Bambanci tsakanin canje-canjen "Alamun Adinkra"

Alamun Adinkra;
Type	writing system (en)
Parent systems	Alamun Adinkra;

Alamun Adinkra;
Type	writing system (en)
Parent systems	Alamun Adinkra;

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Canji na 21:36, 9 Disamba 2023

Adinkra alamomi ne daga Ghana waɗanda ke wakiltar ra'ayi ko aphorisms. Ana kuma amfani da Adinkra sosai a cikin yadudduka, tambura da tukwane. An haɗa su cikin ganuwar da kuma sauran fasalulluka na gine-gine. Alamun Adinkra sun bayyana akan wasu ma'aunin gwal na Akan na gargajiya. Hakanan ana zana alamomin akan stools don amfanin gida da na al'ada. Yawon shakatawa ya haifar da sabbin tashi a cikin amfani da alamomin a cikin abubuwa kamar T-shirts da kayan ado.

Alamun suna da aikin ado amma kuma suna wakiltar abubuwa waɗanda ke ɗauke da saƙon da ke ɗauke da hikimar gargajiya, al'amuran rayuwa, ko muhalli. Akwai alamomi da yawa masu ma'anoni daban-daban, galibi suna haɗe da karin magana. A cikin kalmomin Kwame Anthony Appiah, sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don "taimakawa watsawar hadadden tsarin aiki da imani".^[1]

Tarihi

Mutanen Bono na Gyaman ne suka kirkiro alamun Adinkra. Sarkin Gyaman, Nana Kwadwo Agyemang Adinkra, da farko ya ƙirƙira ko ya tsara waɗannan alamomin, yana sanya wa kansa suna. Mutanen Bono sun fi amfani da alamun Adinkra akan tukwane, stools da dai sauransu. Adinkra tufafin Sarkin Gyaman ne, kuma amfanin sa ya yadu daga Bono Gyaman zuwa Asante da sauran masarautun Akan bayan shan kaye. An ce masu zanen guild da suka zana wannan tufa ga Sarakuna an tilasta musu koya wa Asantes sana’ar. Ɗan fari na sarkin Gyaman Nana Kwadwo Agyemang Adinkra, Apau, wanda aka ce ya ƙware a sana’ar Adinkra, an tilasta masa ya ƙara koya game da tufafin Adinkra. Bayanai na baka sun tabbatar da cewa Adinkra Apau ya koyar da wani mutum mai suna Kwaku Dwaku a wani gari kusa da Kumasi.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] A tsawon lokaci, duk mutanen Akan da suka hada da Fante, Akuapem da Akyem duk sun sanya alamun Adinkra wani muhimmin bangare na al'adarsu, saboda dukkansu sun samo asali ne daga tsohuwar masarautar Bono.

An yi zanen adinkra mafi tsufa a cikin 1817. Tufafin yana da alamomi 15 masu hatimi, ciki har da nsroma (taurari), dono ntoasuo ( ganguna Dono biyu), da lu'u-lu'u. An buga tsarin ta hanyar amfani da tambarin calash da aka zana da rini na tushen kayan lambu. Ya kasance a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya tun 1818, lokacin da Thomas E. Bowdich ya ba da ita.^[8]^[9]^[10]

An aika na gaba mafi tsufa yanki na adinkra textile a 1825 daga Elmina Castle zuwa ga sarauta majalisar ministocin curiosities a Hague, a mayar da martani ga wani aiki daga Major F. Last, wanda aka nada na wucin gadi Kwamandan Dutch Gold Coast. Ya sa rigar ta ba da izini daga Fante babban hafsan Elmina na William I na Netherlands, wanda zai bayyana dalilin da yasa rigar makamai na Netherlands ke tsakiyar. Sauran motifs sune halaye na tsofaffi adinkra. Yanzu an nuna shi a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Ƙasa a Leiden.^[11]

A cikin Nuwamba 2020, wata hukumar makaranta a York, Pennsylvania, ta haramta "littafin canza launin yara wanda ke nuna alamun Adrinkra [sic] na Afirka da aka samu a cikin yadudduka, tambura da tukwane."^[12]

Tufafin Adinkra

A cikin Akan (Twi), kalmar adinkra tana nufin ba alamomi ba, amma wani nau'in zane.^[13]^[14] Sarautu da shugabannin ruhi ne kawai suke sa tufafin Adinkra a al'ada don jana'izar da sauran lokuta na musamman. A da, an buga su da hannu akan yadudduka na auduga marasa rini, ja, launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata wanda aka saka a hannun hannu dangane da taron da irin rawar da mai sanye yake da shi; a zamanin yau ana yawan samarwa da yawa akan yadudduka masu haske.^[15]

Anthony Boakye yana amfani da tsefe don alamar layi ɗaya a kan rigar adinkra a Ntonso, Ghana.

Anthony Boakye yana buga rigar adinkra tare da tambarin calabash a Ntonso, Ghana.

Cibiyar samar da kayan gargajiya a halin yanzu ta fito ne daga Ghana, Ntɔnso, mai nisan kilomita 20 daga arewa maso yammacin Kumasi da kuma cikin Ivory Coast.^[16] Dark Adinkra aduro pigment ga stamping ana yin shi a wurin, ta hanyar jiƙa, ɓarkewa, da kuma tafasa haushi na ciki da tushen bishiyar badie (Bridelia ferruginea)^[17] a cikin ruwa a kan wutar itace. Da zarar launin duhun ya fito, sai a yi tagulla, sannan a dafa shi na tsawon sa'o'i da yawa har sai ya yi kauri. An zana tambarin daga kasan guntun calabash. Suna auna tsakanin murabba'in santimita biyar zuwa takwas. Suna da hannu a baya, kuma tambarin kanta yana ɗan lanƙwasa don a iya sanya rini tare da motsin motsi.

Misalin alamomin da aka jera

Samfurin da aka yi rikodi na alamomin adinkra 53 da ma'anarsu

Jerin alamomi da Bayani

Lamba	Sunan Alama	Ma'ana ta zahiri	Karin Bayani	Alamomi masu alaƙa
1	Aban	gida mai hawa biyu, katafaren gini	wannan zane a da Sarkin Gyaman ne kawai ke sawa
4	Adinkira 'hene	sarkin Adinkira	'shugaban' duk waɗannan ƙirar Adinkira
8	Agyindawuru	gong bishiyar agyin	ruwan itacen wannan sunan wani lokaci ana matse shi cikin gong kuma a ce yana faranta wa ruhohi rai.
	Akam	shukar da ake ci, mai yiyuwa ne dam
9	Akoben	kahon yaki
12	Akoko nan tia 'ba, na nkum 'ba	Kaza ta taka kaji amma ba ta kashe su
13	Akoma	zuciya, tare da giciye a tsakiya
	[None listed]			No. 13
14	AKOMA NTOSO	zukata masu haɗaka
18	Aya	fern	Kalmar kuma tana nufin 'Ba na jin tsoronku', 'Ni mai zaman kansa ne daga gare ku' kuma mai sawa yana iya nuna hakan ta hanyar sanya ta.
20	BI NKA BI	kada wani ya ciji dayan
23	DAME-DAME	sunan wasan allo	alamar hankali da basira
25	Dono	kalangun dono
26	Dono ntoasuo	ganguna biyu dono
27	Duafe	gunkin katako
28	Dwenini aben	ƙahonin rago
30	Epa	daurin hannu
34	Fihankra	gidan madauwari
35	Se die fofoo pe, ne se gyinantwi abo bedie	Abin da shukar fofoo mai launin rawaya yake so shine tsaban gintwi su zama baki	Cewar Bono. Ɗayan ƙirar auduga yana da suna iri ɗaya. Fofoo, sunan botanical wanda shine Bidens pilosa, yana da ƙaramin fure mai launin rawaya, wanda, idan ya zubar da furanninsa, ya zama baƙar fata mai kaifi. Inji mai kishi. A cewar Ayensu (1978), gyinantwi kuma yana nufin Bidens pilosa.^[18]
37	Funtunfunefu Denkyemfunefu	kadan siamese	Ciki daya suke raba duk da haka suna fada akan abinci
38	Gyawu Atiko	bayan kan Gyaw	Gyawu ya kasance babban hafsan Gyaman wanda a wajen bikin Adae Kesse aka ce an aske gashin kansa ta wannan salon.
39	Gye Nyame	'Sai Allah' ko 'Allah Kadai'
41	Hye wo nhye	Wanda zai kona ku ba zai ƙone ba
44	Kojo Biaden
47	Papani amma yenhu Kramo	(yawan adadin) mutanen da suke kyautatawa sun hana mu sanin ainihin su wanene Mohammed	kamar yadda aka wajabta wa mabiya addinin Musulunci da yin ayyuka na gari a cikin al’umma, haka nan kuma ana samun karuwar wadanda ba musulmi ba, ba za mu iya amfani da wannan ma’auni wajen bambance musulmin da ke zaune a cikinmu ba.
49	Kuntinkantan	sunkuyar da kai suka baje	Kuntinkantan ana amfani da shi a ma'anar 'kada ku yi fahariya, kada ku yi girman kai'.
50	[None Listed]		kofe daga Turawa
Non listed	Kwatakye atiko	a bayan kan Kwatakye	Kwatakye kyaftin din yaki ne na daya daga cikin sarakunan Gyaman; A wajen bikin Adae Kesse an ce ya yi aski bayan wannan salon
Non listed	Mmrafo ani ase	keloid akan Bahaushe
55	Mmra Krado	makullin mutumin Hausa
56	Musuyidie	wani abu don cire mugunta	wani yadi mai wannan zanen da aka lika masa tambari a gefen gadon barci na Sarkin Gyaman, kuma duk safiya idan ya tashi sai ya dora kafarsa ta hagu sau uku.
58	Mpuannum	Tufts biyar (na gashi)
62	Nkonsonkonson	hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa na sarkar
63	Nkotimsefuopua		wasu masu hidima a kan Uwar Sarauniya waɗanda suka sanya gashin kansu a cikin wannan salon. Kama da swastika.
66	Nkyimkyim	da karkatacciyar tsari
68	Nsaa		daga zane na wannan sunan da aka samo akan zanen nsa
69	Nsirewa	kwarjini
70	Nsoroma / Nsoromma	yaron Sama / Ɗan Sama	yana nufin maganar nan: Oba Nyankon soroma te Nyame so na onte ne ho haka, 'Kamar tauraro, ɗan Maɗaukaki, na huta da Allah, ba na dogara ga kaina ba.' / tsarin yana kan matashin kai na Sarkin Gyaman
71	Ma te; Masie	Na ji (abin da kuka fada); Na boye shi	wannan yana ɗaukaka nagarta na iya kiyaye amincewa
Non listed	Nyame, biribi wo soro, ma no me ka me nsa	Ya Allah, duk abin da yake a sama, ka bar hannuna ya taɓa shi	an buga tsarin a takarda kuma an rataye shi a saman ledar wata kofa a cikin gidan sarauta. Sarkin Gyaman ya kasance yana taba lintel, sa'an nan goshinsa, sa'an nan kuma ƙirjinsa yana maimaita waɗannan kalmomi sau uku.
74	Nyame dua	bagade ga Ubangiji Allah
76	Nyame nwu na ma wu	Bari Nyame ya mutu kafin in mutu
Non listed	Obi nka obie	Ba na cutar da kowa ba tare da dalili ba
84	Ohene niwa	(a) 'yan kananan idanun sarki	Domin samun yardar sarki
85	Ohen' tuo	bindigar sarki
86	Kodie mmowerewa	duwawun mikiya
96	Sankofa	juyowa ki dauko
97	Sankofa	juyowa ki dauko
98	Sepow	wuka ya cusa ta kuncin mutum	Ana gab da kashe mutumin don a hana shi la'antar sarki

Bayanan kula

↑ Appiah, Kwame Anthony (1993). In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (1st paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506852-8.
↑ DeMello, Margo (30 May 2014). Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World [2 volumes] (in Turanci). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-076-8.
↑ "Adinkra Symbols | African Themed Weddings | African Wedding Ceremonies | African Wedding Traditions" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
↑ "History and Origin of Adinkra Symbols". 25 April 2015.
↑ "Adinkra Symbols and the Rich Akan Culture". African Heritage. 27 August 2014.
↑ Boateng, Boatema (2011). The Copyright Thing Doesn't Work Here: Adinkra and Kente Cloth and Intellectual Property in Ghana (in Turanci). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-7002-4.
↑ Rucker, Walter C. (2006). The River Flows on: Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America (in Turanci). LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-3109-1.
↑ "Adinkra". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
↑ "Adinkra Ghanaian Textile is a printed traditional cloth in Ghana". Bellafricana (in Turanci). 30 June 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
↑ "cloth | British Museum". The British Museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 2 September 2021.
↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) clickable image on right links to description
↑ Locurto, Tina (1 September 2021), "'Afraid to teach': School's book ban targeted Black, Latino authors", York Dispatch, September 1, 2021.
↑ Christaller, Johann Gottlieb (1881). "adiṅkărá". A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi (Chwee, Tw̌i). Basel. p. 84.
↑ Kotey, Paul A. (1998). Twi-English/English-Twi Dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7818-0264-2.
↑ DeMello, Margo (30 May 2014). Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World [2 volumes] (in Turanci). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-076-8.
↑ "Cool Planet - Oxfam Education". Oxfam GB. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
↑ Jansen, P. C. M. (2005). Dyes and Tannins. PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa). p. 102. ISBN 9057821591. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
↑ Ayensu, Edward S. (1978). Medicinal plants of West Africa. Algonac, Mich.: Reference Publications. p. 101. ISBN 9780917256073.

Ci gaba da karatu

The Adinkra dictionary: A visual primer on the language of Adinkra by W. Bruce Willis. ISBN
Cloth as Metaphor: (re)reading the Adinkra cloth symbols of the Akan of Ghana by Dr George F. Kojo Arthur. Legon, Ghana: Centre for Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2001. 187 [6], p. 29 cm. ISBN
African Accents: Fabrics and Crafts to Decorate Your Home by Lisa Shepard. ISBN
Adinkra Symbols: To say good bye to a dead relative or friend by Matthew Bulgin
Adinkra: An Epitome of Asante Philosophy and History by Dickson Adome, Erik Appau Asante, Steve Kquofi

[1] Appiah, Kwame Anthony (1993). In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (1st paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506852-8.

[2] DeMello, Margo (30 May 2014). Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World [2 volumes] (in Turanci). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-076-8.

[3] "Adinkra Symbols | African Themed Weddings | African Wedding Ceremonies | African Wedding Traditions" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.

[4] "History and Origin of Adinkra Symbols". 25 April 2015.

[5] "Adinkra Symbols and the Rich Akan Culture". African Heritage. 27 August 2014.

[6] Boateng, Boatema (2011). The Copyright Thing Doesn't Work Here: Adinkra and Kente Cloth and Intellectual Property in Ghana (in Turanci). University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-7002-4.

[7] Rucker, Walter C. (2006). The River Flows on: Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America (in Turanci). LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-3109-1.

[8] "Adinkra". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2 September 2021.

[9] "Adinkra Ghanaian Textile is a printed traditional cloth in Ghana". Bellafricana (in Turanci). 30 June 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2021.

[10] "cloth | British Museum". The British Museum (in Turanci). Retrieved 2 September 2021.

[11] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) clickable image on right links to description

[12] Locurto, Tina (1 September 2021), "'Afraid to teach': School's book ban targeted Black, Latino authors", York Dispatch, September 1, 2021.

[13] Christaller, Johann Gottlieb (1881). "adiṅkărá". A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi (Chwee, Tw̌i). Basel. p. 84.

[14] Kotey, Paul A. (1998). Twi-English/English-Twi Dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7818-0264-2.

[15] DeMello, Margo (30 May 2014). Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World [2 volumes] (in Turanci). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-076-8.

[16] "Cool Planet - Oxfam Education". Oxfam GB. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2011.

[17] Jansen, P. C. M. (2005). Dyes and Tannins. PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa). p. 102. ISBN 9057821591. Retrieved 19 June 2013.

[18] Ayensu, Edward S. (1978). Medicinal plants of West Africa. Algonac, Mich.: Reference Publications. p. 101. ISBN 9780917256073.

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@@ Layi na 1 / Layi na 1 @@
+{{Databox}}{{Databox}}[[File:Gyaman_Adinkra_Symbols.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyaman_Adinkra_Symbols.jpg|alt=|thumb|390x390px|Misalin alamun Adinkra da aka yi rikodi]]
-{{Databox}}
-[[File:Gyaman_Adinkra_Symbols.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyaman_Adinkra_Symbols.jpg|alt=|thumb|390x390px|Misalin alamun Adinkra da aka yi rikodi]]
 '''Adinkra''' alamomi ne daga Ghana waɗanda ke wakiltar ra'ayi ko aphorisms. Ana kuma amfani da ''Adinkra'' sosai a cikin yadudduka, tambura da tukwane. An haɗa su cikin ganuwar da kuma sauran fasalulluka na gine-gine. Alamun ''Adinkra'' sun bayyana akan wasu ma'aunin gwal na Akan na gargajiya. Hakanan ana zana alamomin akan stools don amfanin gida da na al'ada. Yawon shakatawa ya haifar da sabbin tashi a cikin amfani da alamomin a cikin abubuwa kamar T-shirts da kayan ado.
 [[File:AdinkraCalabashStamps.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdinkraCalabashStamps.jpg|alt=|thumb|Tambari na kalaman Adinkra]]