Kalmomin Koriya
 Kalmomin Koriya | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | aikatau |
| Harshen aiki ko suna |
Korean (en)  |
Kalmomin a cikin Harshen Koriya sun zo a matsayi na ƙarshe a cikin sashi. Kalmomin sune mafi rikitarwa na magana, kuma aikatau da aka haɗa da kyau na iya tsayawa da kansa a matsayin cikakkiyar jumla. Wannan labarin yana amfani da Yale romanization a bold don nuna morphology.
Rarraba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Ayyuka ko kalmomin da ke gudana sun haɗa da wasu ayyuka ko motsi na ciki. Don jerin kalmomin aiki na Koriya, duba wikt:Category:Korean verbs.
- Ana kiran maganganu masu mahimmanci ko masu bayyanawa a wasu lokuta adjectives. Don jerin kalmomin Koriya, duba wikt:Category:Korean adjectives.
- Kalmomin da ke akwai suna nuna wanzuwar wani abu, ko kasancewarsa a wani wuri ko kuma mallakar wani abu. An halicci wannan rukuni ne don aikatau "don wanzu" itda kuma akasin haka, eopda "kada 있다 wanzu".
- Kalmomin da ba su da izini ga wani abu don ɗaukar ƙarshen magana. A cikin Koriya an halicci wannan rukuni domin tabbatarwa da mara kyau. Tabbatar fada copula shine Wali ida "don zama," kuma mummunan copula anida "ba za a kasance ba". Koyaya, akwai wasu kalmomi da yawa a cikin Koriya waɗanda kuma ke aiki don haɗa 하다 kalma ga sunaye, mafi mahimmanci批准 hada "don yin".
Bambanci tsakanin aikatau na aiki da Kuma aikatau masu bayyanawa yana bayyane a cikin aikatau a wasu wurare. Copulas suna haɗuwa kamar kalmomin da ke tsaye, to amma kalmomin da ke cikin rayuwa suna haɗuwa da kalmomin aiki. Wasu kalmomi na iya zama ko dai masu tsayawa ko masu aiki, dangane da ma'anar.
Hanyoyi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana haɗuwa kalmomin Koriya. Kowane nau'in aikatau a cikin Koriya yana da sassa biyu: maɓallin aikatau, mai sauƙi ko faɗaɗa, tare da jerin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga. Kalmomin na iya zama masu tsawo saboda duk ƙayyadaddun da ke nuna bambance-bambance na nahawu.
An ɗaure tushen aikatau na Koriya, ma'ana cewa ba ya faruwa ba tare da akalla ma'anar ɗaya ba. Waɗannan ƙididdigar suna da yawa amma na yau da kullun kuma an ba da umarni. ƙarewa sama 40, amma sama da 400 lokacin da aka ƙidaya haɗuwa da waɗannan ƙarewa. Nau'o'in ƙayyadaddun kalmomi sun haɗa da murya (marasa amfani ko ƙayyadadden), lokaci (na baya, yanzu, ko nan gaba), al'amari (na wani aiki - cikakke, gogewa, maimaitawa, ko ci gaba), girmamawa (zaɓin da ya dace na ƙayyadamuran bin ka'idar harshe), da sashi na ƙarshe ko jimloli da aka zaɓa daga nau'ikan magana daban-daban da nau'ikan jimloli kamar tambaya, bayyanawa, imperative, da kuma nunawa.
Canjin sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ayyuka da yawa suna canza furcin ma'anar ƙarshe na tushen bayan ƙara ƙayyadaddun. Wasu daga cikin wadannan canje-canje sune sakamakon dai-daitawa na yau da kullun ko sauƙaƙewa, amma wasu daga cikinsu ba daidai ba ne. Kalmomin da ba daidai ba suna dauke da ma'anar ma'anar ƙarshe waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a tarihi kuma wanda, a sakamakon haka ya ɓace ko ya canza tsakanin wasula amma ya kasance kusa da ma'ana.
Hanyar da aka ambata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Alamar ko nau'in ambaton kalma ta Koriya ita ce nau'in da ya ƙare a kan layi ba tare da alamar yanayin lokaci ba. Ga kalmomi, an yi amfani da wannan nau'in a matsayin cikakkiyar hanyar bayyanawa a Koriya ta Tsakiya, [1] amma ba a sake amfani da shi a Koriya na zamani. Ga adjectives, wannan nau'in shine nau'in bayyanawa wanda ba a baya ba.
Hanyar da ba ta da iyaka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Baya tushen magana da kansa wanda ke gaba da ta a cikin nau'in ambaton, akwai kuma dogon tushe tare da ƙarin wasula mai jituwa, wanda masanin harshe Samuel E. Martin ya kira "marasa iyaka". Wannan nau'in tsaka-tsaki kuma ba ya nuna wani girmamawa da matakan magana. Don haka ana amfani su sau da yawa don lakabi na wallafe-wallafen, subtitles da lakabi na babi, tunda ba a tsara su musamman ga mutum ko rukuni ba.
Wannan abin da ake kira infinitive, duk da haka, dole ne a rikice shi da nau'in ambaton da aka ambata a sama. An kafa shi eo/a hanyar haɗa e⁄a /아 eo / a zuwa tushen, bisa ga jituwa ta wasali. Idan tushen magana ya ƙare a cikin wasali, wasula biyu na iya haɗuwa ko kwangila.
Ba tare da raguwar wasali ba
- al 알 al "know" + Template:Frac → al.a 알아 ara
- mek 먹 meok "eat" + Template:Frac → mek.e 먹어 meogeo
Tare da raguwar wasali
- 'ka' 'ga' "tafiye" + e⁄a → ka ga
- o 오 o "come" + e⁄a → wa wa wa
- 서 'Sene' seo "tsa'ya'" + e⁄a → se 서 seo
- Yakai id="mwmw">i="mwmA">i 이 i (copula) + e⁄a → ye satar ye
- ssu tare da "amfani" + e⁄a → zama da kujerun
toy da star doeda "don zama" na iya ko bazai sami raguwa ba. "A yi" ba daidai ba ne.
Ba a amfani da wannan nau'in ba a matsayin suna, amma ana iya amfani da shi a cikin maganganu masu mahimmanci, gine-ginen maganganu na jerin, da kuma kafin wasu (ba duka ba) ƙarshen maganganu. Ana iya kwatanta shi da haɗin gwiwa a cikin Jafananci.
Ƙarshen kalma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalmomin sune mafi rikitarwa na magana a Koriya. Tsarin su lokacin da aka yi amfani da su azaman maganganun sashi shine prefix + tushen + har zuwa ƙayyadaddun bakwai, kuma ana iya kwatanta su da samfuri:
| Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga | Ƙarshen jumla | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gabatarwa | 0 | Na | Na biyu | Na Uku | Na huɗu | V | Na shida | VII |
| Rashin kyau* | ROOT | valence | girmamawa | Yanayin tashin hankalifasalin | tsari na yau da kullun | Yanayin magana | Halin da ya dace | ladabi |
- * da ba ta dace ba ita ce "ba"; kalma mos" kuma ba za ta iya faruwa a wannan matsayi ba.
I Valency Na iya zama mai wucewa ko mai haifar da shi. Wadannan sau da yawa sun haɗa da canji tushe, sannan kuma da ma'anar i (aikin wannan ma'anar na iya canzawa, dangane da canjin ma'anar aikatau).
II Ma'anar girmamawa ita ce -usi atang -eusi- bayan ma'anar, -si 原 bayan wasali. An rage shi zuwa saukowa kafin wani wasali. Misali, tare da bin lokacin da ya gabata, sie-ss -si-eoss- ya rage zuwa sie-ss __ilo____ilo____ilo__ -syeoss-.
- Wannan yana nuna girmamawa ga batun tattaunawar, misali lokacin da ake magana game da dattawan mutum.
III Idan babu ma'anar a cikin wannan rami, aikatau yana cikin halin yanzu ko gnomic. Lokaci na gaba & yanayin da za a iya tsammani shine maɓalli-ss-ss -kafi-, mahimmanci -get-, wanda ya gabata cikakke shine - e⁄a-ss телә / an sanya -eot-/-a amma tare da jituwa ta wasali. Idan babu ma'anar shiga tsakani, wannan a-='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"lang","href":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ko"},"2":{"wt":"았"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwARY" title="Korean-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Yanayi raguwa, a cikin furci da rubuce-rubuce: a-ss zuwa mutum a-, da kuma wa-ss zuwa wat-. Kalmo o 오 "zuwa" saboda 왔 wa-ss bari wat- a cikin kammalawa. Kalmomin ''haet-'' "don yin" wani abu ne mara kyau.
- Har ila yau, akwai lokuta masu yawa: n-eot- da suka gabata - e⁄a-ss-e-ss na na asali -eosseot-/-asseot-, baya-bayan nan - e⁄ a-ss-key-ss na gaba - e⁄an'-eotkket-'-ket-, nesa da ya gabata-a-a-ƙarshe (Aiki da ya kamata a kammala shi a baya amma ba a yi shi ba) - e⁄A-sse-ss-ke-ss-ss-s na gaba-a-e-a-A-a-ke, ana buƙatar cikakkiyar [clarification] [are these past perfect, future perfective, & ??]
IV Ƙaddamarwa ta al'ada ita ce -p __wol____wol____wol__ bayan wasali (ana rubuta shi a cikin wannan toshe kamar wannan wasali), -sup__ -seup bayan wata ma'ana a cikin kalma mai bayyanawa ko tambaya, -up -eup bayan wata kalma a cikin wani ra'ayi. - -sauka-- sama-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"lang","href":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ko"},"2":{"wt":"습"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAU0" title="Korean-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Jove-ignore="true" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" id="mwAUs" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>ss. (Bayan ma'anar s ko ss, harafin a cikin ma'anar ya sauka.)
- Wannan yana zuwa girmamawa ga masu sauraron tattaunawar, misali lokacin da mutum yake magana da dattawan. Idan mutum yana magana da dattawan mutum, zai yi amfani da ma'anar da ta dace da kuma girmamawa.
idan="mwAVw">V kain da ake ciki, --neun, s kalma mafi kyau, shine alamar -ba wanit="#mwt125" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"lang","href":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ko"},"2":{"wt":"는"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAV8" title="Korean-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">U da, -ni, ko n criti; mai ba da labari (marasa kyau) -ten -deon, ti__hau____hau____hau__ -di, ko t Glad -d-; da -goma subjunctive si -si ko s 股. Babu wani daga cikin wadannan da ake amfani da su a cikin salon yau da kullun ko na kusa, kuma sanarwa mai nunawa na yau da kullun na iya faruwa ne kawai a cikin yanayin gnomic.
- -ba a taɓa amfani는 ---neun da -ten -deon a cikin al'ada da -goma sanannun salon tambaya. Bayan wasali, -ba a taɓa -nun amfani da -neun는 ya rage zuwa n criti. kada a bayyana shi, -ten -deon 더ra zuwa te - Magana.-ƙaddamarwa.
- -ni, -ti valori -di, da -si 180 suna amfani da su a cikin salon ladabi.
- -n cris">t, t Glad -d-, da kuma s ㅅ ana amfani da su a cikin sanannun sanarwa da kuma subjunctive styles.
VI Halin 'ido'''' -ala dace, don son kalma mafi kyau, shine sanarwa '-ta' bat '-da' (mai -eola), -la-ge-contents="true" id="mwAeU" title="Korean-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">__hau____hau____hau__ -ra (farin tsari), da kuma ey 에 '-e' (mai iyali); tambaya kka__hau____ilo____hau____ilo__ (farin misali) da -ka -ga (mai ladafi), -ca 185 -ja (farin tsarin), da kuma idan -e (farin iyali); da kuma imperative o 오 (mai ladaci), -a la / / iyali).
- Style: Wadannan bambance-bambance ba a yi su a cikin salon da ba a saba gani ba. Ma">a haka, wannan ramin o="#mwt166" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"lang","href":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ko"},"2":{"wt":"ㅏ"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAfU" title="Korean-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ㅗ ɗaukar ta hanyar ma'anar - e⁄a -eo (a 아 bayan wani a ː ko o ː) ko kuma ma'anar ma'anar alamu -ci__wol____wol____wol__ -ji.
요 Mai ladabi mai ladabi yo Oī (-i yo 이 interpret bayan waNi consonant) ya bayyana a cikin salon al'ada. Yana nuna dangantakar mutum da masu sauraro.
Ƙin yarda[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana yawan ƙin aikatau a cikin Koriya ta hanyar amfani da nau'i mara kyau, idan ya wanzu, ko kuma ta hanyar sanya mummunan adverb a gabansa.
Akwai maganganu biyu masu banƙyama: mos 係 mot, da kalma juzu'i. ana amfani da mos lokacin da mutum ko mai rai ke ƙoƙarin aiwatar da wani aiki, wato, farawa kuma ba zai iya gama shi da nasara ba. an shine mafi yawan mai musun wanda ake amfani dashi a duk sauran lokuta. Abubuwan da ke tattare da juna suna da bambanci.
Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙarshen ƙayyadaddun suna haɗe kai tsaye zuwa tushen aikatau, kuma ana biye da ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran. Wadannan ƙi ƙididdigal sun ƙare tare da ㅣ wasula i ː ko wu da aka rage zuwa sauka a cikin dogon tsari. Misali, tare da wannan lokacin da ya gabata, - (u) (으)시 (o) 原 - (eu) idan ya rage zuwa - (u).
Valence[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Valence a cikin Koriya wani bangare ne na lexical kuma wani bangare na derivational. -gu -u yawa na iya canza ƙarfin su ta hanyar ƙara ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamden ƙayƙwalwa, -i 이, -hi Oliver, -li -ri, -ki গ্ৰেট, -wu Φ, -kwu; ko -chwu -chu, wani lokacin tare da ƙarin canje-canje ga tushe.
Batun girmamawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Matsalar girmamawa - (u) si ta samo kalma mai girmamawa, wato, kalma wacce ake amfani da ita lokacin da batun jumla ya fi girma a matsayin zamantakewa fiye da mai magana. Ana amfani da irin waɗannan kalmomi, alal misali, lokacin da ake magana game da dattawan mutum, manyan jama'a (iyaye, malamai, shuwagabannin), ko baƙi.
Ana amfani da cikakkiyar nau'in -usi atang ne kawai bayan ma'anar. In ba haka ba, ana shafar wasula ta farko, ta zama -si.
Duk da yake ma'anar girmamawa ta zama dole, wasu aikatau suna da madadin girmamawa wanda dole ne a yi amfani da shi ban da - (u) si. Misali, saboda haka ta haka itda ta zama kyey'si ta han있다 magana gyesida.
Matsayi da fasalin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bayan ƙarewa, kalmomin Koriya na iya ƙunsar har zuwa ƙayyadaddun kalmomi uku a jere wanda ke wakiltar haɗuwa da lokaci, fasalin, da yanayi.
Abubuwan da suka gabata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wannan ss.'anar it ce ma'anar ma'anar 'ss ː bayan nau'in ma'anar kalma (ƙarewa a cikin e⁄a), ㅆ ke samar da e⁄a'ss 位 / English (ma'anar ƙarshe ana furta ta a gaban wasali da t a gaban ma'anar). Wannan ma'anar, wanda ake kira "da suka gabata" ko "cikakke" ta masana harsuna daban-daban, yana da ma'anoni daban-daban da yawa, dangane da ma'anar aikatau da aka haɗa shi da mahallin; yana iya zama mai sauƙi ko cikakke na yanzu.
ss. cikin ilimin lissafi, 'ss raguwa ne na aikatau na wanzuwar iss watan ta hanyar shawoyi. Tsarin kwangila - e⁄a iss, asali cikakke ne na yanzu.
Cikakken[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wani aikatau [2] iya samun kwafi biyu na ma'anar da aka ambata a sama, na biyu daga cikinsu, duk da haka, koyaushe -ess телә -eot kuma yana wakiltar ainihin lokacin da ya gabata. Wannan yana haifar da haɗuwa da e⁄a'ss.ess a cikin ƙasashen waje / ƙasashen waje -eosseot/-asseot. Wannan haɗuwa tana sadarwa da cikakkiyar abin da ya gabata ko kuma abin da ya fi nesa.
Makomar nan gaba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙaddamarwa -kai gaba ita ce -keyss pepe -get, sau da yawa ana amfani dashi don bayyana abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba. Ana amfani da shi, lokacin da mai magana yana da dalilai masu inganci don gaskanta wani abu zai faru. Misali, ana amfani da ma'anar a cikin yanayin watsa shirye-shirye a Koriya kamar hasashen yanayi.
Amma ana iya amfani da shi tare da cikakkun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadakkwa, ko kuma a cikin yanayin yanzu. Idan aka yi amfani da shi tare da cikakkiyar ma'anar, wannan yana haifar da ƙididdiga ko ƙayyadadden abin da ya gabata - e⁄a'ss-keyss nekk na cikin gida / na gida '-eotget/-atget "ya kamata ya kasance, zai kasance, dole ne ya kasance". Idan aka yi shi tare da ma'anar da ƙayyadaddun ma'anar ma'anar baya - e⁄ a'ss-ess-keyss a cikin gida / Naci - eosseotget, kodayake wannan abu ne mai wuya. Saboda ana amfani da wannan ƙayyadaddun lokaci-lokaci don Yanayi, ko ƙayyadadden lokaci, dangane da mahallin wani lokacin ana kiransa irrealis.
A cikin ilimin lissafi, ma'anar gaba ita ce sakamakon haɗuwa da aikatau mai kawo ƙarshen -key게 da kuma tushen wanzuwar iss watan, ta hanyar shawoyi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama. Wannan raguwa da canji a ma'ana yana da kamanceceniya a cikin makomar Latin na gaba.
Ƙarshen jumla[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| Na huɗu | V | Na shida | VII |
|---|---|---|---|
| tsari na yau da kullun | Yanayin magana | Halin da ya dace | ladabi |
Ba duk haɗuwa da ƙayyadaddun a cikin samfurin da ke sama ba ne zai yiwu. Tsarin da aka fi sani da shi bayan ma'anar ma'anar (watau, bayan tushen ko girmamawa -usi a cikin halin yanzu, bayan - e⁄ass ko -keyss a baya da nan gaba) sune
| Al'ada mai ladabi | Tsarin (style na littafi) |
Abokan hulɗa | Mai ladabi | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bayyanawa | bayyanawa | - (su) pni ta (스)ㅂ니다 - (shi) mnida |
- (ba) ta (는)다 - (neun) da |
-n' ido 네 -ne |
-n' idona ni 네요 -neyo |
| tambaya | - (su) pni kka (스)ㅂ니까 - (shi kaɗai) mnikka |
-ba a sake ba 느냐 -neunya |
-nun ka 는가 -neunga |
-ba ni da ni 는가요 -neungayo | |
| Binciken baya | bayyanawa | - (su) pti ta (스)ㅂ디다 - (isu) pdida |
-ta la 더라 -daga yanzu |
-t' ido 데 daga |
-t' ido ni 데요 -deyo |
| tambaya | - (su) pti kka (스)ㅂ디까 - (shi kaɗai) pdikka |
-goma ya riga 더냐 -deonya |
-ka goma 던가 -deonga |
-ten ka ni 던가요 -deongayo | |
| Subjunctive | mai ba da shawara | - (u) psi ta (으)ㅂ시다 - (ni) psida |
-ca 자 -ja |
-s' ido 세 -se |
-shi ne idanu 세요 -seyo |
| wajibi ne | - (u) psi o (U) ፒS- - (ni) psio |
- la 어라 -eora/-ara |
-maɓalli 게 -ge |
-key ni 게요 -geyo | |
- * alamar -는 a samo shi ba -nun kawai a cikin halin yanzu na aikatau.
** Ma'anar da aka yi amfani da ita (으)시 koyaushe tana ɗaukar ma'anar girmamawa - (u) si (__hau____hau____hau__) 原.
Ƙarshen ladabi na kusa, na kusa, da na yau da kullun sun fi sauƙi.
| Abokan hulɗa | Mai ladabi | Ba a saba gani ba | Mai ladabi | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nunawa / subjunctive |
bayyanawa / tambaya / imperative |
- e⁄a어/아-eo/-a |
- da kuma / da ni / da kuma / -eoyo/-ayo |
-ci-ji |
-Yana da yawa -Jio="mwA6k"/> |
Tsarin Mulki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙaddamarwa ta al'ada ita ce - (su) p p p p'iyanta/ cont - (seu) p. Ana amfani da gajeren tsari bayan wasali kuma ana amfani da dogon tsari bayan ma'ana. (A cikin tsarin rubuce-rubucen Koriya hangul, an rubuta jinin a kasan syllable na 습-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwA7c" title="Korean-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Sanya. A Koriya ta Kudu, bayan an rubuta jimin ko jinin, an rubuta shi a matsayin jinin. An canza wannan doka a ƙarshen 80s, zuwa jinin ba shi da ma'ana. Don haka, a zamanin yau, an rubuta sashin jinin a matsayin jimin a matsayin jarin kansa.) Wannan yana nuna girmamawa ga masu sauraron tattaunawar, misali lokacin da suke magana a cikin halin da ake ciki, kamar (amma ba lallai ba) dattawa. Idan mutum yana magana da dattawan mutum, zai yi amfani da ma'anar girmamawa tare.
Halin da ake ciki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Halin da는 ciki, --neun son kalma mafi kyau, yana nunawa -ba a taɓa yin amfani da shi ba, -n (i) / criti; retrospective (imperfect) -ten -deon, -t (i) __hau____hau____hau__ / Glad; da -goma jussive -s (i) 原/ attra.
| Hanyar da ake amfani da ita | Bayyanawa | Binciken baya | Rashin jituwa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tambaya ta saba da ita |
-ba a taɓa --neun amfani da shi는 | Tsawon shakatawa-deon | - |
| Hanyar da ba ta da tambaya |
-ni da kuma | -ti valori* -di | -si-idan asalin* -idan |
| Ba tare da izini ba ko kuma na kusa | - | - | - |
- ido="mwBA0" typeof="mw:Nowiki">*-ni autra, '-t' valori, da -si 180 kwangila zuwa -n' criti, -t Glad, da -s' ㅅ bi da bi a gaban ey 에.
Babu wani daga cikin wadannan da ake amfani da su a cikin salon yau da kullun ko na kusa, kuma kawai sanarwa mai nunawa na yau da kullun zai iya faruwa a cikin yanayin gnomic.
Halin da ya dace[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
오-ey-ca ido'="mwBCo">kka' ya dace, don son kalma mafi kyau, sune maganganun da ake kira "'ta'" (Taro) da kuma "Taro); Tambayoyi da ake kira (Taro), "Taro", "Taro".
Wadannan bambance-bambance ba a yi su a cikin salon sirri da na yau da kullun ba. -ci haka, wannan wurin ana ɗaukar shi ta hanyar ma'anar - e⁄a /아 ko ma'anar ma'anar.
| Declarative | Propositive | Interrogative | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polite | ta 다 -da | kka 까 -kka | o 오 -o | |
| Plain | la 라 -ra | ca 자 -ja | ya 야 -ya | Template:Fracla 아라/어라 -eora/-ara |
| Familiar | ey 에 -e | ka 가 -ga | key 게 -ge | |
| Intimate | Template:Frac 어/아 -eo/-a | |||
| Casual | ci 지 -ji | |||
Matsayin ladabi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
IKalmomin ladabi ƙasa-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"lang","href":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ko"},"2":{"wt":"요"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBK4" title="Korean-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Oī'i Oī ya bayyana a cikin ƙananan matakan magana. Yana ɗaga matakin ladabi na waɗancan salon.
Ƙarshen halayen[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙarshen kalma mai mahimmanci yana canza sunaye kuma yana ɗaukar matsayin adjectives masu mahimmanci. Koriya ba ta da sunayen dangi. Maimakon haka, kalmomin da ke nunawa suna canza sunaye, kamar yadda adjectives ke yi a Turanci. Inda a cikin Turanci mutum zai ce "Na ga mutumin da ke tafiya da kare", tsarin Koriya ya fi kama da "Mutumin da ke tafiya a cikin kare da na gani".
Tsarin shine ROOT + valence + attributive suffix, tare da ƙarancin rikitarwa na ƙayyadaddun kalmomi a sama.
| Gabatarwa | 0 | Na | Na biyu | Na Uku |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rashin kyau | ROOT | valence | tsananin lokaci | mai ba da izini |
Kalmomin da ke aiki suna amfani da ma'anar ma'anar -eun bayan ma'anar, ko -n criti bayan wasali, don lokacin da ya gabata. Don maganganu masu bayyanawa ko masu tsayawa, sau da yawa daidai da adjectives a cikin Turanci, ana amfani da wannan nau'in don kwatancin gaba ɗaya (gnomic); yadda ya kamata, "abinci" abinci ne wanda aka taɓa cinyewa (da baya), yayin da "kyakkyawan furen" furen ne wanda ya zama kyakkyawa, kuma har yanzu yana (yanzu / ba tare da lokaci ba). Don ƙayyade aikin da ke gudana don aikatau mai aiki, ana amfani da ma'anar -neun a maimakon haka. Ba a samun wannan a kan kalmomi masu bayyanawa ba, saboda ba shi da ma'ana a ce *"fure tana da kyau". A nan gaba, ana amfani da ma'anar (eu) l tare da ƙarfafa ma'anar da ke biyowa, kuma a cikin ajizanci / sake dubawa (tunatar abin da ya kasance) shine -deon.
Misali, daga aikatau Play meok "don cin abinci", adjective Poland yeppeu "kyakkyawan", da kuma sunayen da ake kira "shinkafa da aka dafa" da kuma "fure", muna samun:
| Mai aiki | Bayyanawa | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ci gaba na yanzu | 먹는 밥 | Meogneun bap |
"An ci shinkafa da aka dafa" | ||||||
| Cikakken | 먹은 밥 | Meogeun bap |
"ya ci shinkafa da aka dafa (shinkafa da ake dafawa) " |
예쁜 꽃 | yeppeun kkot |
"kyakkyawan furen" | |||
| Rashin Cikakken | 먹던 밥 | Meokdeon bap |
"shinkafa da aka dafa sau ɗaya (shinkafa mai dafa wanda aka saba cinyewa) " |
먹었던 밥 | Meogeotdeon bap |
"shinkafa da aka dafa wanda aka ci" | 예쁘던 꽃 | yeppeudeon kkot |
"wani furen da ya kasance mai kyau" |
| Makomar nan gaba | 먹을 밥 | meogeul ppap |
"shinkafa da aka dafa don cinyewa" | 먹었을 밥 | meogeosseul ppap |
"shinkafa da aka dafa wanda za a ci" | 예쁠 꽃 | yeppeul kkot |
"fure wanda zai kasance kyakkyawa" |
Ana amfani da cikakkiyar ƙayyadaddun -eoss- wani lokacin, tare da ma'anar iri ɗaya, akan aikatau masu aiki. Yana gaba da ma'anar ma'ana.
Don aikatau na aiki, ana amfani da -ess телә don kammala ayyukan ko matakai waɗanda ke haifar da halin yanzu. Ma'anar kalma ta mutum na iya taimakawa wajen tantance wane fassarar ta dace. Don haka a matsayin 'ya yi aure', yana mai da hankali kan abin da ya faru a baya, ko kuma 'ya yi mata aure', yana mayar da hankali kan halin yanzu wanda ya haifar da abin da ya gabata. Amma 'ya kori kwallon' kawai zai iya nuna wani abu da ya gabata kuma 'ya yi kyau' kawai zai yiwu a nuna halin yanzu. (생기다 saenggida kalma ce ta aiki, ma'ana 'kafa / halicci".) 었 결혼했다. But 공을 찼다잘 생겼다 (생기다
Ƙarshen haɗuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalmomin na iya ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden. Wadannan ƙididdigar suna yin sashe na ƙasa.
Ɗaya daga cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden -go, ana iya fassara shi azaman haɗin kai. Wato, nan 'ya'yan itace, nan 'yan itace 'ya'ya, 'ya' ya'yan itacen 'ya'y' ya' yan itace, 'ya-ya'yan ta'yan ita ce 'ya' yan itacen 'yan itacen' ya' ya'ya' yan ta'yan ta.
Wani ma'anar, wanda yayi kama da ma'anarsa, shine 서 -seo wanda, duk da haka, an haɗa shi da dogon ma'anar aikatau da ke ƙare a - e⁄a.- zama-ve-ignore="true" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" id="mwBWM" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>
Dukansu suna haɗa ayyuka biyu, aikin a cikin subclause da aikin a cikin babban sashi. Bambanci tsakanin su Sene cewa tare da seo aikin da ke cikin subclause dole ne ya zo da farko, yayin da -go yana nuna ƙarin juxtaposition mara tsari. Ana amfani da Seo akai-akai don nuna haddasawa, kuma a cikin maganganu da yawa na yau da kullun kamar yadda aka saba da shi (a zahiri, "Tun lokacin da na sadu da ku, ina farin ciki" ko "Bayan da na saduwa da ku, na yi farin ciki"). Idan an yi amfani da -go a maimakon haka, ma'anar za ta kasance kusa da "Na sadu da ku kuma ina farin ciki," wato, ba tare da wata alaƙa mai ma'ana ba. 만나서 반갑습니다.
Waitda duka suna da ƙay있다 ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadatattun ƙayyadagden ƙayƙatattun ƙididdigar ƙayyadyadaddun.
Rubuce-rubuce[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A matsayin harshe na yau da kullun na kai tsaye-abu-kalma, aikatau yawanci shine kashi na ƙarshe a cikin jumla ta Koriya, kuma shine kawai ya zama dole. Wato, aikatau da aka haɗa da shi yadda ya kamata zai iya samar da jumla da kansa. Sau da yawa ana cire batun da abin da ke cikin jumla lokacin da aka ɗauka a bayyane a cikin mahallin. Misali, jumlar: chac.ass.ta ________ Chajatda! ("[Na] sami [shi]!") ya ƙunshi aikatau kawai saboda mahallin da wannan jumlar za ta faru ya sa ainihin muhawara ta bayyana.