Ƙwaƙwalwar dan Adam

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Kwayar mutum ita ce tsakiya na tsarin juyayi, kuma tare da kashin baya, ya ƙunshi tsarin juyyar tsakiya. Ya ƙunshi kwakwalwa, ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙwaƙwalwa. Kwayar kwakwalwa tana sarrafa mafi yawan ayyukan jiki, sarrafawa, haɗawa, da daidaita bayanan da take karɓa daga tsarin juyayi. Kwayar tana haɗa bayanan ji kuma tana daidaita umarnin da aka aika wa sauran dikkannin sassan jiki.

Cerebrum, mafi girman ɓangaren kwakwalwar ɗan adam, ya ƙunshi ɓangarora biyu na kwakwalwa. Kowace hemisphere tana da tsakiya na ciki wanda ya ƙunshi fararen abu, da kuma wajen - ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa - wanda ya ƙunshi launin toka. Cortex yana da Layer na waje, neocortex, da allocortex na ciki. Neocortex ya ƙunshi nau'ikan neuronal guda shida, yayin da allocortex yana da uku ko hudu. Kowace hemisphere ta kasu kashi huɗu - lobes na gaba, parietal, temporal, da occipital. Yankin gaba yana da alaƙa da Ayyukan zartarwa ciki har da kame kai, tsarawa, tunani, da tunani mai ban mamaki, yayin da aka keɓe ɓangaren occipital don hangen nesa. A cikin kowane lobe, yankunan cortical suna da alaƙa da takamaiman ayyuka, kamar su yankuna mai ji, motoci, da haɗin kai. Kodayake gefen hagu da na dama suna da kama da siffar da aiki, wasu ayyuka suna da alaƙa da gefe ɗaya, kamar harshe a hagu da ikon gani a dama. Hemispheres suna haɗuwa da jijiyoyin jijiyoyi, mafi girma shine corpus callosum.

Cerebrum yana da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa zuwa kashin baya. Tushen kwakwalwa ya ƙunshi tsakiyar kwakwalwa, Pons, da medulla oblongata. Cerebellum yana da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar nau'i-nau'i uku da ake kira Cerebellar peduncles. A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa shine tsarin ventricular, wanda ya ƙunshi ventricles huɗu da aka haɗa da juna wanda aka samar da ruwa na ƙwaƙwalwa kuma aka rarraba shi. A ƙarƙashin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa akwai tsari da yawa, gami da thalamus, epithalamus, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, da subthalamus; Tsarin limbic, gami na amygdalae da Hippocampi, claustrum, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban na basal, tsarin basal forebrain, da gabobin circumventricular guda uku. Tsarin kwakwalwa waɗanda ba a kan tsakiyar jirgin ba suna cikin nau'i-nau'i; alal misali, akwai hippocampi biyu da amygdalae biyu.

ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa sun haɗa da neurons da Kwayoyin glial masu tallafawa. Akwai fiye da neurons biliyan 86 a cikin kwakwalwa, da kuma adadin sauran sel. Ayyukan kwakwalwa sun yiwu ta hanyar haɗin neurons da sakin su na Neurotransmitters don mayar da martani ga motsin jijiyoyi. Neurons suna haɗuwa don samar da Hanyoyin jijiyoyi, da'irorin jijiyoyi, le tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai zurfi. Dukan kewayon yana motsawa ta hanyar tsarin Neurotransmission.

Kwayar tana karewa ta kwanyar, an dakatar da ita a cikin Ruwan ƙwaƙwalwa, kuma an ware ta daga jini ta hanyar shingen jini-kwakwalwa. Koyaya, kwakwalwa har yanzu tana da saukin kamuwa da Lalacewar, Cutar, da kamuwa da cuta. Lalacewar na iya haifar da rauni, ko asarar jini da aka sani da bugun jini. Kwayar tana iya kamuwa da cututtukan lalacewa, kamar Cutar Parkinson, dementias ciki har da Cutar Alzheimer, da kuma sclerosis mai yawa. Yanayin ƙwaƙwalwa, gami da schizophrenia da baƙin ciki na asibiti, ana zaton suna da alaƙa da rashin aiki na kwakwalwa. Kwayar kwakwalwa na iya zama shafin ciwon daji, duka mai kyau da masu cutarwa; waɗannan galibi sun samo asali ne daga wasu shafuka a cikin jiki.

Nazarin jikin kwakwalwa shine Neuroanatomy, yayin da nazarin aikinsa shine neuroscience. Ana amfani da dabaru da yawa don nazarin kwakwalwa. Samfurori daga wasu dabbobi, waɗanda za a iya bincika su ta hanyar microscopy, a al'adance sun ba da bayanai da yawa. Fasahar Hotunan likita kamar neuroimaging mai aiki, da rikodin electroencephalography (EEG) suna da mahimmanci wajen nazarin kwakwalwa. Tarihin kiwon lafiya na mutanen da ke fama da rauni na kwakwalwa ya ba da haske game da aikin kowane bangare na kwakwalwa. Binciken kimiyyar kwakwalwa ya fadada sosai, kuma ana ci gaba da bincike.

A cikin al'adu, falsafar tunani ta yi ƙoƙari na magance batun yanayin sani da matsalar hankali da jiki. Masanin kimiyya na phrenology ya yi ƙoƙari ya gano halayen mutum ga yankuna na cortex a cikin karni na 19. A cikin almara na kimiyya, ana tunanin kwayar kwakwalwa a cikin labaru kamar 1942 Donovan's Brain