Yanci kan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli

Yancin mutum na ruwa da tsafta Hakkin Dan-Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (HRWS) wata ka’ida ce da ta yarda da cewa tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kowane mutum. [1] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin 'yancin dan Adam a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. [2]

Samun lafiya, ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli haƙƙin ɗan Adam ne na asali.

An amince da HRWS a cikin dokokin duniya ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam, sanarwa da sauran ƙa'idodi. Wasu masu sharhi sun samo 'yancin ɗan Adam na ruwa bayan ƙudurin Babban Taro daga Mataki na 11.1 na Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziƙi, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR), suna mai da ita ta zama ƙarƙashin dokar duniya. Sauran yarjeniyoyin da suka amince da HRWS a fili sun hada da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) da kuma 1989 na 'yancin yara (CRC). Kudurin farko game da HRWS an zartar da shi ne daga Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin shekarar 2010. [3] Sun yarda cewa akwai 'yancin ɗan adam na tsaftar da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa, tun da rashin tsafta na rage ingancin ruwa a ƙasan, saboda haka tattaunawar da ta biyo baya ta ci gaba da jaddada haƙƙin biyu tare. A watan Yulin 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 64/292 ta amince da 'yancin dan Adam na karbar ingantaccen, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta. [4] A lokacin waccan Babban Taron, ta yarda da hakan don fahimtar jin daɗin rayuwa da dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, ingantaccen ruwa mai tsafta gami da tsabtace muhalli a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. [5] Yarda da samun damar tsabtace da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsafta a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam na kyauta a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar (64/292) ya kawo mahimmancin kulawar gwamnati a duk duniya. Cikan rayuwa mai amfani da lafiya zai bayyana ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. </[6] [7] [8]

Wani sabon kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka sake dubawa a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa hakkokin biyu sun banbanta amma sun daidaita. [9]

Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu a cikin Sharhi na 15 wanda aka tsara a 2002 ya ba da cikakkiyar ma'anar' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa. [10] Fassara ce ba ta ɗaure ba cewa samun ruwa sharadi ne na jin daɗin haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, ba tare da rarrabuwa dangane da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya, don haka haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar ta ce: "'Yancin mutum na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karbu, mai isa ga jiki da kuma araha mai sauki don amfanin kansa da na gida." [9]

HRWS ta wajabtawa gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su ji daɗin inganci, wadatacce, karɓaɓɓe, mai sauƙi, da ruwa mai tsafta da tsabtace jiki. [11] Araha mai amfani da ruwa yayi la’akari da yadda tsadar ruwa ya zama mai hana ruwa gudu har ta kai mutum na sadaukar da damar samun wasu kayayyaki da aiyuka masu mahimmanci. [12] Gabaɗaya, ƙa'idar babban yatsa don wadatar ruwa ita ce kada ta wuce kashi 3-5 cikin 100 na kuɗin shigar magidanta. [13] Samun ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, dacewar isa ga asalin da haɗarin da ke ciki yayin isa ga asalin ruwa. [12] Ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai iya isa ga kowane dan kasa, ma’ana cewa kada ruwa ya wuce mita 1,000 ko kafa 3,280 kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin mintina 30. [14] Samuwar ruwa ya yi la’akari da yadda ake samun ruwa a wadatacce, abin dogaro da ci gaba. [12] Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da cewa ko ruwa mai lafiya ne don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyuka. [12] Don karban ruwa, dole ne ya kasance yana da wari kuma bai kamata ya zama yana da wani launi ba. [1]

ICESCRCR tana buƙatar ƙasashe masu rattaba hannu don samun ci gaba tare da girmama duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, gami da na ruwa da tsafta. [11] Yakamata suyi aiki cikin sauri da inganci don haɓaka samun dama da haɓaka sabis. [11

Yanayin duniya

Hukumar Kula da Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO / UNICEF game da samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane miliyan 663 ba su da hanyoyin samun ingantattun hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da damar samun ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2015. [15] Samun ruwa mai tsafta babbar matsala ce ga sassa da yawa na duniya. Kafofin da za a yarda da su sun hada da "hanyoyin sadarwar gida, bututun jama'a, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka killace, marmaro masu kariya da kuma tattara ruwan sama." [16] Duk da cewa kashi 9 cikin 100 na mutanen duniya ba sa samun ruwa, amma akwai "yankuna musamman da aka jinkirta, kamar Saharar Sahara Afirka ". [16] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar ke mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma an rasa ranakun makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa da tsafta." [17]

Tushen shari'a da fitarwaAn shirya Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR) na 1966 ta tsara haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar jama'a, da al'adun da aka samo a cikin sanarwar Duniya kan' Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) ta 1948. Babu ɗayan waɗannan takardu na farko da aka fayyace haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Manyan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa daga baya, duk da haka, suna da tanadi waɗanda suka bayyana haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta.

Yarjejeniyar kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata ta 1979 (CEDAW) tana da Mataki na 14.2 da ke cewa "bangarorin za su dauki duk matakan da suka dace don kawar da wariyar da ake nuna wa mata a yankunan karkara don tabbatar da, bisa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, cewa sun shiga kuma sun amfana daga ci gaban karkara kuma, musamman za su tabbatar wa mata da ‘yancin:… (h) Don jin daɗin yanayin rayuwa, musamman dangane da gidaje, tsabtace muhalli, wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa, sufuri da sadarwa.” [18 ]

Yarjejeniyar ta 1989 game da haƙƙin yara (CRC) tana da Mataki na 24 wanda ya ba da cewa "ƙungiyoyi sun amince da haƙƙin yaro don jin daɗin mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya da kuma wuraren kulawa da rashin lafiya da gyara lafiyar… 2 Partiesungiyoyin Jihohi za su bi cikakken aiwatar da wannan haƙƙin kuma, musamman, za su ɗauki matakan da suka dace ... (c) Don yaƙi da cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, gami da tsarin kula da lafiya na farko, ta hanyar, tsakanin su da samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki. abinci da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ... ”[19]

Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan yancin nakasassu (CRPD) tana da Mataki na ashirin da 28 (2) (a) wanda ya bukaci "bangarorin su amince da hakkin nakasassu na kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma cin gajiyar wannan 'yancin ba tare da nuna bambanci ba naƙasa, kuma za ta ɗauki matakan da suka dace don kiyayewa da haɓaka haɓakar wannan haƙƙin, gami da matakan tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin nakasassu ga ayyukan ruwa mai tsafta, da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga ayyuka masu dacewa da araha, na'urori da sauran taimako don alaƙa da nakasa bukatun. "

"Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya" - wacce ta kunshi yarjejeniyar 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR); 1966: Labarai na 11 da na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu (ICERS); da 1948: Mataki na 25 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya (UDHR) ya yi rubuce-rubucen juyin halittar hakkin dan Adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da sauran hakkoki masu alaƙa da ruwa da za a amince da su a cikin dokar duniya. [20] [21]

Har ila yau, masanan sun yi kira ga muhimmancin yiwuwar amincewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'yancin bil adama ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Yunkuri biyu na farko don ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya fito ne daga farfesa masanin shari'a Stephen McCaffrey na Jami'ar Pacific a 1992 [22] da Dokta Peter Gleick a 1999. [23] McCaffrey ya bayyana cewa "Irin wannan 'yancin ana iya yin tunaninsa a matsayin wani bangare na' yancin abinci ko abinci, 'yancin lafiya, ko kuma mafi akasari,' yancin rayuwa. [22] Gleick ya kara da cewa:" samun damar samun ruwa na asali haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam ne a bayyane kuma a bayyane yake da goyon bayan dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da ayyukanta na ƙasa. ”[23]

Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (CESCR) wanda ke kula da bin ka'idojin ICESCR ya zo ga yanke hukunci iri ɗaya kamar yadda waɗannan masanan suka yi da Babban Sharhi na 15 a 2002. [10] Ya gano cewa haƙƙin samar da ruwa a fakaice yana daga cikin haƙƙoƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje da isasshen abinci. [10] Ya bayyana cewa "'Yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karɓa, mai wadatar jiki da kuma araha don amfanin kansa da na gida. Ana samun isasshen adadin lafiyayyen ruwa don hana mutuwa daga rashin ruwa, don rage haɗarin ruwa- cuta mai alaƙa da kuma samar da abinci, girki, buƙatun tsabtace gida da na gida. "[24] Kasashe da yawa sun amince kuma a hukumance sun yarda da haƙƙin samun ruwa ya zama wani ɓangare na wajibai na yarjejeniyar da ke ƙarƙashin ICESCR (misali, Jamus; United Kingdom; [25] Netherlands [26]) bayan buga Janar Sharhi 15.

Wani tsohon mataki na karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Karewa da Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ya sake daukar wani mataki a 2005 wanda ya ba da ka'idoji don taimakawa gwamnatoci don cimmawa da mutunta 'yancin dan Adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. [27] Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun jagoranci Majalisar Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sanya Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin ƙwararriyar masani kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli a shekara ta 2008. [28] Ta rubuta cikakken rahoto a shekara ta 2009 wanda ya bayyana wajibcin hakkin dan adam na tsabtace muhalli, kuma CESCR ta amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya kamata dukkan jihohi su amince da tsaftar muhalli. [11]

Bayan tattaunawa mai karfi, kasashe 122 a hukumance sun amince da "'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli" a Babban Kudurin Majalisar 64/292 a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. [29] Ya yarda da haƙƙin kowane ɗan adam don samun wadataccen ruwa don amfanin kansa da na gida (tsakanin lita 50 zuwa 100 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana), wanda dole ne ya kasance mai aminci, karɓa kuma mai araha (farashin ruwa bai wuce 3% na kudin shiga na gida), kuma ana iya samun dama ta jiki (tushen ruwan ya kasance tsakanin mita 1000 na gida kuma lokacin tarawa bai kamata ya wuce minti 30 ba). "[17] Babban taron ya ayyana cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha" yana da mahimmanci ga cikakken jin daɗin rayuwa da duk sauran 'yancin ɗan adam ". [17] A watan Satumbar 2010, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da ƙuduri wanda ya amince da cewa' yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wani ɓangare ne na haƙƙin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa. [30]

An kara wa'adin Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin "Kwararren masani kan batun hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" an fadada shi kuma an sauya masa suna zuwa "Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan 'yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" bayan shawarwari a 2010. Ta hanyar rahotonninta ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ci gaba da bayyana fili da abin da ke tattare da hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na Musamman, ta yi magana kan batutuwa kamar su: Hakkokin 'Yancin Dan Adam da ke da Alaƙa da Ba da Hidimar Bautar Jiha a Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (2010); [31] Biyan Kuɗi don Gano Hakkokin Ruwa da Tsafta (2011); [32] Ruwan Ruwa gudanarwa a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli (2013); [33] da Dorewa da rashin komawa baya a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013). [34] An nada Léo Heller a cikin 2014 ya zama na biyu na Musamman mai ba da rahoto game da 'yancin ɗan adam zuwa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli.

Shawarwarin da suka biyo baya sun tsawaita wa'adin Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kuma sun bayyana matsayin kowace jiha game da girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Babban kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kwanan nan 7/169 na 2015 an kira shi da sanarwar "'Yancin Dan-Adam ga Ruwan Shan ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. [9] Ya amince da banbanci tsakanin' yancin ruwa da hakkin tsaftace muhalli. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda damuwa game da haƙƙin tsaftacewa ana yin watsi da shi idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin ruwa. [35]

Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka ta 'Yancin Dan Adam

An yi la’akari da haƙƙin samun ruwa a cikin Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka ta 'Yancin Dan-Adam na Indungiyar Asalin Sawhoyamaxa da Paraguay. [36] Batutuwan sun shafi jihohi ne na rashin amincewa da haƙƙin mallakar communitiesan asalin overan asalin yankin kakanninsu. A shekarar 1991, jihar ta cire 'yan asalin garin na Sawhoyamaxa daga kasar wanda hakan ya haifar musu da rasa hanyoyin samun muhimman ayyukan yau da kullun, kamar ruwa, abinci, makaranta da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya. [36] Wannan ya faɗi ne tsakanin theungiyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam; tauye hakkin rai. [37] Ruwa yana cikin wannan haƙƙin, a zaman wani ɓangare na samun damar ƙasa. Kotuna sun bukaci a mayar da filayen, a bayar da diyya, sannan a aiwatar da kayan masarufi da aiyuka, yayin da al'umma ke cikin shirin dawo da filayensu. [38]

Cibiyar Duniya don sasanta rikice-rikicen saka hannun jari

Shari'un da ke tafe daga Cibiyar International Settlement of Settlement of Disputes (ICSID) sun shafi kwangilolin da aka kafa tsakanin gwamnatoci da hukumomi don kula da hanyoyin ruwa. Kodayake shari'o'in sun shafi tambayoyin saka hannun jari, masu sharhi sun lura cewa tasirin kai tsaye na hakkin samun ruwa a kan hukunce-hukuncen na da muhimmanci. [39] Bayanai na Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa harkar ba da ruwa ta fara ne daga shekarar 1990 kuma ci gaban da aka samu a harkar kasuwanci ya ci gaba zuwa shekarun 2000. [40]

Azurix Corp da Argentina

Babban sananne na farko game da hakkin ruwa a cikin ICSID shine na Azurix Corp v. Argentina. [41] Rikicin ya kasance tsakanin Jamhuriyar Ajantina da Kamfanin Azurix dangane da banbancin da ya samo asali daga kwantiragin shekaru 30 tsakanin bangarorin don gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na larduna daban-daban. An yi la'akari game da haƙƙin ruwa a bayyane yayin lokacin sasantawa don biyan diyya, inda aka gudanar da cewa Azurix na da haƙƙin dawo da adalci kan ƙimar kasuwa na saka hannun jari. Wannan ya fi maimakon dala miliyan 438.6 da aka nema, yana mai ambaton cewa dan kasuwa mai hankali ba zai iya tsammanin irin wannan dawowar ba, idan aka yi la’akari da iyaka na karin farashin ruwa da ci gaban da za a bukata don tabbatar da ingantaccen tsarin ruwa mai tsafta. [42]

Biwater Gauff Ltd v. TanzaniaEdit

Abu na biyu, irin wannan karar da ICSID ta fuskanta shine na Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania. [43]  Wannan ya sake kasancewa batun kamfanin ruwa mai zaman kansa a cikin takaddama ta kwangila da gwamnati, a wannan karon Jamhuriyar Tanzania ce.  Wannan kwangilar ta kasance ne don aiki da gudanar da tsarin ruwan Dar es Salaam.  A watan Mayu na shekarar 2005, gwamnatin Tanzania ta kawo karshen kwangilar da Biwater Gauff saboda zargin rashin cika alkawuran aikin.  A watan Yulin 2008, Kotun ta fitar da hukuncin da ta yanke game da karar, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta karya yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Biwater Gauff. [44] Amma ba ta ba da diyyar kudi ga Biwater ba, [45] ta yarda cewa damuwar jama'a ita ce mafi muhimmanci a  rigima.

'Yancin ruwa a dokar gidaShirya

Ba tare da kasancewar wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa da za ta iya aiwatar da ita ba, hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa ya dogara ne ga ayyukan kotunan kasa. [46] An kafa tushen hakan ne ta hanyar tsarin mulkin kasa na 'yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu (ESCR) ta hanyar daya na hanyoyi biyu: azaman "ka'idojin umarni" wadanda suke da manufa kuma galibi ba masu adalci bane; ko kuma kamar yadda kariya ta musamman da tilasta aiwatarwa ta kotuna. [47]

Afirka ta Kudu

A Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin ruwa yana cikin tsarin mulki kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun. Wannan hujja ce ta sauyin sauyi na dabara ta biyu ta tsarin tsarin mulki wanda ake kira da "tsarin dokar reshe". Wannan yana nufin cewa babban yanki na abun cikin da aiwatar da haƙƙin an yi su ƙa'idar ƙa'idar gida ta yau da kullun tare da wasu tsarukan tsarin mulki. [48]

Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Kudancin Metropolitan Local Council

Babban fitina na farko da kotuna suka yi shi ne mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Kudancin Metropolitan Local Council. [49] Mazauna wani rukunin gidaje (Bon Vista Mansions) ne suka kawo karar, biyo bayan yankewar ruwan da karamar hukumar ta yi, sakamakon rashin biyan kudin ruwan. Kotun ta ce bisa biyayya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, cewa tsarin mulki ya kamata dukkan mutane su sami ruwa a matsayin 'yanci. [50]

Arin dalilan yanke shawara ya dogara ne da Janar Sharhi 12 kan Hakkin Abinci, wanda Kwamitin Majalisar UNinkin Duniya kan Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Rightsancin Al'adu ya sanya wa waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar wajibcin kiyayewa da mutunta damar samun wadataccen abinci da ake da shi ta hanyar rashin aiwatarwa duk wasu matakan cin amana. [51]

Kotun ta gano cewa dakatar da tushen ruwan da ake da shi, wanda bai bi ka'idojin "adalci da ma'ana" na Dokar Sabis na Ruwan Afirka ta Kudu ba, ya saba wa doka. [52] Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yanke shawara ta riga ta kasance kafin a amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Sharhi mai lamba 15. [53]

Mazibuko v. Birnin JohannesburgEdit

An ci gaba da tattauna yawan ruwan da za a bayar a Mazibuko da Birni na Johannesburg. [54] Shari'ar ta shafi rarraba ruwa ta bututu zuwa Phiri, ɗayan tsofaffin yankuna na Soweto. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi manyan batutuwa biyu: shin ko manufar garin game da samar da ruwan sha kyauta, kilogram 6 kowane wata ga kowane mai asusun a cikin garin ya ci karo da Sashe na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ko Sashe na 11 na Ayyukan Ruwa. Dokar. [55] Batu na biyu kasancewar shin ko an sanya mitocin ruwa da aka riga aka biya ya halatta. An gudanar dashi a Babbar Kotun cewa dokokin garin basu bada damar sanya mitoci ba kuma sanya su haramtacce ne. Bugu da ari, yayin da mitoci suka dakatar da samar da ruwa zuwa mazauni da zarar samar da ruwan sha kyauta ya kare, wannan ana ganin dakatar da samar da ruwan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kotun ta rike mazauna garin Phiri ya kamata a samar musu da ruwa mai sauki na lita 50 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana. [56] Aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Shari'a (CALS) na Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu da Cibiyar Pacific a Oakland, California sun raba Kyautar Kyautar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin BENNY ta 2008 don aikin da suka yi a kan wannan shari'ar. [57] The Cibiyar Pacific Pacific ta ba da gudummawar shaidar shari'a bisa ga aikin Dakta Peter Gleick wanda ya bayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da kuma ƙididdige ainihin bukatun ɗan adam na ruwa. [58]

Manyan wadanda ake kara sun kai karar zuwa kotun koli na daukaka kara (SCA) wacce ta tabbatar da cewa an tsara manufofin ruwa na gari ne bisa kuskuren kayan aiki na doka dangane da wajibin gari na samar da mafi karancin saiti a Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu, saboda haka aka kebe shi. [59] Kotun ta kuma rike adadin don kasancewar mutum mai mutunci kamar yadda sashi na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya nuna a zahiri lita 42 na kowane mutum a kowace rana maimakon lita 50 na kowane mutum a kowace rana. Hukumar ta SCA ta bayyana cewa sanya mitocin ruwa ya sabawa doka, amma ta dakatar da umarnin na tsawon shekaru biyu domin ba wa garin damar gyara lamarin. [60]

Batutuwan sun kara zuwa Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wacce ta ce aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya kirkira ya bukaci jihar ta dauki matakan doka da sauran matakai a hankali don fahimtar nasarar da aka samu ta samun ruwa, a cikin wadatar da take da shi. Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta kuma tabbatar da cewa abu ne da ya shafi majalisar dokoki da bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati su yi aiki cikin kudaden da suke kashewa na kasafin kudinsu kuma cewa bin diddigin shirye-shiryensu lamari ne na bin tsarin dimokiradiyya. Saboda haka, mafi karancin abun da doka 3 (b) ta shimfida shine na tsarin mulki, wanda ke baiwa gawarwowi karkata zuwa sama kuma hakan bai dace ba ga kotu ta yanke hukuncin cimma duk wani hakki na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da gwamnati ta dauka don aiwatarwa. 61] Maimakon kotuna sun fi mayar da hankali kan bincikensu kan ko matakan da Gwamnati take dauka suna da ma'ana, kuma ko Gwamnati tana bin manufofinta a sake duba su. [48] An soki hukuncin saboda yin amfani da "takaitaccen abin da ya shafi bangaranci na shari'a". [62]

Indiya

Laifuka biyu da suka fi shahara a Indiaregarding na hakkin bada ruwa sun nuna cewa duk da cewa ba a kare wannan a fili ba a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, amma kotunan sun fassara shi da cewa haƙƙin rayuwa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun lafiya da isasshen ruwa. [63]

Delhi Water Supply v. Jihar HaryanaEdit

Anan takaddamar amfani da ruwa ta samo asali ne saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar Haryana tana amfani da Kogin Jamuna don ban ruwa, yayin da mazaunan Delhi suke buƙatar hakan da nufin sha. An yi la'akari da cewa amfani da gida ya wuce yadda ake amfani da ruwa kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Haryana dole ne ta ba da isasshen ruwa don zuwa Delhi don amfani da amfanin gida. [64]

Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar

Hakanan sanannen shine batun Subhash Kumar v. Na jihar Bihar, inda aka shigar da kwararar kwararar abubuwa daga kayan wanki zuwa Kogin Bokaro ta hanyar shigar da kara game da bukatun jama'a. Kotuna sun gano cewa 'yancin rayuwa, kamar yadda doka ta 21 ta kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya ta kare, ya hada da' yancin cin ruwa mara gurbatacce. [65] Shari'ar ta gaza kan hujjojin kuma an tabbatar da cewa ba a gabatar da karar ba don wata maslaha ta jama'a ba amma don bukatun mai neman ne don haka ci gaba da shari'ar na iya zama cin zarafin aiki. [64]

Hakkin Duniya na Ranar Rana

Ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar rayayyun halittu ciki har da mutane. Sabili da haka, samun tsabtataccen ruwa wadatacce haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ba za a iya cirewa ba. Saboda haka, Gidauniyar Bukatar Eco (ENF) tana ganin ya zama dole a amince da haƙƙin ruwa (tare da tabbatar da ƙarancin adadin yawan ruwa) ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin doka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da alkawurra da dama sun wajabta ta ga dukkan kasashe don tabbatar da raba ruwa daidai tsakanin dukkan 'yan kasa. A kan haka, ENF ya fara lura da inganta bikin Ranar 'Yancin Duniya na Ruwa a ranar 20 ga Maris, ranar da Dokta Babasaheb Ambedkar ("mahaifin Indiya ta zamani") ya jagoranci satyagraha na farko a duniya don samar da ruwa a 1927. Duniya 'Yancin Ranar Ruwa ya yi kira da a zartar da doka ta musamman da ta kafa' yancin samun ruwa a duniya. A karkashin jagorancin wanda ya kirkiro ta Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF ta shirya shirye-shirye iri-iri da dama don tabbatar da yancin samun ruwa ga yan kasar ta Indiya. [66]

New Zealand

Ba a kariya ga ESCR a fili a cikin New Zealand a halin yanzu, ko dai ta Rightsancin Dan Adam ko Dokar 'Yancin Hakkoki, saboda haka ba a kare haƙƙin ruwa a wurin. [67] Lawungiyar Doka ta New Zealand a kwanan nan ta nuna cewa wannan ƙasar za ta ba da ƙarin haske ga matsayin doka na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. [68]

Amurka

A cikin Pilchen v. City of Auburn, New York, wata uwa mai suna Diane Pilchen tana zaune a matsayin hayar haya a wani gida da aka killace, wanda mai shi (mai gidan) ya kasa biyan kuɗin ruwa na wani lokaci. Birnin Auburn ya biya Pilchen bashin bashin mai gida, kuma ta sha rufe hidindinta na ruwa ba tare da sanarwa ba a lokacin da ta kasa biyan wadannan basussukan, wanda ke sa gidan ba mai zama. Gari ya la'anci gidan kuma ya tilastawa Pilchen da ɗanta su ƙaura. Pilchen ya sami wakilcin Projectungiyar Dokar Ba da Amfani da Jama'a ta New York (PULP) a cikin ƙarar. Birnin Auburn ya yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don jayayya cewa ruwa ba haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da ruwan kwalba a maimakon haka, wata hujja da PULP ta yi takara a matsayin wauta. A shekara ta 2010, Pilchen ta yi nasarar yanke hukunci a inda aka yanke hukuncin cewa rufe ruwa ya keta hakkinta na tsarin mulki, kuma ba za a iya biyan Pilchen da dakatar da samun ruwa ba saboda jinkirin biyan wata kudin ruwa. [69] [70 ]

Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe da .ungiyar Injiniyan Amurka Edita



Mutanen da ke zanga-zangar nuna adawa da gina bututun shiga Dakota

A cikin 2016, akwai wata fitacciyar harka da aka sani da Standing Rock Sioux Tribe da. Unitedungiyar Injiniyan Engineasa ta Amurka, inda Sioux Tribe ta ƙalubalanci ginin Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Wannan bututun danyen mai ya fadada sama da jihohi hudu, wanda ya hada da farkon a Dakota ta Arewa, sannan ya ratsa ta Kudu Dakota da Iowa, ya ƙare a Illinois. Ajiyar Dutse na Tsaye yana kusa da iyakar Arewa da Dakota ta Kudu kuma an gina bututun a tsakanin rabin mil daga gare shi. Tunda an gina bututun a kusa da wurin ajiyar, kabilar sun ji tsoron cewa za a iya lalata mahimmancin tarihi da al'adun tafkin Oahe, duk da cewa bututun ba ya tafiya kai tsaye ta cikin tafkin. Tafkin Oahe yana samar da kayan masarufi na ruwa ga Kabilar Sioux kamar ruwan sha da tsafta. [71] Gina bututun mai yana nufin akwai kasadar kasadar malalar mai a cikin tafkin Oahe, wanda ya sanya kabilar ta damu. [71] ] Kabilar Sioux ta kai karar kamfanin na DAPL saboda sun yi amannar cewa kirkirar bututun ya saba wa Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa (NEPA) da Dokar Tarihi ta Kasa (NHA). [72] Bayan bayanin 2016, kotu ba ta iya zuwa ga ƙarshe ba, don haka kotun ta yanke shawarar yin ƙarin bayani. [71] Bayan bayanai 5 da aka gabatar a 2017 da kuma bayani 1 a 2018, kotu ta ba da izinin gina bututun, amma ‘yan kabilar ta Rock suna ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don ganin an cire bututun. [73]

Australia

Hankali a cikin Ostiraliya yana kan haƙƙin Australan Asalin Australiya na ruwa da tsafta. Tarihin mulkin mallaka-mai mulkin mallaka yana nuna inuwar mulkin yau na yau wanda ke tsara amfani da ruwa ga 'yan asalin Australiya. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin gwamnatoci da yawa, amma yawancinsu basu cika ba don tasirin tasirin ikon zuwa thean asalin ƙasar na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A cikin Mabo v Queensland, 1992, an amince da haƙƙin ativean legallyan asali bisa doka a karon farko. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya galibi suna da'awar alaƙar al'adu da ƙasar. Kodayake "al'adu" an san shi a kotu kamar albarkatun ƙasa, al'adun gargajiyar da ruhaniya na Aborigines don shayar da jiki suna da ban tsoro. Yana da kalubale amma ana buƙata don ƙetare darajar al'adunsu da na ruhaniya zuwa fagen shari'a. A yanzu, kusan babu wani ci gaba. [74] [75]

Dokar ruwa ta Ostiraliya tana ba da umarnin ruwan ƙasa don 'yan ƙasa waɗanda za su iya amfani da ruwan ƙasa amma ba za su iya mallaka ba. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, babu wani kwatanci game da cikin ruwa da kuma na ruwa. Sabili da haka, yanayin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa / raƙuman ruwa sune manyan ayyukanta na jihar. Gwamnatin Tarayyar tana samun iko kan ruwa ta hanyar aron taimakon alakar waje, gami da Bada Iko, Kasuwanci da Karfin Kasuwanci. [74]

A 2000, Kotun Tarayya ta kammala yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa damar shan ruwa don abubuwan gargajiya. Koyaya, amfani ya iyakance ga mahimmancin al'ada, wanda bai haɗa da ban ruwa a zaman al'adar gargajiya ba. [74]

A watan Yunin 2004, CoAC ta kulla wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci kan shirin samarda Ruwa na Kasa (NWI), don inganta amincewa da 'yan asalin yankin na ruwa. Koyaya, NWI bata damu sosai game da rikitaccen tarihin mulkin-mallaka ba, wanda ya haifar da tsari ingantaccen tsarin rarraba ruwa. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya koyaushe suna neman haƙƙin samun ruwa.

Ra'ayoyin jama'a da yawa a matsayin ma'ana don kare haƙƙin al'umma mara ƙarfi da ke

Hikimar yalwar jam'iyya tana samun karfi, tare da ra'ayin Anthropocene da kuma amincewa da 'yan asalin kasar wadanda ke fuskantar mummunar kutse ta hakkinsu zuwa mahimmin yankinsu na ruwa da ruwa. Ra'ayoyin jamaa hanya ce ta fannoni da yawa, wanda ke amfani da dokoki daban-daban ga rukunin mutane. Akwai yarjejeniyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, waɗanda ke taƙaita ikon kan haƙƙin igenan asali na ruwa, amincewa da haƙƙin igenan asalin, da inganta su. Misali, sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa da kasashe 167 suka amince da ita a shekarar 1996, wanda ya kwace ikon kasa wanda ya keta hakkin' yan asalin kasar kuma ya ba da damar cin gashin kai ga 'yan asalin kasar. -Udurin kai shine ra'ayin da yakamata mutane su sami ikon sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa ba tare da ikon kansu ba. Hakanan, a cikin wannan shekarar, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR) ta amince da ƙaddarar kai tsaye ga 'yan asalin ƙasar don amfanin ƙasa da ruwa. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Cigaba ya zartar da ajanda 21 wanda ke samun goyon baya daga jihohi 174, tare da kara kare 'yan asalin daga kutse daga albarkatun kasa. Akwai wasu shirye-shirye da yawa a fagen duniya da na gida. Masana da yawa game da dukansu don amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi daban-daban zuwa ikon da ke daidai-kan-batun. Akwai iyakoki da yawa akan wannan hanyar ta fannoni da yawa, kodayake. Wasu sharuɗɗa suna amfani da harsunan da ba a sani game da haƙƙin, wanda ke nuna shubuha. Sau da yawa wata jiha ke amfani da su don ba da ikon haƙƙin albarkatun ruwa akan takamaiman al'umma. Yawancin jihohi suna sanya doka bin ƙa'idodin al'adunsu maimakon tsarin ƙasashe. Hakanan, abun cikin kowane ka'idoji yana da fasali daban, yana haifar da "rashin daidaito" a ƙarƙashin abun ciki ɗaya, ajanda. Shubuha, dokokin al'ada, da rashin daidaito sun zama cikas don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin jamaa da yawa. Duk da wadannan matsalolin, mahangar jamaa ta samar da wasu zabin ga shugabanci don taimakawa mara karfi na zamantakewar al'umma, gami da yan asalin gari, saboda haka yana da kyau a kara bincike. [76] [88]

KungiyoyiShirya

Kungiyoyin da ke aiki kan haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar ƙasa an jera su a ƙasa.

Organizationsungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Edit

OHCHR (Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam)

UNDP

UNICEF

Tsabta da Ruwa ga Kowa

Hukumomin hadin gwiwar gwamnati Edita

DFID (Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Burtaniya)

GIZ (Kamfanin Tarayyar Jamus don Haɗin Kan Duniya)

SDC (Hukumar Ci Gaban da Hadin Kan Switzerland) [89]

EPA (Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka) [90]

Nonungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya da hanyoyin sadarwaEdit

Aiki kan Yunwa (ACF)

Jini: Ruwa [91]

Cibiyar Tsaron Ruwa da Hadin gwiwa [92]

Freshwater Action Network (FAN) [93]

Tsarkakakken Ruwa ga Duniya [94]

Hakkin DigDeep na Tsarin Ruwa [95]

Cibiyar Pacific [96]

Aikin Ruwa [97]

Cibiyar Kasa da Kasa tare da aikin Adalcin Ruwa [98]

UUSC [99]

WaterAid

WaterLex (wanda aka daina aiki tun daga 2020) [100]

Zaman LafiyaJam

Duba kuma

• Dokar Muhalli
• Yaren mutanen Georgia
• Dokar kare hakkin dan adam
• Hydrosphere
• Shekaru uku na 'yancin ɗan adam
• Dokar ruwa
• Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya
• Lokaci Karshen Jumla

Manazarta

B a b "Shekaru Goma na Duniya don Aiki 'Ruwa na Rayuwa' 2005-2015. Yankunan Maida hankali: 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli".  Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.  An dawo da 12 Disamba 2020.

"Kuduri na 64/292: Hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli".  Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.  Agusta 2010. An dawo da 13 Oktoba 2018.

"Kudurin da Babban Taro ya zartar" (PDF).  An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.

Baer, ​​M. 2015. Daga Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ruwa zuwa Hakkokin Ruwa: Aiwatar da 'Yancin Mutum na Ruwa a Bolivia, Jaridar' Yancin Dan Adam, 14: 3, 353-376, DOI: 10.1080 / 14754835.2014.988782

^ UN (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya).  2010. Kudurin da babban taron ya zartar.  64/292.  'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta.  A / RES / 64/292.  New York: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.

ND UNDP (Shirin ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya).  1997. Gudanar da Gwamnati don Dorewar Dan Adam: Takardar Manufofin UNDP.  UNDP, New York, NY, Amurka.  Duba http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/policy/ (isa ga 21/06/2012)

Health Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na United Nation (UNICEF).  2011. Ruwan sha: Adalci, Daidaitawa da dorewa.  New York: Shirin Kula da Hadin gwiwa na WHO / UNICEF (JMP) na Ruwa da Tsafta.

Health Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na United Nation (UNICEF).  2012. Cigaba akan ruwan sha da tsafta.  2012 sabuntawa.  New York: Shirin Kula da Hadin gwiwa na WHO / UNICEF don wadata ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.

Rights a b c "Hakkokin bil'adama ga tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" (PDF).  An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.

B a b c 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don.  "Refworld | Janar Bayani Na 15: Hakkin Ruwa (Arts. 11 da 12 na Alkawari)".  Refworld.  An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.

B a b c d de Albuquerque, Catarina (2014).  Fahimtar 'yancin ɗan adam game da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: Littafin Jagora daga Rapporteur na Musamman na Majalisar UNinkin Duniya (PDF).  Portugal: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.  shafi na.

A b c d Roaf, Virginia;  Albuquerque, Catarina de;  Heller, Léo (26 Yuli 2018), "'Yancin Dan Adam Game da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli", Daidaito a Ruwan Sha da Sabis na Tsafta, Abingdon, Oxon;  New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, shafi na 26-43, doi: 10.4324 / 9781315471532-2, ISBN 978-1-315-47153-2, an sake dawo da su 29 ga Oktoba 2020

"III.S.8 Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 64/292 (Game da 'Yancin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli) (28 Yuli 2010)", Dokar Kasa da Kasa da Tsarin Duniya, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, shafi na 1-2, 2012, doi  : 10.1163 / ilwo-iiis8, ISBN 978-90-04-20870-4, an dawo da 29 Oktoba 2020

"Shekaru na Duniya don Aiki 'Ruwa na Rayuwa' 2005-2015. Yankunan Maida hankali: 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli".  www.un.org.  An dawo da 27 Afrilu 2021.

[1] An adana 3 ga Yuli 2017 a Wayback Machine, rahoton 2015 na WHO / UNICEF Hadin gwiwa Kulawa Shirin (JMP) don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli

B a b Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ta Bayyana Samun Ruwa Mai Tsabta da Tsaftar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ne. "Cibiyar Labarai ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. UN, 28 Yuli 2010. Yanar gizo. 20 Mar. 2014.

^ A b c Batutuwan Duniya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. "Cibiyar Labarai ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. UN, nd. Yanar gizo. 20 Mar. 2014.

^ "Rubutu na Yarjejeniyar kan Kawar da Dukkan Hanyoyin Nuna Bambanci ga Mata".  www.un.org.  An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.

Available Cikakken rubutun na Yarjejeniyar kan haƙƙin ɗan yana nan: "Aka kwafa".  An adana daga asali ranar 11 ga Yuni 2010. An dawo da 21 Afrilu 2010 ..

Up Gupta, J., Ahlers, R., da Ahmed, L. 2010. rightancin ɗan adam na ruwa: Motsawa zuwa ga yarjejeniya a cikin duniya da ta keɓe.  Binciken Europeanungiyar Turai da Dokar Muhalli ta Duniya, 19 (3), 294-305

Ier Meier, Benjamin Mason;  Kayser, Georgia;  Amjad, Urooj;  Bartram, Jamie (15 Nuwamba 2012).  "Aiwatar da 'Yancin Dan Adam mai Inganci ta hanyar Ruwan Sha da Tsabtace Muhalli".  Rochester, NY.  SSRN 2015424.

B a b [2], McCaffrey, SC "'Yancin Dan Adam Na Ruwa: Tasirin Cikin Gida da Na Kasa Da Kasa" (1992) V Georgetown Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Duniya, Fitowa ta 1, shafi na 11-24.

^ A b [3], Gleick, P.H.  "'Yancin Dan Adam Na Ruwa" (1999) Manufofin Ruwa, Vol.  1, Fitowa ta 5, shafi na 487-503.

Resources "Albarkatu da Bayani".  ww1.unhchr.ch.  An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.

"Righttowater - Kawai wani shafin yanar gizon WordPress".  madaidaiciyar ruwa.  An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.

"'Yancin Dan Adam: Netherlands a hukumance ta amince da' yancin samun ruwa".  An adana daga asali ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2009. An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.

"TATTALIN ARZIKI, ZAMANTAKEWA DA 'YANCIN GASKIYA Ganin haƙƙin shan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Rapporteur na Musamman, El Hadji Guissé" (PDF).  An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.

"Kwararren Masani kan batun wajibcin hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli".  An adana daga asali ranar 6 ga Yuli 2010. An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.

"Takardun hukuma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya".  www.un.org.  An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.

O "OHCHR |".  www.ohchr.org.  An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.

"Sanarwa daga Kwararren Kwararren Masani kan batun wajibcin hakkin dan adam da ya shafi tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli, Ms Catarina de Albuquerque a zama na 15 na Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam".  newsarchive.ohchr.org.  An dawo da 19 Nuwamba Nuwamba.

"Sanarwa daga Rapporteur na Musamman kan hakkin samun tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a zama na 66 na Babban Taron".  newsarchive.ohchr.org.  An dawo da 19 Nuwamba Nuwamba.

"OHCHR | Gudanar da ruwa".  www.ohchr.org.  An dawo da 19 Nuwamba Nuwamba.

"OHCHR | Dorewa da rashin komawa baya ga hakkokin samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli".  www.ohchr.org.  An dawo da 19 Nuwamba Nuwamba.

"'Yancin Dan Adam Na Ruwa Da Tsarin Tsabta" (PDF).  United Nation.

B a b Sawhoyamaxa 'Yan Asalin Jama'a da Paraguay (Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Tsakiyar Amurka, 29 Maris 2006).

^ "Kwafin ajiya"  An adana daga asali a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2013. An dawo da shi 26 May2013., Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, labarin 4.

^ [4], Networkungiyar Sadarwar Duniya don Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu RIghts, Batun ofungiyar 'Yan Asalin Sawhoyamaxa v. Paraguay.

^ [5], Sha'awar Jama'a ta Duniya game da Dokar Zuba Jari ta Duniya, Andreas Kulick, 2012 a 303.

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