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Ƙungiyar Senegambia

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Ƙungiyar Senegambia
Wuri
Map
 14°40′N 17°02′W / 14.67°N 17.03°W / 14.67; -17.03
Babban birni Dakar
Bayanan tarihi
Ƙirƙira 1 ga Faburairu, 1982
Rushewa 23 ga Augusta, 1989

Senegambia, a hukumance ƙungiyar Senegambia ko Ƙungiyar Senegambia, [1] ta kasance sako-sako da ƙungiyar a ƙarshen karni na 20 tsakanin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka na Senegal da makwabciyarta Gambia, wanda kusan Senegal ke kewaye da ita. An kafa kungiyar ne a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 1982 bayan wata yarjejeniya da kasashen biyu suka rattabawa hannu a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1981. An yi niyya ne don inganta haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen biyu, amma Senegal ta rushe a ranar 30 ga Satumbar 1989 bayan Gambia ta ƙi matsawa zuwa ga ƙungiyar. [2] Ƙungiyar Senegambia bai kamata ta ruɗe da yankin Senegambia mai tarihi ba, gabaɗaya an taƙaita zuwa Senegambia .

Fage

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Tarihin farko

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A matsayin ƙungiyar siyasa, Senegambia an ƙirƙira ta ne ta hanyar haɗa sojojin Faransa da turawan mulkin mallaka a yankin. Gasar tsakanin Faransanci da Ingilishi ta fara ne a ƙarshen karni na 16 lokacin da 'yan kasuwa daga ƙasashen biyu suka fara kafa cibiyoyin ciniki a yankin. Ko da yake an sami ɗan ci gaba a yankunan da suke da tasiri, kasuwancin Faransa ya ta'allaka ne akan kogin Senegal da yankin Cap-Vert da kasuwancin Ingilishi a kan kogin Gambiya . [3] Yayin da harkokin kasuwanci na Turai ke ƙaruwa a yankin, nan da nan Senegambia ta zama babbar cibiyar kasuwancin Tekun Atlantika a Afirka, inda 'yan kasuwa daga Turai ke kawo kayayyaki da aka kera don cinikin zinari, hauren giwa da bayi . [3]

A cikin lokuta daban-daban na rikici tsakanin Burtaniya da Faransa a karni na 18, wuraren kasuwancin kasashen biyu a Senegambia cikin sauri suka zama harin soja. A lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai, ɗan kasuwa Ba'amurke Thomas Cumming ya shawo kan Sakataren Kudancin William Pitt ya aika da sojojin Biritaniya don kama wuraren kasuwancin Faransa a Senegal; bayan balaguron ya yi nasara, yankin da Birtaniyya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka ya rikide zuwa mulkin mallaka na Senegambia. [3] Yankin da ya hade ya rushe a shekara ta 1779. Yayin da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Amurka suka mamaye a Arewacin Amurka, Faransawa sun sake kwace Saint Louis tare da lalata babbar cibiyar kasuwancin Burtaniya a yankin Gambia. Yankin da aka haɗe ya ƙare a hukumance a shekara ta 1783 bayan kayen da Birtaniyya ta yi da 'yancin kai na Amurka. [3]

Yarjejeniyar Versailles (wanda aka sanya hannu tare da Yarjejeniyar Paris wanda a hukumance ya kawo karshen yakin 'yancin kai na Amurka) ya haifar da daidaito tsakanin Faransa da Burtaniya: Saint Louis, l'île de Gorée da yankin Kogin Senegal sun koma Faransa, kuma Gambiya ta bar Burtaniya. A cikin shekarun 1860 da 1870, kasashen biyu sun fara yin la'akari da shawarar yin cinikin filaye don hada kan yankin, tare da yin cinikin Faransa wani hannun jarin Afirka ta Yamma ga Gambia, amma ba a kammala musayar ba. Duk da cewa yankuna daban-daban ne masu fafatawa da juna, amma ba su tantance iyakar hukuma tsakanin Faransa da Senegambian mulkin mallaka ba sai a shekara ta 1889. A lokacin, Faransa ta amince da amincewa da iyakar da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu a halin yanzu da kuma kawar da wuraren kasuwancinta na kan iyaka.

Wannan shawarar ta haifar da nan gaba Senegal (wanda ta sami 'yancin kai daga Faransa a 1960) da Gambia (wacce ta sami 'yancin kai daga Biritaniya a 1965) suna raba babbar matsala: yadda za a sami nasarar kula da kasashe biyu daban-daban a yankin da ke da al'adu daban-daban duk da haka, kuma wata al'umma kusan tana kewaye da wata. [4]

Prelude na Confederation

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Ga kowace ƙasa, yanayin kan iyaka na "kulle da maɓalli" ya haifar da matsaloli na musamman ga dangantakar kasa da kasa, musamman a harkokin kasuwanci da kula da yankunan da ke kewaye da iyakar Senegal da Gambiya. [4] Tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin mallaka, gwamnatin Senegal ta ci gaba da kiyaye shingen kasuwanci da ke ba da fifiko ga kayayyakin Faransa da ake shigo da su cikin kasar, yayin da Gambia kusan ba ta da wani shingen kasuwanci. Manufofin kasuwanci masu adawa da juna sun haifar da babbar kasuwar bakar fata a kusa da iyakar Senegal da Gambiya, wanda ya kawo kayayyaki masu rahusa zuwa Senegal. Kasuwar bakar fata ta kuma jawo magudanar ruwa da ake fitarwa zuwa kasar Gambiya. Gwamnatin Senegal ta fara kafa tsarin biyan jinkiri tare da gonakin gyada ( gyada ). Lokacin da manoma suka sayar da amfanin gonakinsu ga gwamnatin Senegal, za su sami bauchi, wanda ake kira chit, wanda za su iya zama tsabar kuɗi bayan jira na watanni uku. Ba tare da jiran tsarin kasuwancin Senegal ya biya su ba, manoma da yawa sun fara jigilar kayansu zuwa Banjul, inda gwamnatin Gambia ta biya tsabar kudi. Wani batu da ya fi girma ga kasashen biyu shi ne yadda za a samu saukin tashin hankali a yankin. Tare da al'ummomin kabilanci a bangarorin biyu na kan iyaka, nasarar juyin mulkin da aka yi a wata kasa zai iya haifar da gungun masu goyon baya a cikin ɗayan, wanda zai haifar da haɗari ga gwamnatocin demokradiyya na kasashen biyu. [4] [5]

Wannan fargabar ta faru ne a lokacin yunkurin juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 1981 don hambarar da shugaba Dawda Jawara na Gambia. Duk da cewa yunkurin juyin mulkin ba shi da tsari sosai kuma cikin sauri ya wargaje, lamarin da ya haifar da dadewa na rashin zaman lafiya da tashe-tashen hankula a Gambiya, yayin da 'yan tawayen suka sako masu laifi da dama daga gidajen yari tare da ba su makamai da fatan za su goyi bayan boren. [6] Dangane da yarjejeniyar tsaro da aka yi, Jawara ya bukaci Senegal da ta taimaka masa wajen fatattakar juyin mulkin. Gwamnatin Senegal ta mayar da martani mai karfi, inda ta aika daruruwa ko ma dubban sojoji [6] tare da kashe 'yan tawaye. [7] Wannan babban martani mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga matsalolin tsaro na Senegal; [6] Matsayinta na goyon bayan Yammacin Turai ya haifar da tashin hankali tare da sauran kasashen Afirka, kuma ana jin tsoron cewa kasashe maƙwabta za su iya amfani da Gambiya, 'yan aware a yankin Casamance (yankin Senegal a kudancin iyakar Gambia), ko wasu ƙungiyoyi masu tayar da hankali don tayar da gwamnatin Senegal. Takamammen barazana daga Kwame Nkrumah na Ghana, Moussa Traoré na Mali, Ahmed Sékou Touré 's Guinea, João Bernardo Vieira ta Guinea-Bissau, da Muammar al-Gaddafi ta Libya . [8] Yayin da gwamnatin Senegal ke hasashe game da wasu hadura, a karshen shekarun 1980 ta yi artabu kan iyaka da Mauritania.

Bayan yunkurin juyin mulkin da aka yi a Gambia, gwamnatinta ta fahimci cewa jami'an tsaronta ba su isa su hana ko hana tada kayar baya na siyasa ba. Tsaron yankin yana ƙara yin wuyar kiyayewa. [4] A baya Gambiya dai ba ta da cikakken rundunar soji, maimakon ta dogara ga rundunar 'yan sanda kawai, daga bisani ta fara kafa nata sojojin. [6] Duk da haka, har yanzu gwamnatin Gambia na ganin akwai bukatar inganta matsayinta, don haka ta fara goyon bayan wata kungiya da Senegal. [6] Wannan bege kuma ya sami sabon sha'awa a Senegal. Léopold Sédar Senghor, shugaban farko na Senegal, yana ɗaya daga cikin " les trois pères "("Ubanni uku") na Negritude - wani motsi na wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafe da ra'ayin gurguzu na al'adun Afirka, yana ƙarfafa 'yan Afirka a ko'ina cikin Ƙasashen waje don su rungumi al'adunsu. Imani da Senghor a Negritude ya sanar da yiwuwar haɗewa tsakanin Senegal da Gambiya, kuma ya ƙarfafa imanin cewa haɗin kai zai faru a matsayin tsarin halitta. Hasali ma, Senegal da Gambiya sun riga sun ba da rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don yin nazari kan shirye-shirye da fa'idojin hadewar kasashen biyu a shekarun 1960.

Zamani na Confederation

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Ƙungiyar tarayya da batutuwan farko

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A watan Disambar 1981, Senegal da Gambia sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don kafa wata kungiya wacce aka kafa a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 1982. Kasashen biyu sun amince su hada kan sojojinsu, da jami'an tsaro, da tattalin arziki da kuma tsarin kudi. A fagen siyasa, Senegal da Gambiya suna rike da majalisar ministoci daban-daban, duk da cewa suna da madafun iko a gwamnatin hadaka, inda dan Senegal ya kasance shugaban kasa da kuma dan Gambia a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. [1] [6] A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ƙungiyar ta Senegambia ta kasance ƙungiyar da ta dace bisa sha'awar tsaron juna. Kamar yadda aka sani, gwamnatin Senegal na fargabar rashin zaman lafiyar kasa da ya haifar da tashe tashen hankula a ko dai Gambia ko kuma yankin Casamance. Yunkurin juyin mulkin ya sa shugabannin kasashen biyu suka karfafa ra'ayoyin hadin kan da ke ci gaba da bunkasa a yankin.

Koyaya, akwai batutuwan farko game da ƙungiyar Senegambia. Sabuwar kungiyar ta kasance "babban biki" a bangarori da yawa, kuma babu wata kasa memba da ta gamsu da sharuddan ta. [9] Hughes da Lewis, a cikin nazarinsu na Senegambia, sun lissafo matsaloli da dama da ke tattare da ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi waɗanda galibi ke haifar da gazawa, wanda wannan ƙungiyar ta raba. A cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar, tallafi ya fito ne daga gwamnatocin biyu da kuma masu fada ajinsu; 'Yan Senegal da Gambiya gaba daya ba su da sha'awar hadewar. Bugu da kari, gwamnatin Gambia (da al'ummar Gambiya) sun fara fargabar rasa ikonsu da kuma sanin su ta hanyar mamaye kasar Senegal. [10]

Mataimakin shugaban kasar Gambiya Dawda Jawara ba shi da sha'awar samar da rundunar sojojin kasar ta Gambiya, amma dogaron da ya yi kan sojojin kasar Senegal ya tayar da hankalin 'yan kasar da dama.

Matsala ɗaya ta farko ita ce haɗin gwiwar jami'an tsaro, saboda har yanzu Gambia ba ta da sojoji. Shugaban kasar Gambia Jawara, duk da cewa tun farko yana goyon bayan kungiyar tarayyar turai, amma bai gamsu da samar da sojojin Gambia ba. Watakila gwamnatin Senegal ta matsa masa lamba kan ya shirya sojojinta, saboda ba ta son daukar nauyin tsaron Gambia ita kadai. [6] A ƙarshe Gambia ta ƙirƙiri sojoji, a cikin nau'in Sojojin Gambiya da Gendarmerie na Gambiya, a cikin 1983. Sa'an nan kuma, sassan wadannan sabbin runduna sun zama wani bangare na rundunar sojojin da ke kunshe da kashi biyu bisa uku na sojojin Senegal da kashi daya bisa uku na sojojin Gambia. [6] Yayin da gwamnatin Gambiya ta ki amincewa da zuba jari mai yawa a cikin sojojinta don dacewa da kudaden tsaro na Senegal, rundunar sojojin Confederal ta ci gaba da kasancewa karkashin 'yan Senegal da 'yan Gambia kananan abokan tarayya. Muhimman matsayi a Gambia kamar filin jirgin sama, tashar jiragen ruwa, har ma da kare shi kansa Jawara don haka ya kasance alhakin sojojin Senegal. Wani abin mamaki shi ne, hakan ya sa jam'iyyun adawa ke ikirarin cewa kungiyar na yin barazana ga 'yancin kan Gambia da tattalin arzikin kasar. [6]

Karuwar rikice-rikice kan al'amuran tattalin arziki da rushewa

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Matsalolin da suka fi tayar da hankali sun fi shafar batutuwan tattalin arziki. A cewar Arnold Hughes, akwai manyan damuwa guda biyu da 'yan Gambiya ke da su: na farko shi ne kin amincewa da haɗin kai na tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya, sannan na biyu shi ne tsoron cewa 'yan Senegal za su fi son kafa ƙasa ɗaya ta Senegambia maimakon ƙungiyar ƙasashe biyu. [2] Gabaɗaya, manufofin tattalin arzikin ƙasashen biyu ba su daidaita ba; yayin da Senegal ke goyon bayan tattalin arzikin da ke karkashin ikon gwamnati kamar na mercantilism, Gambiya na dogaro ne da cinikayya ta 'yanci da ƙananan haraji.[11] A watan Janairu na shekarar 1984, Senegal ta gabatar da tayin kafa haɗin gwiwar kwastam da kuɗi;[12] tana fatan za a juya ƙungiyar ta zama ƙasa guda ta tattalin arziki, domin ta dakatar da cinikayyar Gambiya da ke sake fitar da kayayyaki, tare da gina titin trans-Gambiya da gada domin haɗa yankunan kudu da sauran sassan Senegal.[13] Gambiya ta ƙi amincewa da haɗin gwiwar kwastam,[12] da farko har da haɗin kuɗi ma.[14] Ta ga aikin titin trans-Gambiya da gada a matsayin barazana ga ikon ta, tare da tsoron rasa kuɗaɗen shiga da ke fitowa daga cinikayyarta da yankunan kudu na Senegal da kuma hidimar jirgin ruwa na kogin Gambiya.[15] A ƙarshe, Senegal da Gambiya suka ci gaba da yin gogayya a fannin tattalin arziki maimakon yin haɗin gwiwa har tsawon lokacin da ƙungiyar ta wanzu.[11]

Karuwar rashin jituwa ya lalata ƙungiyar a hankali.[16] Tattaunawa kan kafa haɗin gwiwar kwastam da kuɗi sun ci gaba da tsaya cik, lamarin da ya fusata gwamnatin Senegal.[13] A farkon shekarar 1986, rikicin tattalin arziki da ƙarancin musayar kuɗaɗen ƙasashen waje sun tilasta 'yan Gambiya su fara la'akari da amfani da kudin CFA na yammacin Afirka da Senegal ke amfani da shi. Senegal ta miƙa tayin cewa za a iya sauya membobinta a cikin ƙungiyar kuɗi da tattalin arzikin yammacin Afirka zuwa ga ƙungiyar Senegambia, domin Senegal da Gambiya su zama membobi kai tsaye. Gambiya ta ƙi amincewa da hakan, tana son ta shiga ƙungiyar kuɗin yammacin Afirka a matsayin ƙasa mai zaman kanta.[14] Saboda waɗannan sabani, ba a taɓa cimma kafa haɗin gwiwar kuɗi da kwastam ba.[17] A kusan shekarar 1987, Shugaba Abdou Diouf ya fusata 'yan Gambiya sosai lokacin da ya bayyana cikin wata magana cewa Gambiya "kuskure ce na tarihi."[16]

A ƙarshe, aka fara samun sabani kan juyar da shugabancin ƙungiyar.[17] A watan Agusta 1989, Senegal ta janye dakarunta daga Gambiya ba tare da tattaunawa ba lokacin da Mauritaniya ta yi mata barazana.[18][17] Gambiya ta ga cewa ba a kare muradunta ba, sai ta fara daukar matakan doka don rushe ƙungiyar.[17] Ƙarshe ya zo ne a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 1989, lokacin da Shugaba Diouf ya yanke shawarar cewa ya fi dacewa a dakatar da ƙungiyar bayan da tattaunawar kan haɗin kwastam suka ci tura.[18] Ƙungiyar Senegambia ta shekaru takwas ita ce ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin haɗin kai mafi ɗorewa a nahiyar Afirka a lokacin. [2]

Gado

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A cikin Gambiya, rushewar haɗin gwiwar bai yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arzikin ƙasa ba, amma ya kawo sauyi mai girma a siyasa da harkokin tsaro na cikin gida.[17] Bayan ficewar sojojin Senegal, gwamnatin Gambiya ta fara dogaro ne kawai da rundunar sojinta, wadda tun da farko ta riga ta rabu ciki da rikice-rikice na cikin gida, da korafe-korafe game da nuna bambanci da sauran matsaloli.[19] Wadannan matsaloli sun janyo tayar da hankali sau da dama daga sojojin Gambiya, wanda daga karshe ya haifar da juyin mulki a shekarar 1994, inda Yahya Jammeh ya kifar da Jawara.[20]

A Senegal, rushewar haɗin gwiwar ya kara tabarbarewar rayuwar al'ummar yankin Casamance, kasancewar yankin yana cin moriyar tattalin arzikin haɗin gwiwar. Wannan ya kara haifar da tashin hankali wanda ya taimaka wa ‘yan aware, musamman kungiyar Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MDFC), su samu ƙarfi, wanda hakan ya taka rawa a barkewar rikicin bindiga na yankin Casamance.[21] Bayan da Jammeh ya karɓi mulki a 1994, Gambiya ta fara bai wa MDFC goyon baya mai yawa. [22]

Rushewar haɗin gwiwar ya sa kasuwar bayan-fage da safarar kaya ba bisa ka’ida ba suka ci gaba a yankin; a shekarar 1990, rahotanni sun nuna cewa kashi 20% na kasuwar gyada ta Gambiya na fitowa ne daga amfanin gonar Senegal da aka shigo da su ba bisa ka’ida ba.[23] Safarar kaya ta zama babban hanyar samun kuɗi ga mayakan MDFC. [22] A shekarar 2020, Gambiya ta kasance cikin manyan ƙasashe guda biyar da ke fitar da itacen rosewood mafi yawa a duniya, duk da cewa ƙasar ta ayyana cewa itacenta ya kusan ƙarewa a shekarun 2010s, saboda sare da fitar da itace ba bisa ka’ida ba daga Casamance.[24]

Siyasa

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Gwamnati

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Abdou Diouf, Shugaban haɗin gwiwar Senegambia, a shekarar 1988

Ko da yake Senegal da Gambiya sun ci gaba da gudanar da gwamnatocinsu na kasa, an kafa majalisar ministoci ta haɗin gwiwa. Bisa yarjejeniyar 1981, dan Senegal zai kasance a matsayin shugaban haɗin gwiwar koyaushe, sannan dan Gambiya ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasa.[25][12] Dukkan ƙasashen biyu sun amince da haɗin gwiwa wajen tsaro da manufofin harkokin waje.[12] An kuma kafa majalisa ta haɗin gwiwa da ma’aikatar dindindin;[16] majalisar ta fara zama na wata guda a kowace shekara tun daga 1984.[12] Ma’aikatar dindindin ta Senegambia ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatar da yarjejeniyoyin da aka cimma tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[15]

A shekarar 1985, gwamnati ta Senegambia ta ƙunshi waɗannan mutane:

  1. Shugaba Abdou Diouf (dan Senegal)[25]
  2. Mataimakin Shugaba Dawda Jawara (dan Gambiya)[25]
  3. Ministan Tsaro Médoune Fall (dan Senegal)[25]
  4. Ministan Harkokin Tattalin Arziki Momodou S.K. Manneh (dan Gambiya)[25]
  5. Ministan Kudi Sheriff Saikula Sisay (dan Gambiya)[25]
  6. Ministan Harkokin Waje Ibrahima Fall (dan Senegal)[25]
  7. Ministan Bayani Djibo Leyti Kâ (dan Senegal)[25]
  8. Ministan Tsaro Ibrahima Wone (dan Senegal)[25]
  9. Ministan Sufuri Robert Sagna (dan Senegal)[25]
  10. Kwamishinan Harkokin Waje Lamin Kiti Jabang (dan Gambiya)[25]
  11. Kwamishinan Tsaro Alieu Badji (dan Gambiya)[25]

Sojoji

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Haɗin gwiwar Senegambia ya dogara da sojoji uku: Rundunar Sojin Hadin Gwiwa, rundunar sojin Senegal, da rundunar sojin Gambiya. Ko da yake duka biyun na karshe sun kasance rundunonin ƙasa, an kafa Rundunar Sojin Hadin Gwiwa a shekarar 1983/84 a matsayin runduna mai hade da ƙasashen biyu. Ta ƙunshi kashi biyu bisa uku daga Senegal da kashi daya bisa uku daga Gambiya, kuma tana da ikon aiki a ko'ina cikin yankin haɗin gwiwar. A cikin Gambiya, Rundunar Sojin Hadin Gwiwa ta samu matsayi na daraja cikin gaggawa. Domin tsadar rayuwa ta fi yawa a Senegal fiye da Gambiya, albashin sojoji a Senegal ya fi na Gambiya. Albashin Rundunar Sojin Hadin Gwiwa ya daidaita da tsarin Senegal, wanda hakan ya sa sojojin Gambiya da ke cikin wannan runduna suka fi samun albashi fiye da na rundunar su ta ƙasa.[26] Rundunar Sojin Hadin Gwiwa ta kuma fi rundunar sojin Gambiya tsari da horo. Saboda haka, Gambiyawa da dama suna matuƙar son samun matsayi a cikinta; masu zaɓen sojoji sun yi amfani da wannan damar domin biyan bukatunsu, wanda ya haifar da nuna son kai da cin hanci.[27] Duk da wannan, Gambiya ba ta taɓa kai matsayin Senegal ba wajen saka jari ko yawan sojojin da ta ke tura wa Rundunar Sojin Hadin Gwiwa; don haka Senegal ta ci gaba da mamaye rundunar.[17]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 CIA 1985.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hughes, Arnold (1992). "The collapse of the Senegambian confederation". The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 30 (2): 200–222. doi:10.1080/14662049208447632. ISSN 0306-3631.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Richmond, Edmun B. (1993). "Senegambia and the Confederation: History, Expectations, and Disillusions". Journal of Third World Studies. 10 (2): 172–194 [p. 176]. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Richmond 176" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Download Space — Search — The Gambia-Senegal Border: Issues in Regional Integration". download-space.com. Retrieved 2020-05-24. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ "Senegambia | confederation, Africa". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Dwyer 2017.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Richmond 182
  8. ↑ (Daniel ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ↑ Phillips 1987.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named HL 236
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Phillips 1987, p. 7.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Phillips 1987, p. 15.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Phillips 1987, p. 4.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Phillips 1987, pp. 4–5.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Phillips 1987, p. 16.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Phillips 1987, p. 6.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Dwyer 2017, p. 129.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named HL 239
  19. ↑ Dwyer 2017, pp. 129–130.
  20. ↑ Dwyer 2017, pp. 139–143.
  21. ↑ Minahan 2002, p. 399.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Andrew McGregor (21 February 2021). "Is the Curtain Dropping on Africa's Oldest Conflict? Senegal's Offensive in the Casamance". Aberfoyle International Security. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Richmond pp.185–6
  24. ↑ "Rosewood smuggling in The Gambia: Shipping firm halts timber exports".
  25. ↑ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 25.11 CIA 1985, p. 83.
  26. ↑ Dwyer 2017, p. 128.
  27. ↑ Dwyer 2017, pp. 128–129.
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