Yaren Baima

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Yaren Baima
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 bqh
Glottolog baim1244[1]


Baima ( mai kansa : pe˥˧</link> ) [2] harshe ne da mutanen Baima 10,000 ke magana, [3] na kabilar Tibet ,[ana buƙatar hujja]</link> da lardin Gansu na kasar Sin a arewa maso tsakiyar kasar Sin . [3] Baima tana yadawa daga iyaye zuwa yara a kauyukan Baima. Ana magana da shi a cikin gida kuma ba a amfani da shi a kowace kafofin watsa labarai na sadarwar jama'

Baima yana amfani da jigo-abu-fi'ili (SOV) tsari na kalma, gungu-gungu na kalmomi na farko kuma tonal . Ba a rarraba shi a cikin Sino-Tibet; Akwai nau'o'in rance da yawa daga Amdo, Khams, da Zhongu Tibet, da kuma haɗin kai na ƙamus da na nahawu tare da harsunan Qiangic . Kalmomin asali sun kai kusan kashi 85% na Tibet da kashi 15% na Qiangic, kuma kalmomin Tibet ba su da alaƙa da kowane rukuni na harsunan Tibet. Chirkova (2008) ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙamus na Qiangic "zai iya kasancewa riƙewa daga harshen da Baimǎ ke magana da asali kafin su koma wani nau'i na Tibet a ƙarni na 7." Ta yarda Baima a matsayin Tibet, amma a matsayin keɓe a cikin harsunan Tibet. [4]

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu magana da harshen Baima sun kai kusan 10,000 kuma sun rayu tsawon tsararraki a yankin tsaunuka da ke kan iyakokin lardin Sichuan da Gansu . Bayan kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin a shekarar 1949, masu magana da harshen Baima sun bukaci a amince da su a matsayin kabila mai cin gashin kanta a lokuta da dama. Masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa Baima zuriyar tsohuwar mutanen Di ne a kasar Sin. Littattafan Sinanci daga 551 AD sun ambaci cewa Di ana kiransa Baima. Wani masanin tarihi ya ce, "Ƙabilar Baima ita ce mafi girma a kabilar Di, wadda ta yi rayuwa a Gansu, Sichuan da Shaanxi a lokacin Mulkin Uku (220-265 AD)." 'Yan kabilar Tibet sun mamaye yankin Di a karni na 7 kuma suka hade da jama'ar yankin, wanda watakila daga baya ya koma wani nau'in Tibet da maharan ke magana. Masana ilimin harshe suna ɗaukar Baima a matsayin harshe mai zaman kansa na reshen Tibet amma harshen da kansa ya sami tasiri sosai daga Tibet. [5] Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun DNA sun gano cewa Baima sun fi kusanci da mutanen Qiang ta hanyar jinsi fiye da na Tibet. [5]

Yaruka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai bambance-bambance a cikin harshen Baima da kansa. Baima galibi ya kasu kashi uku ne: Kudancin Baima (Pingwu Baima), Baima ta Arewa (Wenxian Baima), Baima ta Yamma (Jiuzhaigou Baima, Songpan Baima). Baima da ake magana a Jiuzhaigou da kewaye ya bambanta da wanda ake magana a gundumar Songpan a lardin Aba Tibet-Qiang mai cin gashin kansa da lardin Wenxian na lardin Gansu.

Sun Hongkai, et al. (2007) [6] rubuta waɗannan yarukan Baima guda uku masu zuwa.

Ragewa saboda rarrabuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rarraba Baima ya haifar da cece-kuce a tsakanin masana harshe. An rarraba Baima na ɗan lokaci tare da ƙungiyar Khams, kodayake kuma tana da halaye masu yawa na Amdo . [4] Dalilan da ke haifar da hakan su ne mai yiwuwa tsattsauran sauƙaƙan tsarin haruffa, kawar da tsoffin kalmomin Tibet codeas da kasancewar sautuna . [4] Yayin da masana da yawa (Song Hongkai, Nishida Tatsuo, da Katia Chirkova) suka yi imanin cewa Baima wata ƙungiya ce ta kabilar Tibeto-Burman ta daban da kanta, wasu suna ganin ya kamata a bayyana shi a matsayin yaren Tibet. A haƙiƙa, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Baima da Tibet ya zarce waɗanda ke tsakanin manyan yarukan Tibet guda uku da ake magana da su a cikin ƙasar Sin.

Ko da yake al'ummar Baima sun nemi da'awarsu a matsayin kabila mai cin gashin kanta tun daga shekarun 1960, har yanzu yaren Baima ya kasance a matsayin yaren Tibet . Don haka, 'yancin 'yan tsiraru na 'yan kabilar Tibet da harshen Tibet na Lhasa sun mamaye 'yan adawa. Kamar yadda Chirkova ya lura, "Sake rarrabuwar kabilun da aka jera a matsayin 'yan kabilar Tibet ya kasance wani batu mai muhimmanci a cikin PRC, kuma yawancin 'yan kabilar Tibet suna daukarsa a matsayin wani hari kan asalin Tibet daga gwamnatin kasar Sin." [7] A sakamakon haka, harshen Baima ya kasance ba shi da kyau a rubuce har zuwa yau kuma yana ci gaba da tayar da tambayar harshe a cikin rawar da ake takawa na rayuwar al'adu. Amfani da Baima ya takaita ne kawai ga bukukuwan addini da kuma cudanya tsakanin kauyukan Baima, wanda hakan ya kara haifar da illa ga harshen Baima. Bugu da ƙari, harshen sadarwa tare da al'ummomin maƙwabta a duk yankunan da Baima ke zaune shine Sichuan Mandarin .

Rarraba yanki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar shirin Harsunan da ke Kashe Kashewa, ana magana da yaren Baima a yankuna huɗu: gundumar Jiuzhaigou, gundumar Songpan, gundumar Pingwu, da gundumar Wen

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Baima". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Sun Hongkai, et al. (2007). Baimayu yanjiu 白马语研究. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House 民族出版社.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Empty citation (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Katia Chirkova, 2008, "On the position of Báimǎ within Tibetan", in Lubotsky et al (eds), Evidence and Counter-Evidence, vol. 2.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  6. ↑ Sun Hongkai, et al. (2007). Baimayu yanjiu 白马语研究. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House 民族出版社.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
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