Kyakkyawan shimfidar wuri mai amfani da makamashi
Kyakkyawan shimfidar wuri mai amfani da makamashi wani nau'in shimfidar wurare ne wanda aka tsara don manufar kiyaye makamashi. Akwai bambanci tsakanin makamashi da aka saka na kayan aiki da gina wuri mai faɗi, da makamashi wanda aka cinye ta hanyar kulawa da ayyukan wuri mai faɗi.
Ma'anar kalmomi da ma'anar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Landscaping sau da yawa yana nufin aikin zane-zane da lambu, wanda ya shafi al'adun gargajiya tare da kayan lambu da sana'a don kyawawan abubuwa, al'adu, zamantakewa, da dalilai na addini.
Gine-gine na shimfidar wuri da injiniya shimfidar wurare, a gefe guda, ƙwarewa ne masu yawa da kuma ƙwarewa waɗanda ke haɗa la'akari da fasaha, kamar Yanayin ƙasa, ilimin muhalli, ilmin halitta, da injiniya, a cikin ƙirar shimfidar ƙasa da sabunta shi.
Kyakkyawan shimfidar wuri mai amfani da makamashi ya fada cikin rukunoni na ƙarshe, kuma yana jaddada kiyaye makamashi a cikin aikin shafin ko ƙirƙirar shafin. Daga cikin amfani da kalmomi daban-daban, ingantaccen makamashi na iya komawa ga rage amfani da makamashi a cikin kulawa da aiki na wuri mai faɗi sosai ga mai amfani / mai mallakar shafin, [1] [2] ko kuma gabaɗaya don kiyaye makamashi ga yanayin duniya, kamar rage tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane tare da farfajiyar haske (ƙara albedo) ko rage buƙatar maganin ruwa da datti ta amfani da hanya mai laushi. Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su na ingantaccen makamashi sun haɗa da rage zafi ko sanyaya kayan gini ta hanyar inuwa, toshe iska, da rufi; gudanar da ruwa; da kuma amfani da tsire-tsire ko kayan gini waɗanda ke da ƙarancin makamashi.
Hanyoyi da dabarun
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hanyoyin zane sun hada da:
Inuwa da itatuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shuka bishiyoyi don manufar samar da inuwa, wanda ke rage farashin sanyaya. Tsawon tsufa na bishiyoyi da siffar rufin su suna buƙatar a yi nazari sosai. Ya kamata a tsara wurin bishiyoyi bisa ga tsayinsu da tsayin ginin. Har ila yau, lokacin da bishiyoyi suka shuka kusa da windows ko ganuwar, za su samar da inuwa ga mafi yawan rana yayin da Rana ke ci gaba da canza matsayinta na dangi ga taga da bishiyoyi. Shuka bishiyoyi kusa da ginin, duk da haka, ba abin sha'awa ba ne, saboda yana iya haifar da haɗarin taɓa ƙasa ko layin amfani na ƙasa.[2]
Irin ganyen bishiyoyi ma yana da mahimmanci. Ana iya amfani da ganyayyaki masu laushi kamar Southern magnolia don samar da inuwa mai zurfi na shekara-shekara. Koyaya, allurar leaf evergreens kamar pine da cedar na iya samar da ƙarin iska mai yaduwa kodayake inuwansu ya fi ƙanƙanta kuma ya fi buɗewa.[2]
Ba wai kawai za'a iya amfani da inuwa ta itace don rage nauyin sanyaya a cikin gini ba, ana iya amfani da shi a filin ajiye motoci, hanyoyin motsa jiki, da wuraren wasa.[3]
Rashin iska
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shuka ko gina iska don jinkirta iska kusa da gine-gine, wanda ke rage asarar zafi. Gidaje suna rasa zafi ta hanyar shiga ciki hunturu. Ya kamata a tsara iska don tsayarwa da sake tura iskar hunturu kafin su isa gidan da wuraren waje tare da filin wasa ko tsire-tsire masu hankali. Ya kamata a tsara iska a cikin hunturu don kada su toshe hasken rana a cikin Winder ko toshe iska a lokacin bazara.[4]
Ginin bango tare da shrubbery ko inabi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shuka shrubs kusa da bango yana haifar da sararin iska mai kewaye da bango. Wannan irin wannan ra'ayi ne ga amfani da itacen iska. Ya kamata a dasa shrubs aƙalla 2 feet (0.61 m) daga bango don hana danshi da matsalolin kwari.[2]
Amfani da yanayin ƙasa na halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsaro na duniya misali ne na amfani da yanayin ƙasa na halitta da yanayin ƙasa don adana makamashi a cikin gina tsari. An yi imanin cewa yana adana makamashi ta hanyoyi da yawa: ta hanyar amfani da dutse ko karfi
ƙasa a matsayin bango da ƙasa a matsayin ƙasa, farashin gini ya ragu sosai, saboda tsarin zai buƙaci kayan ɗaukar kaya kaɗan kuma babu buƙatar tonowa da ginin tushe; bango da bene da aka yi da kayan halitta mai yiwuwa za su sami mafi kyawun rufi fiye da bango da bene na wucin gadi; Ganuwar halitta da bene na iya rage haɗarin wuta, saboda suna da wuya a kunna su don haka rage buƙatar masu hana wuta.
A cikin binciken kwaikwayon tsarin da ke da zurfin zurfi daban-daban a cikin ƙasa don fahimtar tasirin rufi na halitta da ƙasa a cikin yanayin sanyi, [5] an gano cewa watsawar zafi na ganuwar da aka kare ƙasa shine 16% - 45% ƙasa da na tsarin gaba ɗaya sama da ƙasa.
Baya ga Gidan Gida na Duniya, hanya mai sauƙi don amfani da yanayin ƙasa na halitta shine amfani da ilimin ƙasa, kamar duwatsu, don inuwa.
kore rufi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sau da yawa, zane-zane da gine-gine suna nufin zane a ƙasa; a cikin mahallin da yawa, musamman, jagorar zane da batutuwa sune don yanayin zama na yau da kullun a cikin gidaje na kewayen gari, inda akwai yadi (gidan lambu), hanya, da gida. A cikin birane masu yawa, duk da haka, babu ƙasa mai yawa don ƙirar shimfidar wuri. Rufin kore, to, ya zama zaɓi mai ban sha'awa don ƙara wasu kyawawan abubuwa da kore ga biranen da ke cike da mutane. Ba a iyakance ga biranen ba, ana iya amfani da rufin kore a duk inda ya dace. Yawancin lokuta, a zahiri, yanke shawara don gina rufin Green ya dogara ne akan yanayin gida da manufofi. Saboda ban da kyawawan abubuwan da ke ciki, ana amfani da rufin kore sau da yawa don ikon su na kiyaye makamashi, kamar kara rufin ginin, riƙewa da shiga ruwan sama, da kuma yiwuwar rage tasirin tsibirin zafi na birni lokacin da aka shigar da shi zuwa wani sikelin. A cikin Jamus, alal misali, wani bangare saboda ka'idojin EU, kashi 17% na sabon ginin rufin rufin kore ne. A Washington DC, ana amfani da rufin kore a matsayin madadin hanyar riƙe ruwan sama.
Fa'idodi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rage amfani da makamashi na gini ta hanyar kara rufin rufin: A cikin jimlar amfani da makami, rufin kore zai sami mafi kyawun aiki dangane da rufin da ba shi da kyau a cikin yanayin sanyi, wanda ke buƙatar dumama na dare. Rage nauyin dumama na ginin yana ƙaruwa yayin da zurfin ƙasa na rufin kore ke ƙaruwa, kodayake ƙaruwar zurfin ƙasa zai nufin rufin da ya fi nauyi. A gefe guda, idan ginin yana da sanyaya, alamar yankin ganye ta fi muhimmanci. A cikin raguwar amfani da makamashi, rufin kore yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci, kuma alamar yankin ganye da zurfin ƙasa dukansu suna da alaƙa da aikinta.[6]
Rashin ruwan sama da evapotranspiration: inci 3-4 na ƙasa na iya riƙe kusan inci 1 na ruwan sama. Wannan kusan kashi 75% ne na ruwan sama a mafi yawan yankuna a Amurka.[7] Ta hanyar riƙe ruwan sama a cikin ƙasa, ruwan ba zai zama runoff ba, maimakon haka zai haifar da evapotranspiration.
Rashin jituwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ingancin ruwa: Lokacin da rufin kore bai iya riƙe adadin ruwan sama ba, ruwan sama mai yawa zai zama runoff. A cikin gwaji na filin inda ake zubar da ruwa mai gurbatawa a cikin ɓangaren rufin kore don kwaikwayon ruwan sama a cikin rufin kore, an yi nazarin ruwan da aka fitar kuma an bincika shi. An gano cewa tun lokacin da matsakaicin matakin da aka dakatar da shi, nitrogen, da kuma phosphorus concentrations a cikin ruwan da ke rufin Green ya fi girma fiye da waɗanda ke cikin rufin rufin al'ada, rufin kore mai yawa zai zama tushen gurɓataccen abinci a cikin yanayin ruwa na birane.[8]
Hadarin Wuta: Ana iya kunna rufin kore cikin sauƙi fiye da rufin al'ada; damuwa ne cewa lokacin da rufin kore ya kama wuta, zafin jiki mai girma zai lalata tsarin rufin kanta. Ba wai kawai ra'ayin lalata rufin ya saba wa kiyaye makamashi da dorewa ba, wuta da lalacewar rufin na iya haifar da matsalar tsaro ga mazauna. Har yanzu batun muhawara ne game da ko rufin kore zai kara ko rage tasirin wuta. Wasu suna jayayya cewa, saboda ciyayi kusan kashi 95% ne na ruwa, rufin kore a zahiri yana rage damar wuta. A gefe guda, wasu suna jayayya cewa a lokacin kaka da hunturu, lokacin da ciyayi ya bushe, haɗarin wuta yana ƙaruwa. Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano, ta hanyar ƙirar lissafi, cewa [9] lokacin da ciyayi kanta ta kama wuta, zafi yana shiga ƙasa (maimakon sannu a hankali yayin da yanayin zafi na ƙasa yake ƙasa ƙasa), a ƙarshe yana lalata rufin kanta. Don haka maɓallin ko tsire-tsire masu cin wuta za su lalata rufin ko a'a ya dogara da kaurin ƙasa. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa ta hanyar shigar da gypsum layer a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, yiwuwar lalata rufin za a iya rage shi sosai.
Ƙarin nauyin tsari: Yawancin tsoffin gine-gine ba a tsara su ba don ƙarin rufin rufin rufi na rufin kore. Idan an cinye karin makamashi wajen gina ƙarin tsarin ɗaukar kaya don rufin kore fiye da makamashi da aka adana ta hanyar haɓaka rufi da riƙe ruwa, zai saba wa ra'ayin kiyaye makamashi. Ta hanyar binciken, nau'ikan rufin kore na yau da kullun a kasuwa zai kara nauyin da ke kan tudu da 1.2 zuwa 2.43 kilo-newton a kowace murabba'in mita.[10]
Gudun hanya mai zurfi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin tituna a cikin birane da kewayen birane ba su da ruwa, wannan mai yiwuwa zai haifar da gurɓataccen ruwan guguwa. A cikin yankin da aka riga aka ci gaba, matsakaicin kashi 50% na ruwan guguwa zai haifar da evapotranspiration, 5% a cikin runoff, da 45% a cikin infiltration, yayin da a cikin yankin bayan ci gaba, kawai 35% ruwan guguwar yana haifar da evamotranspiration. Wannan canjin ya haifar da matsaloli daban-daban, kamar ambaliyar ruwa, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa saboda saurin motsi na ruwa, da gurɓataccen ruwa.[11]
Ta hanyar amfani da shimfidar wuri, duk da haka, za a kara yawan ruwan guguwa a cikin yankin bayan ci gaba, kuma za a iya rage gurbataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan da aka tace; don haka za'a iya rage matsalar. A cikin Taron Ci gaban Tasirin Ƙananan 2008, ASCE ta yi nazarin ma'auni biyu don bincika tasirin shimfidar kankare mai haɗuwa dangane da yawan ruwa da kuma rawar da mazauna microbial ke takawa a cikin cire gurbataccen yanayi a cikin micro-muhalli na shimfidar wuri. Gwajin ya nuna kashi 84% na dangi da aka dakatar da su (TSS) a matsakaici, duk da haka karuwar dangi a tsawon lokaci yana nuna cewa akwai yiwuwar haɓaka mai ƙarfi, kuma hakan na iya haifar da toshewar tsarin da gazawar tsarin. Shaidar da aka yi a cikin cire gurbataccen abu ta tabbatar da ƙarshen binciken da ya gabata cewa gurbataccen shekara-shekara daga hanyoyin motsa jiki ya kasance kashi 86% mafi ƙarancin hanyoyin motsa jiki fiye da hanyoyin motsa jiki.
Nau'o'in tituna masu laushi sun hada da: [11]
Asphalt mai laushi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fa'ida: Farashin farashi mai rahusa; Sauƙin samun kayan; Ma'aikata suna da ƙwarewa da shi
Rashin fa'ida: Yana iya fuskantar lalacewar ruwa; Yawancin lokaci ana amfani dashi ne kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci; Ƙananan ƙarfin dangi
Fa'ida: Babban ƙarfin tsari; Sauƙin samun kayan
Rashin fa'ida: Tsarin gini mai jinkiri; Babban farashi na farko
Mai shigar da kankare mai rufewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fa'ida: Sauƙin Gine-gine, Kyakkyawan, Sauƙin kulawa da gyara
Rashin fa'ida: Babban Farashi; Ana iya amfani dashi ne kawai don hanyar hanya mai saurin gudu
Gidan da aka shimfiɗa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fa'ida: samfuran iri-iri; Rashin tsada; Sauƙin kulawa da gyara
Rashin fa'ida: Yawanci an iyakance shi ga wuraren ajiye motoci
Shawarwarin tsakanin nau'ikan hanyoyi daban-daban ya dogara da buƙatar aikin, kayan aiki da kayan aiki, da kasafin kuɗi.
Haske mai inganci da basira
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hasken shafin tare da cikakkun kayan aiki, na'urori masu auna haske, da kayan aiki masu inganci.
Tsarin tsari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sun ya tashi daga Gabas, yana motsawa zuwa Kudu, kuma ya sauka a Yamma. Don haka, doka ta yatsa don ƙira ita ce guje wa taga mai fuskantar kudu yayin ƙoƙarin rage nauyin sanyaya na ginin da ƙara taga mai fuskantar kudanci yayin ƙoƙarin rage ƙarfin dumama na ginin. Gaskiyar, duk da haka, ta fi rikitarwa. Sun yana fitowa daga Gabas kuma ya saita a Yamma daidai ne kawai a kan equinoxes na kaka da na bazara, kuma a lokacin mafi yawan shekara, Sun yana tafiya dan kadan zuwa kudu da gabas dangane da ko bazara ne ko hunturu kuma ko mai kallo yana cikin Arewacin Hemisphere ko Kudancin Hemispher.[12]
Don tsarawa don mafi kyawun aikin shafin, mai zanen yana buƙatar fahimtar yanayin yankin da kuma wurin shafin da ke da alaƙa da ma'auni.
Ƙarin da za a haɗa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hanyoyin ingantaccen makamashi sun haɗa da amfani da kayan gida, yin amfani da kayan aiki na gida da kuma yin amfani da shi don rage fitar da sharar gida, kayan aikin hannu maimakon man fetur, kuma yana iya haɗawa da amfani da shuke-shuke Mai tsayayya da fari a yankunan da ba su da ruwa, sayen kaya daga masu shuka na gida don kauce wa makamashi a cikin sufuri, da makamantattun dabarun.
Misali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tare da yarjejeniya tare da birni don gina wuri mai ɗorewa da ɗorewa, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts ta fara ayyukan ingantaccen makamashi da yawa, waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da:
- Shuka bishiyoyi da amfani da rufin bishiyoyi don samar da inuwa ga masu tafiya, wanda kuma zai ba ɗalibai ƙarin ƙarfafawa suyi tafiya
- Ana ƙara filters na shimfidar wuri don (a wani bangare) magance ruwan sama
- An shigar da ajiyar ruwan guguwa don rage ambaliyar ruwa
- Launi mai haske don rage tasirin tsibirin zafi
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Mansfield, Robyn (1996). "Energy efficient landscaping". Soft Technology: Alternative Technology in Australia (56): 24–25. ISSN 0810-1434.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 DelValle, Terry B.; Bradshaw, Joan; Larson, Barbra; Ruppert, Kathleen C. (2008-07-09). "Energy Efficient Homes: Landscaping: FCS3281/FY1050, 6/2008". EDIS. 2008 (5). doi:10.32473/edis-fy1050-2008. ISSN 2576-0009. S2CID 245098464 Check
|s2cid=value (help). - ↑ Hoeven, Gustaaf A. van der (November 1982). "Energy efficient landscaping" (in Turanci). Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ↑ Hoeven, Gustaaf A. van der (November 1982). "Energy efficient landscaping" (in Turanci). Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ↑ Berezin, D V (2019-12-01). "Earth-sheltering effect on dwelling in cold climate: simulation-based and theoretical approaches". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 687 (5): 055042. Bibcode:2019MS&E..687e5042B. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/687/5/055042. ISSN 1757-8981. S2CID 213946214.
- ↑ Sailor, David J.; Elley, Timothy B.; Gibson, Max (2011-09-13). "Exploring the building energy impacts of green roof design decisions – a modeling study of buildings in four distinct climates". Journal of Building Physics. 35 (4): 372–391. doi:10.1177/1744259111420076. ISSN 1744-2591. S2CID 108512300.
- ↑ Johnson, Peter (Sep 2008). "Green Roof Performance Measures" (PDF).
- ↑ Liu, Wen; Wei, Wei; Chen, Weiping; Deo, Ravinesh C.; Si, Jianhua; Xi, Haiyang; Li, Baofeng; Feng, Qi (September 2019). "The impacts of substrate and vegetation on stormwater runoff quality from extensive green roofs". Journal of Hydrology. 576: 575–582. Bibcode:2019JHyd..576..575L. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.06.061. ISSN 0022-1694. S2CID 197576248.
- ↑ Gerzhova; Blanchet; Dagenais; Côté; Ménard (2019-09-19). "Heat Transfer Behavior of Green Roof Systems Under Fire Condition: A Numerical Study". Buildings. 9 (9): 206. doi:10.3390/buildings9090206. ISSN 2075-5309.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ Cascone, Stefano; Catania, Federico; Gagliano, Antonio; Sciuto, Gaetano (May 2018). "A comprehensive study on green roof performance for retrofitting existing buildings". Building and Environment. 136: 227–239. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.03.052. ISSN 0360-1323.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Permeable Pavements" (PDF). Pervious Pavement.
- ↑ "Building Orientation for Optimum Energy". www.nachi.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-16.