Yankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentYankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika
AfCFTA

Iri free trade area (en) Fassara
yarjejeniya
Validity (en) Fassara 21 ga Maris, 2018 –
Kwanan watan 2018
Wuri Afirka
Ƙasa Ghana, Aljeriya, Angola, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Cadi, Komoros, Jibuti, Gini Ikwatoriya, Eswatini, Gabon, Gambiya, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Muritaniya, Moroko, Mozambik, Nijar, Jamhuriyar Kwango, Ruwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (en) Fassara, Senegal, Seychelles, Afirka ta kudu, Sudan, Tanzaniya, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Benin, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Kameru, Cabo Verde, Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango, Misra, Eritrea, Gine, Guinea-Bissau, Laberiya, Libya, Madagaskar, Moris, Namibiya, Sao Tome da Prinsipe, Saliyo, Sudan ta Kudu, Togo, Tunisiya, Zambiya, Burundi, Habasha, Najeriya da Somaliya
Adadin masu shiga 54
Yanar gizo au-afcfta.org

Yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Nahiyar Afirka ( AfCFTA)[1] yanki ne na ciniki kyauta wanda ya mamaye yawancin Afirka.[2][3][4] An kuma kafa shi ne a cikin 2018 ta Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afirka, wanda ke da jam'iyyun 43 da wasu masu rattaba hannu 11, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama yanki mafi girma na ciniki cikin 'yanci ta adadin kasashe mambobi, bayan Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya,[5] kuma mafi girma a yawan jama'a. da girman yanki, wanda ya kai mutane biliyan 1.3 a fadin nahiya ta biyu mafi girma a duniya.

Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ce ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kafa AfCFTA kuma kasashe 44 daga cikin mambobinta 55 ne suka sanya hannu a Kigali, Rwanda a ranar 21 ga Maris 2018. Shawarar za ta fara aiki ne kwanaki 30 bayan amincewa da wasu jihohi 22 da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2019, Jamhuriyar Saharawi ta yi ajiyar kayan aiki na 22 na amincewa, wanda ya kawo karshen yarjejeniyar a ranar 30 ga Mayu; ya shiga aikin sa ne biyo bayan taron koli a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2019, kuma a hukumance ya fara 1 ga Janairu 2021. Wata sakatariya ta dindindin ce ke kula da tattaunawar AfCFTA da aiwatar da ita a Accra, Ghana . [6]

A karkashin yarjejeniyar, mambobin AfCFTA sun himmatu wajen kawar da haraji kan mafi yawan kayayyaki da ayyuka na tsawon shekaru 5, 10, ko 13, ya danganta da matakin ci gaban kasar ko yanayin kayayyakin. [6] Maƙasudin dogon lokaci na gaba ɗaya sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar kasuwa guda ɗaya, mai sassaucin ra'ayi ; rage shinge ga jari da aiki don sauƙaƙe zuba jari; haɓaka kayan aikin yanki; da kafa kungiyar kwastam ta nahiyar . Gabaɗayan manufar AfCFTA ita ce haɓaka bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin jama'a, da rage talauci, da kuma sa Afirka ta zama mai gasa a tattalin arzikin duniya.

Hukumar kula da tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa AfCFTA za ta bunkasa kasuwancin tsakanin Afirka da kashi 52 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2022. Wani rahoto na bankin duniya ya yi hasashen cewa, AfCFTA za ta iya fitar da 'yan Afirka miliyan 30 daga matsanancin talauci, da kara samun kudin shiga na kusan mutane miliyan 70, da kuma samar da kudaden shiga na dala biliyan 450 nan da shekarar 2035. A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2022, AfCFTA ta ɗauki babban mataki zuwa ga manufarta tare da kafa tsarin biyan kuɗi da matsuguni na Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS), wanda ke ba da damar biyan kuɗi tsakanin kamfanonin da ke aiki a Afirka a kowane kuɗin gida.[7]

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fage[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekarar 1963, kasashe masu cin gashin kansu na Afirka suka kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afirka . OAU ta yi niyyar inganta hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Afirka. 1980 na Legas Plan of Action kungiyar ta amince da shi. Shirin ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata Afirka ta rage dogaro ga kasashen yamma ta hanyar inganta cinikayya tsakanin Afirka. Wannan ya fara ne yayin da aka kafa ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar yanki da dama a yankuna daban-daban na Afirka, kamar taron haɗin gwiwar raya ƙasashen kudancin Afirka.[8][9]

Daga karshe wannan ya kai ga yerjejeniyar Abuja a shekarar 1991, wadda ta samar da kungiyar bunkasa tattalin arzikin Afrika, kungiyar da ta inganta harkokin kasuwanci cikin 'yanci, da kungiyoyin kwastam, da babban bankin Afrika, da kungiyar hada-hadar kudi ta Afrika.[10]

A shekara ta 2002, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ta maye gurbin OAU, wanda a matsayin daya daga cikin manufofinta na hanzarta "hadewar tattalin arzikin nahiyar".[11] Manufar ta biyu ita ce "daidaita da daidaita manufofin tsakanin al'ummomin Tattalin Arziki na Yanki na yanzu da masu zuwa don cimma manufofin kungiyar a hankali."

Tattaunawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A taron Tarayyar Afirka na 2012 a Addis Ababa, shugabannin sun amince da samar da sabon yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Nahiyar nan da shekarar 2017. A taron AU na 2015 a Johannesburg, taron ya amince da fara shawarwari. Wannan ya fara jerin zaman tattaunawa guda goma da suka gudana cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa.[12]

An gudanar da taron tattaunawa na farko a watan Fabrairun 2016 kuma an gudanar da tarurruka takwas har zuwa taron koli a watan Maris na 2018 a Kigali. Daga Fabrairu 2017 a kan kungiyoyin fasaha na fasaha sun gudanar da tarurruka hudu, inda aka tattauna batutuwan fasaha da aiwatar da su a cikin daftarin. A ranar 8-9 ga Maris, 2018 Ministocin kasuwanci na Tarayyar Afirka sun amince da daftarin.[13]

Taron Kigali na 2018[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2018, a taro na 10 na musamman na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka kan AfCFTA, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin daban-daban guda uku: Yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta nahiyar Afirka, sanarwar Kigali ; da Protocol on 'Yancin Motsi na Mutane . Yarjejeniyar kan 'yancin motsi na mutane na neman kafa yankin da ba shi da biza a cikin kasashen AfCFTA, da kuma tallafawa samar da Fasfo na Tarayyar Afirka.[14] A taron da aka yi a Kigali a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2018, kasashe 44 sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar AfCFTA, 47 sun sanya hannu kan sanarwar Kigali, yayin da 30 suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar 'yancin zirga-zirgar jama'a. Yayin da aka yi nasara, an sami manyan wurare guda biyu: Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu, manyan kasashe biyu mafi karfin tattalin arziki a Afirka.[15][16][17]

Wani abu mai daure kai a tattaunawar shi ne, an riga an raba Afirka zuwa yankuna takwas na cinikayya maras shinge da/ko kungiyoyin kwastam, kowannensu yana da dokoki daban-daban. [note 1] Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin yanki za su ci gaba da kasancewa; Yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta nahiyar Afirka tun farko tana neman rage shingen kasuwanci tsakanin ginshiƙai daban-daban na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka, kuma daga ƙarshe za ta yi amfani da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin yankin a matsayin tubali don cimma burin ƙungiyar kwastam ta faɗin Afirka.[18][19]

Ƙirƙirar ƙarin ladabi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tattaunawar ta ci gaba a cikin 2018 tare da Mataki na II, gami da manufofin saka hannun jari, gasa da haƙƙin mallakar fasaha.[20] A watan Janairun 2020, ana sa ran kammala shawarwarin Majalisar AU.[21] Ana sa ran daftarin taron Majalisar AU na Janairu 2020.[22]

Cibiyoyi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kafa cibiyoyi masu zuwa don sauƙaƙe aiwatar da yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci. Sakamakon shawarwarin mataki na II ana iya kafa wasu kwamitoci ta hanyar ka'idoji.

Sakatariyar AfCFTA ce za ta dauki nauyin daidaita aiwatar da yarjejeniyar kuma za ta kasance kungiya mai cin gashin kanta a cikin tsarin AU. Ko da yake za ta kasance mai zaman kanta na shari'a, za ta yi aiki kafada da kafada da hukumar ta AU tare da karbar kasafin kudinta daga AU. Majalisar ministocin da ke da alhakin kasuwanci za ta yanke shawara a kan wurin da hedkwatar za ta kasance, tsari, aiki da alhakin. Majalisar shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Tarayyar Afirka ita ce mafi girman matakin yanke shawara. Akwai yiyuwar haduwa a yayin taron kolin kungiyar ta AU.[23]

Majalisar ministocin da ke da alhakin ciniki ta ba da kulawar dabarun kasuwanci tare da tabbatar da aiwatar da ingantaccen aiki da aiwatar da yarjejeniyar AfCFTA.

An kafa kwamitoci da yawa, don kasuwanci a cikin kayayyaki, kasuwanci a cikin sabis, akan ka'idodin asali, magunguna na kasuwanci, shingen ba da kuɗin fito, shingen fasaha don kasuwanci da kuma matakan tsafta da phytosanitary.[24] Ana ci gaba da tattaunawa kan ka'idoji da hanyoyin warware takaddama, amma da alama za su hada da nada kwamitin warware takaddama. Kwamitin Manyan Jami'an Kasuwanci yana aiwatar da shawarar Majalisar. Kwamitin yana da alhakin samar da shirye-shirye da tsare-tsaren ayyuka don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar AfCFTA.

Aiwatarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An tsara aiwatar da AfCFTA a matakai, kuma har yanzu ana ci gaba da tattaunawa a wasu matakai na gaba. Mataki na I ya shafi ciniki a cikin kayayyaki da ciniki cikin sabis. Mataki na II ya ƙunshi haƙƙin mallakar fasaha, saka hannun jari da manufofin gasa . Mataki na III yana rufe kasuwancin e-commerce.[25][26]

A taron na Kigali na 2018, an sami bangarorin yarjejeniya kan ka'idojin ciniki, hanyoyin warware takaddama, hadin gwiwar kwastam, saukaka kasuwanci, da ka'idojin asali . Haka kuma an yi yarjejeniyar rage haraji kan kashi 90% na duk kayayyaki. Ana ba kowace ƙasa izinin keɓance kashi 3% na kayayyaki daga wannan yarjejeniya. Wannan wani bangare ne na yarjejeniya ta 1, wanda ya shafi samar da kayayyaki da ayyukan walwala. Wasu batutuwan mataki na 1 da suka rage a tattauna sun haɗa da jadawalin rangwamen kuɗin fito da wasu takamaiman alƙawura.[27]

An kira taro na musamman na 12 na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka kan AfCFTA don kaddamar da sabuwar yarjejeniya a matakin da za ta fara aiki, wanda aka shirya a Yamai a ranar 7 ga Yuli 2019. A yayin kaddamar da shi, an kunna na'urorin aiki guda biyar da za su tafiyar da shirin na AfCFTA: " ka'idojin asali ; dandalin tattaunawa ta yanar gizo; da sa ido da kawar da shingayen da ba na kudin fito ba, tsarin biyan kudi na dijital, da kuma cibiyar sa ido kan cinikayya ta Afirka."

Ana sa ran za a fara shawarwarin mataki na biyu da na uku daga dukkan kasashen kungiyar AU da kuma gudanar da zagaye na gaba. A watan Fabrairun 2020, Majalisar shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin AU ta yanke shawarar cewa za a fara mataki na uku nan da nan bayan kammala shawarwarin mataki na biyu, wanda tun farko aka shirya kammala shi a watan Disamba 2020. Koyaya, an jinkirta wannan wa'adin saboda cutar ta COVID-19 a Afirka, kuma an sanya sabuwar rana (Disamba 31, 2021) a matsayin ranar ƙarshe don kammala shawarwarin Mataki na II da na III. AfCFTA a hukumance amma akasarin alama an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2021.

Memba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Daga cikin kasashe mambobin AU 55, 44 sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta nahiyar Afirka, 47 sun sanya hannu kan sanarwar Kigali yayin da 30 suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar 'yancin motsin jama'a a karshen taron Kigali na 2018. Benin, Botswana, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Zambia na daga cikin kasashe 11 da ba su sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da farko ba. Bayan taron Kigali na 2018, an kara sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar AfCFTA. A taron Tarayyar Afirka karo na 31 a Nouakchott a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2018, Afirka ta Kudu (mafi girman tattalin arzikin Afirka na biyu), Saliyo, Namibiya, Lesotho da Burundi sun shiga yarjejeniyar. A watan Fabrairun 2019, Guinea-Bissau, Zambia da Botswana su ma sun shiga. Kenya da Ghana su ne kasashe na farko da suka amince da yarjejeniyar, inda suka sanya amincewarsu a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2018.

Daga cikin kasashen da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, 22 sun bukaci a ajiye na'urar tabbatar da yarjejeniyar don fara aiki, kuma hakan ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2019 lokacin da Saliyo da Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic suka sanya yarjejeniyar. Sakamakon haka, yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki kwanaki 30 bayan haka a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2019. A wannan lokacin, Najeriya (mafi girman tattalin arzikin nahiyar) ne kawai, Eritrea da Benin ba su sanya hannu ba.

Shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari ya jajirce wajen shiga kungiyar ta AfCFTA, saboda tsoron hakan zai cutar da harkokin kasuwancin Najeriya da masana'antu na cikin gida, kuma matakin da ya dauka na kin amincewa ya samu yabo daga wasu kungiyoyin cikin gida da suka hada da kungiyar masana'antu ta Najeriya da kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya . Majalisa . Gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi niyyar kara tuntubar 'yan kasuwa na cikin gida domin tabbatar da sayan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kan yarjejeniyar, saboda babban abin da ke damun shi shi ne ko yarjejeniyar ta hana cin hanci da rashawa kamar zubar da ruwa . A watan Yulin 2019, 'yan watanni bayan sake zabensa a wani sabon wa'adi, Buhari ya amince da bin tsarin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Afirka a wani zama na musamman na 12 na majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan AfCFTA.

A wajen taron kuma, jamhuriyar Benin ta kuduri aniyar rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, inda ta bar kasar Eritriya a matsayin kasa daya tilo daga cikin kasashe 55 na Tarayyar Afirka da ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba. A bisa ka'ida, Eritrea ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar farko saboda yanayin yaki da ake ci gaba da yi, amma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 2018 tsakanin Habasha da Eritriya ta kawo karshen rikicin tare da kawo karshen shingen shigar Eritrea cikin yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci.

Ya zuwa watan Mayu 2022, akwai masu rattaba hannu 54, waɗanda 43 (80%) sun ajiye kayan aikinsu na amincewa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa ɗaya ( Somalia ) ta kammala amincewa da cikin gida[yaushe?] [3 [4], amma har yanzu ba su sanya takardar shaidarsu tare da ma'ajiyar ajiya ta watan Mayu 2020. Eritrea ita ce kasa daya tilo da ke cikin kungiyar AU da ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar nan da shekarar 2019 ba

Jerin sunayen wadanda suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Sauran kasashe mambobin AU[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Eritrea ba ta sanya hannu ba saboda tashin hankali da Habasha, amma ya zuwa 2019, biyo bayan taron 2018 na Eritrea da Habasha, Kwamishinan ciniki da masana'antu na AU ya yi tsammanin cewa a ƙarshe Eritrea za ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar.

Kima hakkin dan Adam[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rahoton Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Yuli na 2017 ya yi nuni da cewa, CFTA na iya ba da gudummawa wajen magance talauci da rashin daidaito yayin da fadinsa zai taimaka wajen sauye-sauyen tsarin tattalin arzikin Afirka. Ana kallon hakan a matsayin wani mataki na cimma ajandar Tarayyar Afirka ta 2063 da kuma manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa . An yi niyya ga takardar don tabbatar da an yi la’akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin tattaunawar.

A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma, sanin mahadar jinsi, noma, da kasuwanci, yana da muhimmanci a tabbatar da cewa aiwatar da shirin na AfCFTA ya magance matsaloli daban-daban da mata ke fuskanta. Yana da mahimmanci cewa aiwatar da yarjejeniyar AfCFTA ta tabbatar da cewa manufofin kasuwanci, ayyuka, da ka'idoji na gaba na inganta daidaiton jinsi da karfafawa mata da 'yan mata a nahiyar Afirka, musamman wajen tallafa wa mata don amfani da sabbin damar da aka samar 'a cikin aikin gona' ta hanyar aikin gona. AfCFTA. Aiwatar da yarjejeniyar da ba ta hada da mata ba na iya haifar da karuwar gibin jinsi ta hanyar yin illa ga kananan masana'antu da mata kanana da matsakaitan masana'antu da kuma wadanda suka dogara da kasuwancin da ba na yau da kullun ba (ciki har da kan iyaka) don rayuwarsu.

Source[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Seizing the opportunities of the African Continental Free Trade Area for the economic empowerment of women in agriculture​, FAO, FAO. .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}

Nassoshi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

BanHanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Loes Witschge (March 20, 2018). "African Continental Free Trade Area: What you need to know". Al Jazeera.
  2. ↑ "African states agree massive trade bloc". BBC News (in Turanci). 2018-03-21. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  3. ↑ "Africa Set to Agree $3 Trillion Trade Bloc, Without Key Economy". Bloomberg.com (in Turanci). March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  4. ↑ AfricaNews. "Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement | Africanews". Africanews (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  5. ↑ Justina Crabtree (March 20, 2018). "Africa is on the verge of forming the largest free trade area since the World Trade Organization". CNBC.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 U.S. International Trade Administration, African Continental Free Trade Area (3 January 2022).
  7. ↑ "The African Continental Free Trade Area". World Bank (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  8. ↑ "African Continental Free Trade Area: Policy and Negotiation Options for Trade in Goods" (PDF). unctad.org. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  9. ↑ "African Union will launch operational phase of the AfCFTA at Summit in Niger". African Union. African Union. 4 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  10. ↑ "Constitutive Act of the African Union" (PDF). au.int. African Union. Retrieved 8 July 2019. Article 3c: "accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;"
  11. ↑ "Constitutive Act of the African Union" (PDF). au.int. African Union. Retrieved 8 July 2019. Article 3 (l): "coordinate and harmonize the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;"
  12. ↑ Signé, Landry; van der Ven, Colette (May 2019). "Keys to success for the AfCFTA negotiations" (PDF). Brookings. Brookings. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  13. ↑ tralac, trade law centre. "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents". tralac.org. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  14. ↑ Gwatiwa, Tshepo T.; Sam, Michael Noel. "How the free movement of people could benefit Africa". The Conversation. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  15. ↑ Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (March 21, 2018). "Forty-four countries sign historic African Union free trade agreement". AfricaNews. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  16. ↑ "African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Legal Texts and Policy Documents". Tralac. Tralac Trade Law Centre. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  17. ↑ "African Union Legal Resources and Policy Documents". Tralac. Tralac. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  18. ↑ Balima, Boureima (July 8, 2019). "Economic 'game changer'? African leaders launch free-trade zone". Reuters. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  19. ↑ Erasmus, Gerhard (22 March 2018). "How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?". Tralac. Tralac. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  20. ↑ "African Continental Free Trade Area - Questions & Answers" (PDF). au.int. African Union. March 15, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 3, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
  21. ↑ "Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)" (PDF). au.int. African Union. March 21, 2018.
  22. ↑ "Decision on the draft agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)" (PDF). au.int. African Union. March 21, 2018.
  23. ↑ Erasmus, Gerhard (March 22, 2018). "How will the AfCFTA be established and its Legal Instruments be implemented?". tralac Discussion. trade law centre. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  24. ↑ Chidede, Talkmore (March 15, 2018). "The legal and institutional architecture of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area". tralac Discussion. trade law centre. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  25. ↑ "AfCFTA Agreement secures minimum threshold of 22 ratification as Sierra Leone and the Saharawi Republic deposit instruments". African Union. April 29, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  26. ↑ Meldrum, Andrew. "African leaders to launch continent-wide free trade zone". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  27. ↑ "Operational phase of the African Continental Free Trade Area is launched at Niger Summit of the African Union". African Union. African Union. 7 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.


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