikin eh/a'a tambayoyi kuma alamar mara kyau ita ce jumla ta ƙarshe. Share Copula a Konkani yana kama da Kannada sosai. Ba a yawan amfani da kalmomin fi'ili a cikin harsunan Indo-Aryan; duk da haka, Konkani da ake magana a cikin yankunan Dravidian ya aro nau'ikan fi'ili da yawa.

Kols, Kharwas, Yadavas, da Lothal ƙaura duk sun zauna a Goa a lokacin kafin tarihi da kuma daga baya. Chavada, ƙabilar mayaka (yanzu ana kiranta Chaddi ko Chaddo), sun yi ƙaura zuwa Goa daga Saurashtra, a cikin ƙarni na 7 da 8 AD, bayan Larabawa sun halaka mulkinsu a shekara ta 740..<ref name="gazat">{{cite book|last=Gune|first=V.T|title=Gazetteer of the union territory of Goa Daman and Diu, part 3, Diu|year=1979|publisher=Gazetteer of the union territory of Goa|page=21}}</ref> Royal matrimonial relationships between the two states, as well as trade relationships, had a major impact on Goan society. Many of these groups spoke different Nagar [[Apabhramsha]] dialects, which could be seen as precursors of modern Gujarati.

* Konkani da Gujarati suna da kalmomi da yawa a hade, ba a samu a Marathi ba.
* Konkani O (saɓanin Marathi A, wanda asalin Prakrit ne), yayi kama da na Gujarati.
* Ƙarshen shari'ar a Konkani, lo, li, da le, da Gujarati no, ni, da ne suna da tushen Prakrit iri ɗaya.
* A cikin harsunan biyu alamun yanzu ba su da jinsi, sabanin Marathi.<ref name="guj">{{cite book|last=Saradesāya Publisher|first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7|pages=317 pages}}</ref>

=== Da wuri ===
Wani rubutu a gindin babban Jain monolith Bahubali (Kalmar gomateshvara a fili ta fito ne daga Konkani Template:IAST wanda ke nufin "kyakkyawa" ko "kyakkyawa" da īśvara "ubangiji".) a Shravanabelagola na 981 CE yana karantawa, a cikin bambancin Nāgarī. :

"śrīcāvuṇḍarājē̃ kara viyālē̃, śrīgaṅgārājē̃ sutālē̃ kara viyālē̃" (Chavundaray ya yi, Gangaraya ya gama da kewaye).

Harshen wadannan layukan shine Konkani a cewar S.B. Kulkarni (tsohon shugaban Sashen Marathi, Jami'ar Nagpur) da Jose Pereira (tsohon farfesa, Jami'ar Fordham, Amurka).

Wani rubutu a cikin Nāgarī, na Shilahara Sarkin Aparaditya II na shekara ta 1187 AD a Parel ya ƙunshi kalmomin Konkani, amma ba a tabbatar da hakan ba.

Yawancin rubuce-rubucen dutse da farantin tagulla da aka samu a Goa da Konkan an rubuta su cikin Konkani. Nahawu da tushe na irin waɗannan matani yana cikin Konkani, yayin da ƙananan kalmomi ke cikin Marathi. Faranti na Copper da aka samu a Ponda tun daga farkon karni na 13, kuma daga Quepem a farkon karni na 14, an rubuta su cikin Goykanadi. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan rubutun dutse ko shilalekh (wanda aka rubuta Nāgarī) yana samuwa a haikalin Nageshi a Goa (wanda ya kasance a shekara ta 1463 AD). Ya ambaci cewa (a lokacin) mai mulkin Goa, Devaraja Gominam, ya ba da kyauta ga haikalin Nagueshi Maharudra lokacin da Nanjanna Gosavi ya kasance shugaban addini ko Pratihasta na jihar. Ya ambaci kalmomi kamar, kullgga, kulaagra, naralel, tambavem, da tilel.<ref>{{cite book|last=Da Cruz|first= Antonio|title=Goa: men and matters |publisher=s.n., 1974|year=1974|page=321}}</ref>

[[File:Nagueshi Inscription 1413AD.jpg|thumb|Konkani Inscription with 'Maee Shenvi' of 1413 AD, [[Nagueshi]], Goa.]]
Wani yanki na yabon Ubangiji Narayana da aka danganta ga karni na 12 AD in ji: {{blockquote|''"jaṇẽ rasataḷavāntũ matsyarūpē̃ vēda āṇiyēlē̃.  manuśivāka vāṇiyēlē̃. to saṁsārasāgara tāraṇu. mōhō to rākho nārāyāṇu".'' (The one who brought the [[Veda]]s up from the ocean in the form of a fish, from the bottoms of the water and offered it to [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], he is the one Saviour of the world, that is Narayana my God.).}} A hymn from the later 16th century goes {{blockquote| ''vaikuṇṭhācē̃ jhāḍa tu gē phaḷa amṛtācē̃, jīvita rākhilē̃ tuvē̃ manasakuḷācē̃.''<ref name=Sardesaya>{{cite book|last=Saradesāya|first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year=2000|publisher=Kendra Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7|pages=8–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&q=aravalem}}</ref>}}

Early Konkani was marked by the use of pronouns like ''dzo'', ''jī'', and ''jẽ''. These are replaced in contemporary Konkani by ''koṇa''. The conjunctions ''yedō'' and ''tedō'' ("when" and "then") which were used in early Konkani are no longer in use.<ref name=Maffei>{{cite book|last=Maffei|first=Agnelus F.X.|title=A Konkani grammar|year=2003|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0087-4|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZv6UyynBPgC&q=yedo+tedo}}</ref> The use of ''-viyalẽ'' has been replaced by ''-aylẽ''. The pronoun ''moho'', which is similar to the Brajbhasha word ''mōhē'' has been replaced by ''mākā''.

===Medieval===
This era was marked by several invasions of Goa and subsequent exodus of some Konkani families to  [[Kanara|Canara]] (today's coastal Karnataka), and Cochin.
* Exodus (between 1312–1327) when General [[Malik Kafur]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultans]], [[Alauddin Khalji]], and [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammed bin Tughlaq]] destroyed [[Govapuri|Govepuri]] and the [[Kadambas]]
* Exodus subsequent to 1470 when the [[Bahamani]] kingdom captured Goa, and subsequent capture in 1492 by Sultan [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]]
* Exodus of converted Muslims to Bijapur-held territory due to the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] in 1510
* Migration of Hindu converts to [[Canara]] in South India after the [[Christianisation of Goa]], the subsequent [[Goa Inquisition]], and the [[Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein|Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein]].

These events caused the Konkani language to develop into multiple dialects with multiple scripts. The exodus to coastal Karnataka and Kerala required Konkani speakers in these regions to learn the local languages. This caused penetration of local words into the dialects of Konkani spoken by these speakers. Examples include ''dār'' (door) giving way to the word ''bāgil''. Also, the phoneme "a" in the Salcette dialect was replaced by the phoneme "o".

Other Konkani communities came into being with their own dialects of Konkani. The [[Konkani Muslims|Konkani Muslim]] communities of [[Ratnagiri]] and [[Bhatkal]] came about due to a mixture of intermarriages of Arab seafarers and locals as well as conversions of Hindus to Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kokaniz.com/history.html |title=Konkani History |publisher=Kokaniz.com |accessdate=23 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207030416/http://www.kokaniz.com/history.html |archivedate= 7 February 2012 }}</ref> Another migrant community that picked up Konkani are the [[Siddis]], who are descended from [[Bantu peoples]] from South East Africa that were brought to the [[Indian subcontinent]] as slaves.<ref name="Shah">{{cite journal|last=Shah|first=Anish M.|title=Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|date=15 July 2011|volume=89|issue=1|pages=154–161|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030|display-authors=etal|pmid=21741027|pmc=3135801}}</ref>

===Contemporary===
Contemporary Konkani is written in Devanagari, Kannada, Malayalam, Persian, and Roman scripts. It is written by speakers in their native dialects. The Goan Antruz dialect in the Devanagari script has been promulgated as Standard Konkani.

==Revival==
{{see also|Konkani Language Agitation}}

Konkani language was in decline, due to the use of Portuguese as the official and social language among the Christians, the predominance of Marathi over Konkani among Hindus, and the Konkani Christian-Hindu divide. Seeing this, Vaman Raghunath Varde Valaulikar set about on a mission to unite all Konkanis, Hindus as well as Christians, regardless of caste or religion. He saw this movement not just as a nationalistic movement against Portuguese rule, but also against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani. Almost single-handedly he crusaded, writing a number of works in Konkani. He is regarded as the pioneer of modern Konkani literature and affectionately remembered as [[Shenoi Goembab]].<ref name="goanews">{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/shenoi.htm |title=Goa News - |accessdate=29 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828083336/http://www.goanews.com/shenoi.htm |archivedate=28 August 2008 }}</ref> His death anniversary, 9 April, is celebrated as World Konkani Day (Vishwa Konkani Dis).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/9apr00.htm |title=Goa News - |accessdate=29 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517165915/http://www.goanews.com/9apr00.htm |archivedate=17 May 2008 }}</ref>

Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag, an advocate by profession from Karwar, who with a few like-minded companions travelled throughout all the Konkani speaking areas, sought to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of "one language, one script, one literature". He succeeded in organising the first [[All India Konkani Parishad]] in Karwar in 1939.<ref>Kelekar 2003:14.</ref> Successive Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad were held at various places in subsequent years. 27 annual Adhiveshans of All India Konkani Parishad have been held so far.

Pandu Putti Kolambkar an eminent social worker of Kodibag, Karwar was a close associate of Shri Waman Raghunath Shennoi Varde Valaulikar, strove hard for the upliftment of Konkani in Karwar (North Kanara) and Konkan Patti.

===Post-independence period===
Following India's independence and its subsequent annexation of Goa in 1961, Goa was absorbed into the Indian Union as a Union Territory, directly under central administration.

However, with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for the merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. The [[Goa Opinion Poll]], a plebiscite, retained Goa as an independent state in 1967.<ref name="goanews"/> However, English, Hindi, and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication, while Konkani was sidelined.<ref name="goacom2049">{{cite web|url=https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/H1jxktcU/goanet-reader-puzzle-wrapped-in-an-enigma-understanding-konkani-in-goa|title=PUZZLE WRAPPED IN AN ENIGMA: UNDERSTANDING KONKANI IN GOA
|date=24 July 2011|publisher=|access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref>

===Recognition as an independent language===
With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the [[Sahitya Akademi]]. [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On 26 February 1975, the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language, classified as an Indo-European language, which in its present state was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language.

===Official language status===
All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally, fed up with the delay, Konkani activists launched an agitation in 1986, demanding official status for Konkani. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators from the Catholic community: [[Floriano Vaz]] from Gogol Margao, Aldrin Fernandes, Mathew Faria, C. J. Dias, John Fernandes, and Joaquim Pereira, all from [[Agaçaim]]. Finally, on 4 February 1987, the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] passed the Official Language Bill, making Konkani the official language of Goa.<ref name="goacom2049"/>

Konkani was included in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]] as per the [[Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|Seventy-First Amendment]] on 20 August 1992, adding it to the list of official languages.

==Geographical distribution==
[[File:Konkpic.JPG|thumb|Modern day Goan Konkani in [[Devanagari]]]]
The Konkani language originated and is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as [[Konkan]]. The native lands historically inhabited by Konkani people include the [[Konkan division]] of [[Maharashtra]], the state of [[Goa]] and the territory of [[Daman District, India|Daman]], the [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]] & [[Dakshina Kannada]] districts of [[Karnataka]], [[belagavi]], [[Mysore]], and [[Bengaluru]] along with many districts in [[Kerala]] such as [[Kasaragod]], [[Kochi]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Kottayam]]. All of the regions and areas have developed distinct [[dialect]]s, [[pronunciation]] and [[prose]] styles, vocabulary, tone, and sometimes, significant differences in grammar.<ref name="kurzon">{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Dennis |title=Where East looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast |pages=25–30}}</ref>

According to the 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there were 2,489,016 Konkani speakers in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Abstract of Speakers' strengths of languages and mother tongues&nbsp;– 2001 |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=10 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |archivedate=6 February 2012 }}</ref> The Census Department of India, 2011 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 2,256,502 making up 0.19% of India's population. Out of these, 788,294 were in [[Karnataka]], 964,305 in [[Goa]],<ref name="languagedata2011">{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf | title = Census of India 2011, LANGUAGE}}</ref> 399,255 in [[Maharashtra]], and 69,449 in [[Kerala]]. It ranks 19th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength. The number of Konkani speakers in India fell by 9.34% in the decade 2001-2011. It is the only scheduled language apart from Urdu to have a negative growth rate in the decade. A very large number of Konkanis live outside India, either as expatriates ([[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRIs]]) with [[work visa]]s or as naturalised citizens and permanent residents of other host countries ([[immigrants]]). Determining their numbers is difficult since Konkani is a [[minority language]] that is very often not recognised by censuses and surveys of various government agencies and NGOs catering to Indians abroad.

During the days of [[Portuguese Goa]] and [[British rule]] in [[Pre-Partition India]] many Goans and non-Goan Konkani people went to foreign countries as economic migrants to the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and [[British Empire]]s, and to the Pakistan of [[Pre-Partition India]]. The migratory trend has continued well into the post-colonial era and a significant number of Konkani people are found in [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Persian Gulf countries]], [[Portugal]] and the [[European Union]], and the [[British Isles]] and the rest of the [[Anglosphere]]. Many families still continue to speak different Konkani dialects that their ancestors spoke, which are now highly influenced by the languages of the dominant majority.

==Current status and issues==
{{Anachronism|reason=Does Xenoi Goibaab belongs to the current post partition era of India?|date=October 2021}}
The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons:
# The fragmentation of Konkani into various, sometimes mutually unintelligible, dialects.
# The Portuguese influence in Goa, especially on Catholics.{{how|date=October 2021}}{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
# The dominance of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and the large degree of bilingualism of Konkani Hindus in [[Goa state]], the union territory of [[Damaon]] and the [[Konkan division]] of Maharashtra.{{additional citation needed|date=October 2021}}
# Progressive inroads made by [[Urdu]] into the [[Konkani Muslim]] community.{{verify source|date=October 2021}}
# Mutual animosity among various religious sects and caste groups; including a secondary status of Konkani culture to religion.
# The migration of Konkanis to various parts of India and around the world.
# The lack of opportunities to study Konkani in schools and colleges. Even until recently there were few Konkani schools in Goa. Populations outside the native Konkani areas have absolutely no access to Konkani language studies, literature and media.
# The preference among Konkani parents to speak to their children in ''potaachi bhaas'' (language of the stomach) over ''maai bhaas'' ([[mother tongue]]). They sometimes speak primarily in English to help their children gain a grip on English in schools.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/>

Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani, starting with [[Shenoi Goembab]]'s efforts to revive Konkani. The recognition granted by [[Sahitya Akademi]] to Konkani and the institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped to a certain extent.

Some organisations, such as the [[Konkan Daiz Yatra]] organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, [[World Konkani Centre]] and the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis.

===Opposition===
====Marathi dispute====
{{Main|Konkani language agitation}}
José Pereira, in his 1971 work ''Konkani&nbsp;– A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy'', pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807, wherein Konkani is called a "dialect of Maharashtra" as an origin of the language controversy.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/>

Another linguist to whom this theory is attributed is [[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson]]. Grierson's work on the languages of India, ''the Linguistic Survey of India'', was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay) and the Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. In his opinion, Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi.

S. M. Katre's 1966 work, ''The Formation of Konkani'', which utilised the instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/><ref name="languageinindia.com"/> [[Shenoi Goembab]], who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians.

Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at a time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which was settled by a plebiscite in 1967 (the [[Goa Opinion Poll]]).<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/>

The [[Sahitya Akademi]] (a prominent literary organisation in India) recognised it as an independent language in 1975, and subsequently Konkani (in [[Devanagari]] script) was made the official language of Goa in 1987.

===Karnataka===
{{Main|Canarese Konkani}}
MLC [[Ivan D'Souza]] attempted to speak in Konkani at the [[Karnataka]] state's Legislative Council, but was urged not to by the Chairman D H Shankaramurthy as most of the audience did not know Konkani. Even though Mr D'Souza pleaded that Konkani was amongst the 22 official languages recognised by the Indian Constitution, he was not given permission to continue in Konkani.<ref name="D'Souza1">{{cite news|title=Mangaluru : MLC Ivan D'Souza told not to speak in Konkani|url=http://www.mangaloreinformation.com/city/9420-mangaluru--mlc-ivan-dsouza-told-not-to-speak-in-konkani|accessdate=14 January 2015|publisher=Mangalore Information|date=17 December 2014|archive-date=18 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118143417/http://www.mangaloreinformation.com/city/9420-mangaluru--mlc-ivan-dsouza-told-not-to-speak-in-konkani|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Even though there are substantial Konkani Catholics in Bengaluru, efforts to celebrate Holy Mass in Konkani have met with opposition by [[Kannada people|Kannada]] "activists". Konkani Holy Masses has been held in the Sabbhavana and Saccidananda chapels of the Carmelite and Capuchin Fathers respectively, in [[Yeswanthpur]] and [[Rajajinagar]], Bangalore. These services are under threat from Kannada groups who do not want [[church service]]s to be held in any language other than [[Kannada language|Kannada]],{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} even though Kannada Catholics constitute only 30% of the Catholic population in the Archdiocese. Konkani activists and  associations have been demanding Konkani language mass and services for a long time.<ref name=Mass1>{{cite news|title=Bangalore: Kannada Activists Target Konkani Catholics Again at Sadbhavana|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=157158|accessdate=14 January 2015|publisher=Daijiworld Media Network|date=2 December 2012}}</ref> It is still the official language of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Mangalore Diocese]].<ref name=Saldanha-Shet>{{cite news|last1=Saldanha-Shet|first1=I J|title=An exquisite edifice in Mangalore|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/394300/an-exquisite-edifice-mangalore.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 March 2014}}</ref>

===Multilingualism===
According to the Census Department of India, Konkani speakers show a very high degree of [[multilingualism]]. In the 1991 census, as compared to the national average of 19.44% for bilingualism and 7.26% for trilingualism, Konkani speakers scored 74.20% and 44.68% respectively. This makes the Konkans the most multilingual community of India.

This has been due to the fact that in most areas where Konkans have settled, they seldom form a majority of the population and have to interact with others in the local tongue. Another reason for bilingualism has been the lack of schools teaching Konkani as a primary or secondary language.

The bilingualism of Konkanis with Marathi in Daman Goa and Maharashtra has been a source of great discontent because it has led to the belief that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/><ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2001/bilingual.html |title=Language in India |publisher=Language in India |date=3 May 2001 |accessdate=23 August 2013}}</ref> and hence has no bearing on the future of Goa.

===Scripts and dialects===
{{main article|Konkani alphabets}}
The problems posed by multiple scripts and varying dialects have come as an impediment in the efforts to unite Konkani people. The Goa state's decision to use [[Devanagari]] as the official script and the Antruz dialect has been met with opposition both within Goa and outside it.<ref name="goacom2049"/> Critics contend that the Antruz dialect is unintelligible to most Goans, let alone other Konkani people outside Goa, and that Devanagari is used very little as compared to [[Romi Konkani]] in Goa or Konkani in the [[Kannada]] script.<ref name="goacom2049"/> Prominent among the critics are Konkani Christians in Goa, who were at the forefront of the Konkani agitation in 1986–87 and have for a long time used the Roman script, including producing literature in Roman script. They demanded Roman script be given equal status to Devanagari.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-20/india/27871957_1_konkani-language-roman-script-official-language-status |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021013210/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-20/india/27871957_1_konkani-language-roman-script-official-language-status |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2012 |title=Goa group wants Konkani in Roman script |date=20 February 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=23 August 2013}}</ref>

In Karnataka, which has the largest number of Konkani speakers after Goa, leading organisations and activists have similarly demanded that Kannada script be made the medium of instruction for Konkani in local schools instead of Devanagari.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/14/stories/2006031416160300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223640/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/14/stories/2006031416160300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 September 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Kannada script must be used to teach Konkani | date=14 March 2006}}</ref> The government of Karnataka has given its approval for teaching of Konkani as an optional third language from 6th to 10th standard students either in Kannada or Devanagari scripts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=35720&n_tit=Mangalore:+Konkani+Textbooks+in+Devanagari+Released |title=News headlines |publisher=Daijiworld.com |accessdate=14 July 2012}}</ref>

==Phonology==
{{see also|Konkani phonology}}
The Konkani language has 16 basic vowels (excluding an equal number of long vowels), 36 consonants, 5 semi-vowels, 3 sibilants, 1 aspirate, and many [[diphthong]]s. Like the other [[Indo-Aryan languages]], it has both long and short vowels and syllables with long vowels may appear to be stressed. Different types of nasal vowels are a special feature of the Konkani language.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhat|first=V. Nithyanantha|title=The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives |publisher=Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute|pages=43, 44|language=English, Konkani}}</ref>
* The [[palatal consonant|palatal]] and [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] stops are [[affricate]]s. The palatal glides are truly palatal but otherwise the consonants in the palatal column are [[alveopalatal]].<ref name="cardona">{{cite book|last= Cardona|first=George|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|year= 2007|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5 |page=1088}}</ref>
* The [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced/voiceless]] contrasts are found only in the stops and affricates. The fricatives are all voiceless and the [[sonorants]] are all voiced.<ref name=cardona />
* The initial vowel-syllable is shortened after the [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirates]] and [[fricative]]s. Many speakers substitute unaspirated consonants for aspirates.<ref name=cardona />
* Aspirates in a non-initial position are rare and only occur in careful speech. [[Palatalization (phonetics)|Palatalisation]]/non-palatisation is found in all [[obstruent]]s, except for palatal and alveolars. Where a palatalised alveolar is expected, a palatal is found instead. In the case of sonorants, only unaspirated consonants show this contrast, and among the glides only labeo-velar glides exhibit this. Vowels show a contrast between oral and nasal ones<ref name=cardona />

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Vowels'''
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| align="center" |{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}}
| || align="center" | {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| align="center" |{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|ẽ}}
| {{IPA link|ɵ}} {{IPA link|ɵ̃}}|| align="center" |{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|õ}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛ̃}}
|{{IPA link|ʌ}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔ̃}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|({{IPA link|æ}})
|{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ã}}
| align="center" |
|}
One of the most distinguishing features of Konkani phonology is the use of {{IPAslink|ɵ}}, the [[close-mid central rounded vowel|close-mid central vowel]], instead of the [[schwa]] found in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

Whereas many Indian languages use only one of the three front vowels, represented by the Devanagari grapheme ए, Konkani uses three: {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/æ/}}.

Nasalizations exist for all vowels except for {{IPA|/ʌ/}}.

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |&nbsp;
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Alveopalatal consonant|(Alveolo-)<br>palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
!<small>plain</small>
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n̪|n}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ɳ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>murmured</small>
|{{IPAlink|mʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|nʱ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ɳʱ}}
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡s}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈ}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡ɕ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>[[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>
|({{IPAlink|pʰ}})
|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|t͡ɕʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}
|{{IPAlink|d͡z}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|{{IPAlink|d͡ʑ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>murmured</small>
|{{IPAlink|bʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|dʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|d͡zʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|d͡ʑʱ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}}
|
|- style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|{{IPAlink|f}}
|{{IPAlink|s̪|s}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ɕ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
!<small>plain</small>
|{{IPAlink|ʋ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>murmured</small>
|{{IPAlink|ʋʱ}}
|
|{{IPAlink|lʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]]/[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
!<small>plain</small>
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|{{IPAlink|ɽ}} 
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>murmured</small>
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ɾʱ}}
|{{IPA|[[Retroflex lateral flap|𝼈]]}}<ref>* {{Citation |last=Masica |first=Colin |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |page=97 |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |authorlink=Colin Masica}}.</ref>
|
|
|
|}
The consonants in Konkani are similar to those in [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

==Grammar==
Konkani grammar is similar to other Indo-Aryan languages. Notably, Konkani grammar is also influenced by Dravidian languages. It cannot be described as a [[stress-timed language]], nor as a [[tonal language]].<ref name="D2_Konkani">{{cite web|url=http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/conference/posters/D2_Konkani.pdf |title=The question of Konkani? |author=Caroline Menezes |publisher=Project D2, Typology of Information Structure" |accessdate=10 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408205720/http://www.sfb632.uni-potsdam.de/conference/posters/D2_Konkani.pdf |archivedate=8 April 2008 }}</ref>
* Speech can be classified into any of the following parts:<ref name="jana" />
# ''naam'' ([[noun]])
# ''sarvanaam'' ([[pronoun]])
# ''visheshan'' ([[adjective]])
# ''kriyapad'' ([[verb]])
# ''kriyavisheshana'' ([[adverb]])
# ''ubhayanvayi avyaya''
# ''shabdayogi avyaya''
# ''kevalaprayogi avyaya''

Like most of the Indo-Aryan languages, Konkani is an [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] language, meaning among other things that not only is the verb found at the end of the clause but also [[modifiers]] and complements tend to precede the head and [[postpositions]] are far more common than [[prepositions]]. In terms of syntax, Konkani is a ''head-last'' language, unlike English, which is an [[Subject–verb–object|SVO]] language.<ref name=kurzden>{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Dennis|title=Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters|year=2004|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn= 9781853596735|page=158}}</ref>
* Almost all the verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and the ''avyaya''s are either ''tatsama'' or ''tadbhava''.<ref name="jana" />

===Verbs===
Verbs are either ''tatsama'' or ''tadbhava'':<ref name="jana" />
{| cellpadding="5px"  style="text-align:center; border-collapse:separate; border-spacing:5px; background:white;"
|+ '''Verbs and their roots:'''
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
! Konkani verbs
! Sanskrit/Prakrit Root
!Translation
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||वाच vaach (tatsama)
||वच् vach
||read
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||आफय, आपय aaphay, aapay (tatsama)
||आव्हय् aavhay
||call, summon
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||रांध raandh (tatsama)
||रांध् raandh
||cook
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||बरय baray (tadbhav)
||वर्णय् varnay
||write
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||व्हर vhar (tadbhav)
||हर har
||take away
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||भक bhak (tadbhav)
||भक्ष् bhaksh
||eat
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||हेड hedd (tadbhav)
||अट् att
||roam
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
||ल्हेव lhev (tadbhav)
||लेह् leh
||lick
|-  style="background:whitesmoke; text-align:center;"
|| शीन sheen (tadbhav)
||छिन्न chinna
||cut
|- style="background:whitesmoke"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|<small>Source: ''Koṅkaṇî Dhatukosh''</small><ref name="jana" />
|}

*Present indefinite of the auxiliary is fused with [[present participle]] of the primary verb, and the auxiliary is partially dropped.<ref name="jana" /> When the southern dialects came in contact with Dravidian languages this difference became more prominent in [[Karnataka Konkani|dialects spoken in Karnataka]] whereas Goan Konkani still retains the original form.
For example, "I eat" and "I am eating" sound similar in Goan Konkani, due to loss of auxiliary in colloquial speech. "Hāv khātā" corresponds to "I am eating". On the other hand, in Karnataka Konkani "hāv khātā" corresponds to "I eat", and "hāv khātoāsā" or "hāv khāter āsā" means "I am eating". However the word "jito" (living) is universal, "to jitoāsā" (he is living).
* Out of eight [[grammatical cases]], Konkani has totally lost the [[dative case|dative]], the [[locative case|locative]], and the [[ablative case|ablative]].<ref name="jana" /> It has partially lost the [[accusative case|accusative]] and the [[instrumental case]]s too.<ref name="jana" /> So the preserved cases are: the [[nominative case|nominative]], the [[genitive case|genitive]], and the [[vocative case]].<ref name="jana" />

===Apabhramsha and metathesis===
* Like Marathi and Gujarati, the Konkani language has three genders. During the Middle Ages, most of the Indo-Aryan languages lost their neuter gender, except Maharashtri, in which it is retained much more in Marathi than Konkani.<ref name="jana">{{cite book|last=Janardhan|first=Pandarinath Bhuvanendra |title=A Higher Konkani grammar|publisher=P.B. Janardhan |year=1991|series=Foreign Language Study / Indic Languages Konkani language About|pages=540 pages|language=English, Konkani}}</ref> Gender in Konkani is purely grammatical and unconnected to sex.<ref name="jana" />

[[Metathesis (linguistics)|Metathesis]] is a characteristic of all the middle and modern Indo-Aryan languages including Konkani. Consider the Sanskrit word "स्नुषा" (daughter-in law). Here, the ष is dropped, and स्नु alone is utilised, स्नु-->स/नु and you get the word सुन (metathesis of ''ukar'').<ref name=meta>{{cite book|last=Pandarinath|first=Bhuvanendra Janardhan|title=A Higher Konkani grammar|year=1991|publisher=P.B. Janardhan|pages=540 pages (see pages:377 and 384)}}</ref>
* Unlike Sanskrit, ''[[anusvara]]'' has great importance in Konkani. A characteristic of [[Middle Indo-Aryan]] dialects, Konkani still retains the ''anusvara'' on the initial or final syllable.<ref name="jana" /> Similarly ''[[visarga]]'', is totally lost and is assimilated with उ and/or ओ. For example, in Sanskrit दीपः becomes दिवो and दुःख becomes दुख.
* Konkani retains the pitch accent, which is a direct derivative of Vedic accent, which probably would account for "nasalism" in Konkani.<ref name="jana" /> The "breathed" accent is retained in most of the ''tatsama''s than the ''tadbhava''s.<ref name="jana" /> [[Declension]] also affects the accent.<ref name="jana" />
* Konkani has lost its passive voice, and now the transitive verbs in their perfects are equivalent to passives.
* Konkani has rejected ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ, ष, and क्ष, which are assimilated with र, ख, ह, श and स.<ref name="jana" /> <!-- WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?-->
* Sanskrit compound letters are avoided in Konkani. For example, in Sanskrit द्वे, प्राय, गृहस्थ, उद्योत become बे, पिराय, गिरेस्त, and उज्जो respectively in Konkani.<ref name="jana" />

==Vocabulary==
The vocabulary from Konkani comes from a number of sources. The main source is Prakrits. So Sanskrit as a whole has played a very important part in Konkani vocabulary. Konkani vocabulary is made of {{lang|kok-Latn|tatsama}} (Sanskrit loanwords without change), {{lang|kok-Latn|tadhbhava}} (evolved Sanskrit words), {{lang|kok-Latn|deshya}} (indigenous words) and {{lang|kok-Latn|antardeshya}} (foreign words). Other sources of vocabulary are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Finally, Kannada, Marathi, and Portuguese have enriched its lexical content.<ref name=kurzden />

===Loanwords===
Since Goa was a major trade centre for visiting Arabs and Turks, many Arabic and Persian words infiltrated the Konkani language.<ref name="manohar1">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manoharray|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|edition=1st|pages=21–30|chapter=The foreign influence|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7}}</ref> A large number of Arabic and Persian words now form an integral part of Konkani vocabulary and are commonly used in day-to-day life; examples are ''karz'' (debt), ''fakt'' (only), ''dusman'' (enemy), and ''barik'' (thin).<ref name="manohar1" /> Single and compound words are found wherein the original meaning has been changed or distorted. Examples include ''mustaiki'' (from Arabic ''mustaid'', meaning "ready"), and ''kapan khairo'' ("eater of one's own shroud", meaning "a miser").

Most of the old Konkani Hindu literature does not show any influence from Portuguese. Even the dialects spoken by the majority of Goan Hindus have a very limited Portuguese influence. On the other hand, dialects spoken by the Catholics from Goa (as well as the Canara to some extent) and their religious literature show a strong Portuguese influence. They contain a number of Portuguese lexical items, but these are almost all religious terms. Even in the context of religious terminology, the missionaries adapted native terms associated with Hindu religious concepts. (For example, ''krupa'' for grace, Y''amakunda'' for hell, V''aikuntha'' for paradise and so on). The syntax used by [[Goan Catholics]] in [[Literature of Goan Catholics|their literature]] shows a prominent Portuguese influence. As a result, many Portuguese loanwords are now commonly found in common Konkani speech.<ref name=porin>{{cite book|author1=[[Anvita Abbi]]|author2=R. S. Gupta|author3=[[Ayesha Kidwai]]|title=Linguistic structure and language dynamics in South Asia: papers from the proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable|year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, 2001&nbsp;– Language Arts & Disciplines -|isbn= 9788120817654|pages=409 pages(Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax)}}</ref><ref>[[List of loanwords in Konkani]]</ref>
The Portuguese influence is also evident in the [[Marathi–Konkani languages|Marathi–Konkani]] spoken in the former Northern Konkan district, [[Thane]] a variant of Konkani used by [[Bombay East Indians]] Catholic community.

===Sanskritisation===
Konkani is not highly Sanskritised like [[Marathi language|Marathi]], but still retains [[Prakrit]] and [[apabhramsa]] structures, verbal forms, and vocabulary. Though the Goan Hindu dialect is highly Prakritised, numerous Sanskrit [[loanwords]] are found, while the Catholic dialect has historically drawn many terms from Portuguese. The Catholic literary dialect has now adopted Sanskritic vocabulary itself, and the Catholic Church has also adopted a [[Sanskritisation]] policy.<ref name=cardona /> Despite the relative unfamiliarity of the recently introduced Sanskritic vocabulary to the new Catholic generations, there has not been wide resistance to the change.<ref name=cardona /> On the other hand, southern Konkani dialects, having been influenced by [[Kannada]] − one of the languages of Dravidian origin − have undergone re-Sanskritisation over time.<ref name=cardona />

==Writing systems==
[[File:KonkaniNames.PNG|thumb|The name ''Konkani'' in the five scripts it is written in: [[Devanagari]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]].]]
{{main|Konkani script}}
Konkani has been compelled to become a language using a multiplicity of scripts, and not just one single script used everywhere. This has led to an outward splitting up of the same language, which is spoken and understood by all, despite some inevitable dialectal convergences.<ref name="rais">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Rai|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|pages=9–10|chapter=Missionary period}}</ref>

===Past===
{{main|Goykanadi}}
The [[Brahmi script]] for Konkani fell into disuse.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhat|first=V. Nithyanantha |title=The Konkani language: historical and linguistic perspectives|editor=V. Nithyanantha Bhat, Ela Sunītā|publisher=Sukṛtīndra Oriental Research Institute|year= 2004|volume=10|page=52}}</ref> Later, some inscriptions were written in [[Nāgarī script|old Nagari]]. However, owing to the Portuguese conquest in 1510 and the subsequent various restrictions imposed by the Inquisition, some early forms of Devanagari fell out of use in Goa.<ref name=rais /> The Portuguese promulgated a law banning the use of non-Roman scripts for Konkani in Goa.<ref name="rai">{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Rai|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2000|pages=30–70|chapter=Missionary period}}</ref>

Another script, called ''Kandevi'' or ''Goykandi'', was used for Konkani since the times of the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadambas]], although it lost its popularity after the 17th century. Kandevi/Goykandi is very different from the [[Halegannada]] script, with strikingly similar features.<ref name="archives">{{cite book|title=Indian archives|publisher=National Archives of India|volume=34|page=1985}}</ref> Unlike Halegannada, Kandevi/Goykandi letters were usually written with a distinctive horizontal bar, like the Nagari scripts. This script may have been evolved out of the [[Kadamba script]], which was extensively used in Goa and Konkan.<ref name="goy">{{cite book|last=Ghantkar|first=Gajanana|title=History of Goa through Gõykanadi script |year=1993|pages=Page x|language=English, Konkani, Marathi, Kannada}}</ref> The earliest known inscription in Devanagari dates to 1187 AD.<ref name=Sardesaya /> The [[Roman script]] has the oldest preserved and protected literary tradition, beginning from the 16th century.<ref>{{cite news |title=Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/romi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html |access-date=19 September 2023 |work=Firstpost |date=25 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===Present===
Konkani is written in five scripts: [[Devanagari]], [[Latin script|Roman]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], and [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]].<ref name="MadhaviSardesai">[http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/543/543%20madhavi%20sardesai.htm Mother Tongue blues]&nbsp;– Madhavi Sardesai</ref> Because Devanagari is the official script used to write Konkani in Goa and Maharashtra, most Konkanis (especially Hindus) in those two states write the language in Devanagari. However, Konkani is widely written in the Roman script (called [[Romi Konkani]]) by many Konkanis, (especially Catholics).<ref name="konk">{{cite book|last=George|first=Cardona|author2=Dhanesh Jain|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|page=840}}</ref> This is because for many years, all Konkani literature was in the Latin script, and Catholic [[liturgy]] and other religious literature has always been in the Roman script. Most people of Karnataka use the [[Kannada script]]; however, the Saraswats of [[Karnataka]] use the Devanagari script in the [[North Kanara|uttara Kannada]] district. [[Malayalam script]] was used by the Konkani community in Kerala, but there has been a move towards the usage of the Devanagari script in recent years.<ref>{{cite book|last=George|first=Cardona|author2=Dhanesh Jain |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |page=804}}</ref> [[Konkani Muslims]] use Arabic script to write Konkani. There has been to trend towards the usage of the Arabic script among Muslim communities; this coincides with them mixing more Urdu and Arabic words into their Konkani dialects.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} When the Sahitya Akademi recognised Konkani in 1975 as an independent and literary language, one of the important factors was the literary heritage of Romi Konkani since the year 1556. However, after Konkani in the Devanagari script was made the official language of Goa in 1987, the Sahitya Akademi has supported only writers in the Devanagari script. For a very long time there has been a rising demand for official recognition of Romi Konkani by Catholics in Goa because a sizeable population of the people in Goa use the Roman script. Also a lot of the content on the Internet and the staging of the famed [[Tiatr]] is written in Romi Konkani. In January 2013, the [[Bombay High Court#Goa bench|Goa Bench]] of the Bombay High Court issued a notice to the state government on a [[Public Interest Litigation]] filed by the [[Romi Lipi Action Front]] seeking to amend the Official Language Act to grant official language status to Romi Konkani but has not yet been granted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/HC-notice-to-govt-on-Romi-script/articleshow/18124209.cms|title=HC notice to govt on Romi script|work=The Times of India|date=22 January 2013 |accessdate=29 March 2015}}</ref>

====Alphabet/''vaṇamāḷha''====
The vowels, consonants, and their arrangement are as follows:<ref>Gomanta Bharati, yatta payali, Published by
 [[Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] ALTO BETIM, page number:11</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:60px; width:95%"
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अ||{{IAST|a}}<br />{{IPA|/ɐ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|आ||{{IAST|ā}}<br />{{IPA|/ɑː/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|इ||{{IAST|i}}<br />{{IPA|/i/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ई||{{IAST|ī}}<br />{{IPA|/iː/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|उ||{{IAST|u}}<br />{{IPA|/u/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ऊ||{{IAST|ū}}<br />{{IPA|/uː/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ए||{{IAST|e}}<br />{{IPA|/eː/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ऐ||{{IAST|ai}}<br />{{IPA|/aːi/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ओ||{{IAST|o}}<br />{{IPA|/oː/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|औ||{{IAST|au}}<br />{{IPA|/aːu/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अं||{{IAST|aṃ}}<br />{{IPA|/ⁿ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|अः||{{IAST|aḥ}}<br />{{IPA|/h/}}
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:400px; width:95%"
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|क||{{IAST|ka}}<br />{{IPA|/k/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ख||{{IAST|kha}}<br />{{IPA|/kʰ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ग||{{IAST|ga}}<br />{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|घ||{{IAST|gha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɡʱ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ङ||{{IAST|ṅa}}<br />{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|च||{{IAST|ca}}<br />{{IPA|/c, t͡ʃ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|छ||{{IAST|cha}}<br />{{IPA|/cʰ, t͡ʃʰ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ज||{{IAST|ja}}<br />{{IPA|/ɟ, d͡ʒ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|झ||{{IAST|jha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɟʱ, d͡ʒʱ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ञ||{{IAST|ña}}<br />{{IPA|/ɲ/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ट||{{IAST|ṭa}}<br />{{IPA|/ʈ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ठ||{{IAST|ṭha}}<br />{{IPA|/ʈʰ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ड||{{IAST|ḍa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɖ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ढ||{{IAST|ḍha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɖʱ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ण||{{IAST|ṇa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɳ/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|त||{{IAST|ta}}<br />{{IPA|/t̪/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|थ||{{IAST|tha}}<br />{{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|द||{{IAST|da}}<br />{{IPA|/d̪/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ध||{{IAST|dha}}<br />{{IPA|/d̪ʱ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|न||{{IAST|na}}<br />{{IPA|/n/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|प||{{IAST|pa}}<br />{{IPA|/p/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|फ||{{IAST|pha}}<br />{{IPA|/pʰ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ब||{{IAST|ba}}<br />{{IPA|/b/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|भ||{{IAST|bha}}<br />{{IPA|/bʱ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|म||{{IAST|ma}}<br />{{IPA|/m/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|य||{{IAST|ya}}<br />{{IPA|/j/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|र||{{IAST|ra}}<br />{{IPA|/r/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ल||{{IAST|la}}<br />{{IPA|/l/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|व||{{IAST|va}}<br />{{IPA|/ʋ/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ष||{{IAST|ṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/ʂ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|श||{{IAST|śa}}<br />{{IPA|/ɕ, ʃ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|स||{{IAST|sa}}<br />{{IPA|/s/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ह||{{IAST|ha}}<br />{{IPA|/ɦ/}}
|-
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ळ||{{IAST|ḷa}}<br />{{IPA|//ɭ//}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|क्ष||{{IAST|kṣa}}<br />{{IPA|/kʃ/}}
|  style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|ज्ञ||{{IAST|jña }}<br />{{IPA|/ɟʝɲ/}}
|}

{{further|Kannada script|Malayalam script}}

==Dialects==
{{See also|Karnataka Konkani}}
[[File:Konkani languages.png|thumb|Venn diagram of the ISO codes of the Konkani languages]]
Konkani, despite having a small population, shows a very high number of [[dialect]]s. The dialect tree structure of Konkani can easily be classified according to the region, religion, caste, and local tongue influence.<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/>

Based on the historical events and cultural ties of the speakers, [[Narayan Govind Kalelkar|N. G. Kalelkar]] has broadly classified the dialects into three main groups:<ref name="MadhaviSardesai"/>
* '''Northern Konkani''': Dialects spoken in the Sindhudurga district of Maharashtra with strong cultural ties to [[Marathi language|Marathi]]; i.e. [[Malvani language|Malvani]]
* '''Central Konkani''': Dialects in Goa and Northern Karnataka, where Konkani came in close contact with Portuguese language and culture.
* '''Southern Konkani''': Dialects spoken in the South Canara region (Mangalore, Udupi) of Karnataka and Kasaragod of Kerala, which came in close contact with [[Tulu language|Tulu]]. Southern Konkani is very similar to Marathi, with few loanwords from Tulu, and slight differences in pronunciation.

===Goan Konkani===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Entrance to Konkani section of the Golden Heart Emporium, Margao, Goa.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Konkani section of the Golden Heart Emporium, Margao, Goa]]
'''Goan Konkani''' refers to all the central dialects of the Konkani [[macrolanguage]] except for those that fall under [[Maharashtrian Konkani]] and [[Canarese Konkani]]. These dialects are collectively assigned the language code {{code|gom}} under the [[ISO 639-3]] classification (since it is sometimes called ''Goan Marathi'').

In common usage, Goan Konkani refers collectively only to those dialects of Konkani spoken primarily in the state of [[Goa]], e.g. the Antruz, Bardeskari and Saxtti dialects. But in the broader linguistic context, Goanese Konkani also includes dialects spoken outside the official boundaries of Goa, such as [[Malvani Konkani]], Chitpavani Konkani, Karwari Konkani and Mangalorean Catholic Konkani.

==Organisations==
[[File:India Goa TSKK.jpg|thumb|left|The campus of the [[Thomas Stephens Konkkni Kendr|Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK)]], a research institute working on issues related to the Konkani language, located at Alto Porvorim, near [[Panaji]] in Goa]]

There are organisations working for Konkani but, primarily, these were restricted to individual communities. The [[All India Konkani Parishad]] founded on 8 July 1939, provided a common ground for Konkani people from all regions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www77.goanobserver.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807185618/http://goanobserver.com/statehood-and-konkani.html|url-status=dead|title=Goanobserver.com|archivedate=7 August 2011|website=www77.goanobserver.com}}</ref> A new organisation known as Vishwa Konkani Parishad, which aims to be an all-inclusive and pluralistic umbrella organisation for Konkanis around the world, was founded on 11 September 2005.

Mandd Sobhann is the premier organisation that is striving hard to preserve, promote, propagate, and enrich the Konkani language and culture. It all began with the experiment called 'Mandd Sobhann' – a search for a Konkani identity in Konkani music on 30 November 1986 at Mangalore. What began as a performance titled 'Mandd Sobhann', grew into a movement of revival and rejuvenation of Konkani culture; and solidified into an organization called Mandd Sobhann. Today, Mandd Sobhann boasts of all these 3 identities namely - a performance, a movement and an organization.https://www.manddsobhann.org/

The Konkan Daiz Yatra, started in 1939 in [[Mumbai]], is the oldest Konkani organisation. The Konkani Bhasha Mandal was born in Mumbai on 5 April 1942, during the Third Adhiveshan of [[All India Konkani Parishad]]. On 28 December 1984, [[Goa Konkani Akademi]] (GKA) was founded by the government of Goa to promote Konkani language, literature, and culture.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/ |title = Goa Konkani Akademi&nbsp;– promoting the development of Konkani language, literature and culture |accessdate = 16 June 2008 |publisher = Goa Konkani Akademi |archive-date = 5 May 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070505084428/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> The [[Thomas Stephens Konkkni Kendr|Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK)]] is a popular research institute based in the [[Goa]]n capital [[Panaji]]. It works on issues related to the Konkani language, literature, culture, and education.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.tskk.org/ |title =Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr |accessdate =16 June 2008}}</ref> The [[Dalgado Konkani Academy]] is a popular Konkani organisation based in Panaji.

[[File:World Konkani Centre.jpg|thumb|World Konkani Centre, [[Mangalore]]]]
The Konkani Triveni Kala Sangam is one more famed Konkani organisation in [[Mumbai]], which is engaged in the vocation of patronising Konkani language through the theatre movement. The [[government of Karnataka]] established the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademy on 20 April 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.kalaangann.com/konkani.htm |title =Konkani |accessdate =16 June 2008 |publisher=Kalaangann, Mandd Sobhann (The Konkani Heritage Centre) |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080224134442/http://www.kalaangann.com/konkani.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 24 February 2008}}</ref> The Konkani Ekvott is an umbrella organisation of the Konkani bodies in Goa.

The [[First World Konkani Convention]] was held in Mangalore in December 1995. The Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation came into being immediately after the World Konkani Convention in 1995.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090615340300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024232023/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/06/stories/2005090615340300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 October 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Encouragement for Vishwa Konkani Kendra | date=6 September 2005}}</ref>

The [[World Konkani Centre]] built on a three-acre plot called Konkani Gaon (Konkani Village) at Shakti Nagar, [[Mangalore]] was inaugurated on 17 January 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=55810 |title=Mangalore Goa CM Dedicates World Konkani Centre to Konkani People |publisher=Daijiworld.com |accessdate=14 July 2012}}</ref> "to serve as a nodal agency for the preservation and overall development of Konkani language, art, and culture involving all the Konkani people the world over."

The North American Konkani Association (NAKA) serves to unite Konkanis across the United States and Canada. It serves as a parent organization for smaller Konkani associations in various states. Furthermore, the Konkani Young Adult Group serves as a platform under NAKA to allow young adults across America (18+) of Konkani descent to meet each other and celebrate their heritage. Every 2–4 years, a Konkani Sammelan, where Konkanis from across the continent attend, is held in a different city in the US. A Konkani Youth Convention is held yearly. Past locations have included NYC and Atlanta; the upcoming youth convention is slated to be held in Chicago, IL in June.

==Literature==
{{main|Konkani literature}}
[[File:Doutrina Christam (book of Stephens, 1622).jpg|thumb|Cover of ''Dovtrina Christam'' by [[Thomas Stephens (missionary)|Fr. Thomas Stephens]], first published work in Konkani, and any Indian language]]

During the [[Goa Inquisition]] which commenced in 1560, all books found in the Konkani language were burnt, and it is possible that old Konkani literature was destroyed as a consequence.<ref name="onqui">{{cite book|last= Saradesāya|first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year= 2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7|page=317}}</ref>

The earliest writer in the history of Konkani language known today is [[Krishnadas Shama]] from [[Quelossim]] in Goa. He began writing 25 April 1526, and he authored ''Ramayana'', ''Mahabharata'', and ''Krishnacharitrakatha'' in [[prose]] style. The manuscripts have not been found, although transliterations in Roman script are found in [[Braga]] in Portugal. The script used by him for his work is not known.<ref name="sama">{{cite book|last=Bhembre|first=Uday|title=Konkani bhashetalo paylo sahityakar:Krishnadas Shama|date=September 2009|publisher=Sunaparant Goa|pages=55–57}}</ref>

The first known printed book in Konkani was written by an English [[Jesuit]] priest, [[Thomas Stephens (missionary)|Fr. Thomas Stephens]] in 1622, and entitled ''[[Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim]]'' (Old Portuguese for: ''Christian Doctrine in the Canarese Brahman Language''). The first book exclusively on Konkani grammar, ''[[Arte da Lingoa Canarim]]'', was printed in 1640 by Father Stephens in Portuguese.<ref name="manohar">{{cite book|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|author=Saradesāya, Manohararāya|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=1–3|isbn=978-81-7201-664-7}}</ref>

==Media==

===Radio===
[[All India Radio]] started broadcasting Konkani news and other services. Radio Goa Pangim started a Konkani broadcast in 1945. AIR Mumbai and Dharwad later started Konkani broadcasts in the years 1952 and 1965 respectively. Portuguese Radio, Lisbon started services in 1955 for India, East Africa, and Portugal. Similarly [[Trivandrum]], [[Alleppey]], [[Trichur]], and [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] AIR centres started Konkani broadcasts.<ref name="manohar" />

In Manglore and Udupi, many weekly news magazines are published in Konkani. ''Rakno'', ''Daize'', and a few others are very famous among the Christian community. Every Roman Catholic parish will publish three or four magazines in a year.

===Print===
''Udentichem Sallok'' was the first Konkani periodical published in 1888, from Poona, by [[Eduardo Bruno de Souza]]. It started as a monthly and then as a fortnightly. It closed down in 1894.<ref>{{cite book|title=Behind the News: Voices from Goa's Press|pages=183–185|chapter=Romi Konknni: Hanging on a Cliff by Fr. Peter Raposo}}</ref>

====Dailies====
''Sanjechem Nokhetr'' was started in 1907 by B. F. Cabral in [[Bombay]], and is the first Concanim newspaper. It contained detailed news of Bombay, as it was published from there. 
In 1982, "Novem Goem" was a daily edited by Gurunath Kelekar, Dr. F. M. Rebello and Felisio Cardozo. It was started due to people's initiative. In 1989, Fr. [[Freddy J. da Costa]], began a Konkani daily "Goencho Avaz". It became a monthly after one and a half year. 
Presently there is just a single Konkani daily newspaper, called ''Bhaangar Bhuin''. For a long time, there was another Konkani daily, ''[[Sunaparant]]'', which was published in Panjim.

====Weeklies====
''O Luzo-Concanim'' was a Concanim (Konkani)- Portuguese bilingual weekly, begun in 1891, by Aleixo Caitano José Francisco. From 1892 to 1897, ''A Luz,  O Bombaim Esse, A Lua, "O Intra Jijent'' and ''O Opinião Nacional'' were bilingual Concanim- Portuguese weeklies published. In 1907, ''O Goano'' was putblished from Bombay by Honorato Furtado and Francis Xavier Furtado. It was a trilingual weekly in Portuguese, Konkani and English.

The Society of the Missionaries of Saint Francis Xavier, publish the Konkani weekly (satollem) named ''[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]]''. from Pilar. It was started in 1933 by Fr. [[Arsencio Fernandes]] and Fr. [[Graciano Moraes]].

====Fortnightly====
There is a fortnightly published newspaper since 2007 called ''Kodial Khaber'', edited by Venkatesh Baliga Mavinakurve and published by Baliga Publications, Mangalore.

====Monthlies====
''[[Katolik Sovostkai]]'' was started in 1907 by Roldão Noronha. It later became a fortnightly before ceasing publication.

''[[Dor Mhoineachi Rotti]]'' is the oldest running Konkani periodical. It is dedicated to the spreading of the devotion to the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]], and was initially named Dor Muineachi Rotti Povitra Jesucha Calzachem Devoçãõ Vaddounchi. Note that the til (tilde mark) over ãõ in Devoçãõ is one single til. Fr. [[Vincent Lobo]], from Sangolda in Goa, who was then curator at the St. Patrick's Church in Karachi, began it in 1915, to feed the spiritual thirst and hunger of the large number of Konkani speaking people there, on noticing the absence of Konkani spiritual literature. The name was changed subsequently to "Dor Muiniachi Rotti, Concanim Messenger of the Sacred Heart". On Fr. Vincent Lobo's passing away on 11 November 1922, Fr. [[António Ludovico Pereira]], also from Sangolda, took over the responsibility. Dor Mhoineachi Rotti had an estimated readership of around 12,000 people then. After the passing away of Fr. António Ludovico Pereira on 26 July 1936, Fr. [[Antanasio Moniz]], from [[Verna, Goa|Verna]], took over. On his passing away in 1953, Fr. [[Elias D'Souza]], from [[Bodiem]], [[Tivim]] in [[Goa]] became the fourth editor of Dor Mhoineachi Rotti. After shifting to [[Velha Goa]] in [[Goa]] around 1964, Fr. [[Moreno de Souza]] was editor for around 42 years. Presently the Dor Mhuineachi Rotti is owned by the [[Jesuits]] in Goa, edited by Fr. [[Vasco do Rego]], S. J. and printed and published by Fr. Jose Silveira, S.J. on behalf of the Provincial Superior of the Jesuits in Goa. [[Dor Mhoineachi Rotti]] will complete 100 years on 1 January 2015.

''Gulab'' is a monthly from Goa. It was started by late Fr. Freddy J. da Costa in 1983, and was printed in colour, then uncommon.

Konkani periodicals published in Goa include ''[[Vauraddeancho Ixtt]]'' (Roman script, weekly), ''Gulab'' (Roman script, monthly), ''Bimb'' (Devanagari script, monthly), ''Panchkadayi'' (Kannada script, monthly) and ''Poddbimb'' (Roman script, monthly).
Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include "Raknno" (Kannada script, weekly), "DIVO" (Kannada Script, weekly from Mumbai), "Kutmacho Sevak" (Kannada script, monthly), "Dirvem" (Kannada script, monthly),"Amcho Sandesh" (Kannada script, monthly) and "Kajulo" (Kannda script, children's magazine, monthly).
Konkani periodical published in Udupi include "Uzwad" (Kannada script, monthly) and Naman Ballok Jezu (Kannada script, monthly).
Ekvottavorvim Uzvadd (Devanagari Script, monthly) is published from Belgaum since 1998. Panchkadayi Konkani Monthly magazine from Manipal since 1967.

===Digital and audible===
The first complete literary website in Konkani started in 2001 using Kannada script was www.maaibhaas.com by Naveen Sequeira of Brahmavara. In 2003 www.daaiz.com started by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, this literary portal was instrumental in creating a wider range of readers across the globe, apart from various columns, literary contests, through Ashawadi Prakashan, he published several books in Konkani, including the first e-book 'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' released by Gerry DMello Bendur in 2005 at Karkala.

www.poinnari.com is the first literary webportal in Konkani using three scripts (Kannada, Nagari and Romi), started in 2015, is also conducted the first National level literary contest in dual scripts in Konkani in 2017.

'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' is the first e-book in Konkani, a compilation of 100 poems digitally published by www.daaiz.com and digitally published in 2005 by Ashawadi Prakashan in Karkala.

'Kathadaaiz' is the first digital audio book digitally published in 2018 by www.poinnari.com. This audio book is also available in the YouTube channel of Ashawari Prakashan.

'Pattim Gamvak' is the first e-Novel written in Kannada script Konkani in 2002 by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, published in www.maaibhaas.com in 2002-3.

'Veez' is the first digital weekly in Konkani, started in 2018 by Dr.Austine D'Souza Prabhu in Chicago, USA. Veez is the only magazine publishing Konkani in 4 scripts; Kannada, Nagari, Romi and Malayalam.

===Television===
{{main|List of Konkani-language television channels}}

The [[Doordarshan]] centre in Panjim produces Konkani programs, which are broadcast in the evening. Many local Goan channels also broadcast Konkani television programs. These include: Prudent Media, Goa 365, HCN, RDX Goa, and others.

===Film===
{{main|Konkani cinema}}

===Music===
on 1st feb 2024 song 'Addicted' by EZD and Chrystal Farrell entered [[spotify]] charts [[UAE]] at 3rd position alongside artists like [[Taylor Swift]] and [[The Weeknd]] creating a record of becoming first ever Konkani song to chart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/ezd-chrystal-farrell-song-addicted-left-taylor-swift-behind-made-this-record-5007509|title=इजीडी और क्रिस्टल फॉरेल का गाना 'एडिक्टेड' ने टेलर स्विफ्ट को भी छोड़ा पीछे, बनाया ये रिकॉर्ड!|website=NDTVIndia}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Many Konkani songs of the Goan fisher-folk appear recurrently in a number of [[Hindi films]]. Many Hindi movies feature characters with a Goan Catholic accent. A famous song from the 1957 movie ''[[Aasha (1957 film)|Aasha]]'', contains the Konkani words "mhaka naka" and became extremely popular. Children were chanting "[[Eeny, meeny, miny, moe]]", which inspired [[C Ramchandra]] and his assistant John Gomes to create the first line of the song, "Eena Meena Deeka, De Dai Damanika". Gomes, who was a [[Goan]], added the words "mhaka naka" (Konkani for "I don't want"). They kept on adding more nonsense rhymes until they ended with "Rum pum po!".<ref name=bolly>{{cite book|last=Joshi|first=Lalit Mohan|title=Bollywood: popular Indian cinema|year=2002|publisher=Dakini Books|pages=351 pages (see page:66)}}</ref><ref name="ashwin_story">{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1035927
 |title       = The story of 'Eena Meena Deeka'
 |author      = Ashwin Panemangalore
 |publisher   = [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]
 |date        = 16 June 2006
|accessdate  = 6 July 2007
|archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014618/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1035927
 |archivedate = 30 September 2007
|df          = dmy-all
}}</ref>

An international ad campaign by [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] featured a Konkani song "Rav Patrao Rav" as the background theme. It was based on the tune of an older song "[[Bebdo]]", composed by [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]] and sung by [[Lorna Cordeiro]]. The new lyrics were written by Agnello Dias (who worked in the ad agency that made the ad), recomposed by Ram Sampat, and sung by Ella Castellino.

A Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, organised by Mandd Sobhann, was held in [[Mangalore]] on 26 and 27 January 2008, and entered the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] for holding a 40-hour-long non-stop musical singing marathon, beating a [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]] musical troupe who had previously held the record of singing non-stop for 36 hours.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=42855&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+Guinness+Adjudicator+Hopeful+of+Certifying+Konkani+Nirantari |title= Mangalore: Guinness Adjudicator Hopeful of Certifying Konkani Nirantari |accessdate=1 February 2008 |publisher= Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore }}</ref>

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Canara Konkani]]
* [[Konkani in the Roman script]]
* [[Konkani Language Agitation]]
* [[Konkani people]]
* [[Konkani phonology]]
* [[Konkani Poets]]
* [[Konkani Script]]
* [[List of loanwords in Konkani]]
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[Languages with official status in India]]
* [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]]
* [[Maharashtri]]
* [[Malvani dialect]]
* [[Malvani people]]
* [[Marathi–Konkani languages]]
* [[Paisaci]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award to Konkani Writers]]
* [[World Konkani Centre]]
* [[World Konkani Hall of Fame]]
{{colend}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=note|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|date=25 April 2019|first=Karthik|last=Malli|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/romi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html|title=Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline.|work=Firstpost}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Konkani}}
{{interWiki|code=gom}}
{{Wiktionary|Konkani}}
{{Wikivoyage|Konkani phrasebook|Konkani|a phrasebook}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170916054056/http://v-ixtt.com/ Vauraddeancho Ixtt], Konkani language site
* [http://www.konkaninews.com Konkani News], Konkani language site
* [http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php Kital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115202356/http://www.kittall.com/kitall/index.php |date=15 November 2014 }}, Konkani language site
* [http://konkani.chilume.com/ Chilume.com], Konkani Literature
* [http://www.nizgoenkar.org/ Niz Goenkar], Konkani-English bilingual site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208104244/http://goa-world.com/GOA/konkani/ Learn Goan Konkani online]
* [http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/ Read Konkani News online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623021734/http://www.konkaninews.bangalorelivenews.com/ |date=23 June 2017 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022341/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/learn_konkani/learn_konkani_main.htm Learn Mangalorean GSB Konkani online]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060618141228/http://www.mangalorean.com/konkani/archive.php?ltype=Lesson Learn Mangalorean Catholic Konkani online]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828171254/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/konkaniweb/language-literature.htm An excellent article on Konkani history and literature by Goa Konkani Academi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110502055206/http://manglorean.net/konkani/ Online Manglorean Konkani Dictionary Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070112230100/http://www.savemylanguage.org/ Online Konkani (GSB) dictionary]
* [http://www.vishwakonkani.org/ World Konkani Centre, Mangalore]
* [http://www.konkanverter.com Konkanverter-Konkani script conversion utility]

{{Konkani language topics}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konkani Language}}
[[Category:Languages officially written in Indic scripts]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 12th century]]
[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Southern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Konkani languages|Konkani languages]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi recognised languages]]