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Harshen Toto

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

[[Category:articles

with short description]]
Toto
Samfuri:Script, তোতো
Samfuri:Photomontage
The word "Toto" in Toto and Bengali script
Yanki West Bengal
Ƙabila Toto
'Yan asalin magana
1,411 (2014)[1]
Bengali script and Toto (script)
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 txo
Glottolog toto1302[2]

Samfuri:Contains special characters Toto (Bengali: তোতো, Toto: Samfuri:Script)Yaren Sino-Tibet ne da ake magana a kan iyakar Indiya da Bhutan, ta kabilar Toto a Totopara, West Bengal tare da iyaka da Bhutan. Hakanan ana magana a Subhapara, Dhunchipara, da Panchayatpara hilllocks akan iyakar Indiya da Bhutan a gundumar Jalpaiguri, West Bengal (Ethnologue).

UNESCO ta jera Toto a matsayin yare mai hatsarin gaske, mai yiwuwa masu magana 1,000. Koyaya, yawancin iyalai a cikin al'umma suna magana Toto a gida. Yawancin yara suna koyon Toto a gida, kodayake suna amfani da Bengali a makaranta.

Cibiyar Nazarin Anthropological na Indiya (AnSI) ta shirya gudanar da bincike a kan harshen kabilar Toto, wanda yawansu ya ragu zuwa 1,536, ba su fahimci cewa harshen ya fi ƙabilanci ba. Masu bincike da kuma membobin al’ummar Toto sun yarda cewa harshen na fuskantar barazana kuma tasirin wasu harsuna, musamman Nepali da Bengali, na karuwa kowace rana.[3]

Aikin Harsunan Himalayan yana aiki akan zanen nahawu na farko na Toto.

Fassarar sauti

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Toto ya ƙunshi ƙananan wayoyi 25, waɗanda 19 baƙaƙe ne shida kuma wasula ne. Wayoyin wannan harshe sune kamar haka:

Wasula

Akwai wayoyi guda shida a cikin harshen Toto: /i/, /e/, /ə/, /a/, /o/, /u/. Ana iya rarraba su:

  • a kwance zuwa rukuni uku a matsayin gaba maras zagaye, na tsakiya mara zagaye da baya;
  • a tsaye zuwa kungiyoyi hudu kusa, kusa-tsaki, bude-tsaki da budewa.
  • Akwai diphthong guda takwas da aka gane a cikin Toto, waɗannan su ne:
  • /eu/ - yana faruwa a matsayi na farko da na tsakiya,
  • /au/, /ou/ - yana faruwa ne kawai a matsayi na tsakiya,
  • /ei/, /əi/, /ai/, /oi/ - yana faruwa a matsakaici da matsayi na ƙarshe, da
  • /ui/ - yana faruwa a kowane matsayi.[1]

Ƙananan nau'i-nau'i masu zuwa suna tabbatar da matsayin sautin wasali:

/i/~/e/

/iŋ/ 'dan'uwan suruki', vs. /eŋ/ 'ginger'

/ciwa/ 'Tear', vs. /cewa/ 'cut' (tufafi)

/i/~/a/

/guJi/ 'mujiya', vs. /guJa/ 'aljihu'

/nico/ 'wuta', vs. /naco/ 'biyu'

/i/~/u/

/Jiya/ 'rat', vs. /Juya/ 'tsuntsu'

/ei/~/əi/

/e/~/a/

/lepa/ 'kwakwalwa', vs. /lapa/ 'Ganye betel na daji'

/kewa/ 'haihuwa', vs. /kawa/ 'sauti'

/e/~/o/

/je/ 'ciyawa', vs. /jo/ 'nono'

bi..[1]

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain aspirated plain aspirated
Stop voiceless p t c k
voiced b d ɟ g
Fricative s h
Nasal m n ŋ
Approximant l j w
Trill r

A ƙasa akwai wasu kalmomin Toto daga van Driem (1995), wanda ya yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi don ba da shawarar cewa Toto na iya zama harshen Sal..[4]

Karin magana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sunan Toto na sirri sune (van Driem 1995)[4]

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
singular plural
first person Samfuri:Transliteration Samfuri:Transliteration
second person Samfuri:Transliteration Samfuri:Transliteration
third person Samfuri:Transliteration Samfuri:Transliteration

Lambobin Toto sune (van Driem 1995)[4]

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
English numeral bare stem for counting counting humans counting animals inanimate objects
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Nau'in Rubutu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Toto script
Samfuri:Script
Type
Languages Toto
Creator Dhaniram Toto
Published
2015
Direction Samfuri:ISO 15924 direction
Unicode alias
Samfuri:ISO 15924 alias
U+1E290–U+1E2BF


An buga rubutun haruffan da dattijon al'umma kuma marubuci, Dhaniram Toto ya haɓaka don harshen a cikin 2015, kuma ya ga iyakance amma ana ƙara amfani da shi a cikin adabi, ilimi, da lissafi; Mafi mahimmanci, an ƙara haruffan Toto zuwa ma'auni na Unicode a cikin Satumba, 2021. Kafin buga wannan rubutun, Dhaniram Toto da sauran membobin al'umma (waɗanda adadin karatunsu kamar yadda binciken samfurin da aka gudanar a 2003 ya kasance kawai 33.64 bisa dari). ) rubuce-rubucen littattafai da kasidu a cikin rubutun Bengali.[3]

Samfura: Babban haruffan Toto an ƙara shi zuwa Matsayin Unicode a cikin Satumba, 2021 tare da sakin sigar 14.0.

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tushen Unicode na Toto shine U+1E290–U+1E2BF

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

:

Samfuri:Unicode chart Toto

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Languages of India" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-02-08.|
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Toto". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. 3.0 3.1 Singh, Shiv Sahay (1 August 2014). "Toto language more endangered than tribe". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 van Driem, George. 1995. The Ṭoṭo language of the Bhutanese duars. Paper presented at ICSTLL 28.

Mahadan Waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Sino-Tibetan languages Samfuri:Kiranti languages