Babban Masallacin Sana'a
| Babban Masallacin Sana'a | |
|---|---|
| Old Sana'a | |
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| Wuri | |
| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Yemen |
| Birni | Sanaa |
| Coordinates | 15°21′11″N 44°12′54″E / 15.35309°N 44.21493°E |
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| History and use | |
| Opening | 7 century |
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Babban Masallacin Sana'a (Larabci: الجامع الكبير بصنعاء, Al-Jāmi' al-Kabīr bi-Sanʿāʾ) Tsohon n masallaci ne a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, Kuma daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai a duniya.[1] An ce an kafa masallacin ne a farkon zamanin Musulunci, wanda aka ce zai kasance a shekara ta 633.[2][3][4][5] Yayin da ba a san takamaiman ranar da za a gina masallacin ba, gyare-gyaren farko da aka rubuta ya faru ne a karkashin Halifa Al-Alid I a farkon karni na 8, wanda ke nuna mai yiwuwa a baya. kwanan watan gini.[4] Rahotanni sun ce an gina masallacin ne a wani bangare na spolia daga fadar Ghumdan ta zamanin Himyarite da kuma cocin Kirista na Axumite na al-Qalis wanda a da ya mamaye wurin.[1][4] Babban Masallacin shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi shahara a cikin masallatai sama da dari a cikin tsohon birnin Sana'a.[3]
An gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin karni na 8, karni na 13, da kuma a zamanin Ottoman.[1] Wani muhimmin abin da aka gano na kayan tarihi shi ne rubutun Sana'a, wanda aka gano a wurin lokacin da aka sake gyarawa a shekara ta 1972. A yau, babban masallacin Sana'a yana cikin wurin tarihi na UNESCO na tsohon birnin Sana'a.[5]
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Wuri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Birnin Sana'a shi ne cibiyar soji na daular Sabeawa kafin zuwan musulunci kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar daular Himyari.[3] Masallacin, wanda Annabi Muhammad ya ba da umarni a gina shi a cikin lambun gwamnonin Farisa,[6] an gina shi ne a kan rugujewar fadar Ghumdan ta Sheba,[1] tsakanin yankuna biyu na Sana'a, Al-Quati da Al-Sailah.[7] An gina Babban Masallaci a kusa da Suq, wanda tuni aka yi shi a lokacin da aka gina shi.[6]
A shekarun baya-bayan nan, tsarin gine-ginen birni, fadadawa da kuma wayar da kan jama'a ya yi tasiri matuka, sakamakon gina babban masallacin da aka yi da wasu masallatai biyu a bangaren arewa na birnin.[7]
Gine-gine
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An gina babban masallacin ne da wani salo na tsakuwa, wanda ke da nasaba da irin wannan tsohon aikin dutsen Axumite na Abyssiniya.[6] An sassaƙa da fenti na katako da aka yi da itacen lacunari.
Tsakar gida tana auna mita 80 zuwa 60 (260 ft × 200 ft), tare da wuraren addu'o'in da aka tsara su ta hanyar arewa zuwa kudu.[4] Zauren da ke da hanyoyi guda uku masu daidaita gabas zuwa yamma an gina su ne da kayayyakin zamanin jahiliyya da aka kawo daga wasu wurare.[4] A cikin tsakar gida akwai wani tsari mai zaman kansa tun daga karni na 16.[4] Ginin daular Usmaniyya ne da ya yi kama da dakin Ka'aba a Makka, duk da haka, ana zargin cewa ba a hade su biyun ba saboda sauye-sauyen kayan kayyakin launi, wanda wata dabara ce ta ablaq, tun kafin Musulunci a yankin.[4] Wannan ginin da farko ya zama taskar masallacin, sannan ya zama wurin ajiyar wakafi[4][6] kuma yana da babban dakin karatu da sauran tsoffin rubuce-rubucen.[1][4] Watakila tun asali wannan ginin ya kasance yana da sigar ruwa kamar tafkin alwala a karkashinsa ga masu son yin tsarki yayin ziyartar masallaci.[6]
Wuraren dutse na ciki na rufin masallacin an ba da shawarar su zama fasalin gine-gine na Byzantine na Daular Axumite.[4][6] Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa daular Axumite ta kafa babban cocinta a cikin birnin Sana'a da kuma ragowar wannan majami'ar, da kuma daga fadar Gumdan da wuraren ibada na Kirista da Yahudawa a cikin babban masallacin.[4] Ƙarin shaida na wannan alaƙa wani rubutu ne a cikin yare kafin zuwan Musulunci na yankin, Sabaic,[3] a cikin tallafin baka na dutse da aka sake amfani da shi yana nuna yana da alaƙa da gine-ginen Byzantine.[4]
Minaret yammacin kasar da aka gina a lokacin da Sarauniya Arwa bint Ahmad ta sake ginawa, ta yi kama da na masallatan zamanin da aka gina a birnin Alkahira, saboda alaka ta kut da kut da daular Fatimi a Masar.[4]
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Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A wajajen shekara ta 630 miladiyya (6H), a cewar majiyoyin Musulunci na farko, an ce Annabi Muhammad ne ya ba da umarnin gina babban masallacin Sana'a,[4][5][8] kuma an san masallacin a matsayin masallacin farko da aka gina a wajen addinin Musulunci. garuruwa masu tsarki na Makka da Madina.[5] A wannan zamani na bayan Hijira (622-632 AD), Sana'a ita ce cibiyar yada addinin Musulunci. Yawancin abubuwan binciken archaeological da aka gano a cikin Babban Masallaci sun tabbatar da hujjar gina shi zuwa zamanin Muhammadu yana raye, ciki har da spolia da dama daga Cathedral na Axumite da kuma daga fadar Himyarite Ghumdan.[4] A karni na 7, ragowar Sana'a kafin jahiliyya sun lalace sosai[5] lokacin da ta zama cibiyar yada addinin Musulunci a farkon shekarun Hijira. Wannan yana tabbatar da abubuwan gine-ginen gine-ginen da aka samu a cikin babban Masallacin kafin Musulunci.[5]
Daga shekara ta 705 zuwa 715 (86-96 AH), khalifan Umayyawa al-Walid na daya ya fadada masallacin. Wani rubutu da aka samu a harabar masallacin ya kasance a shekara ta 753 CE, a zamanin Abbasiyawa.[4]
A shekara ta 876/7 CE, ambaliyar ruwa sau biyu ta yi barna sosai ga masallacin, bayan haka kuma aka gyara shi gaba daya.[4][9]
A farkon karni na 9, an gina minaret a gefen gabas. A shekara ta 911 AD, Karmatis ya mamaye birnin, ya lalata masallacin.[4]
A karni na goma sha biyu, shekara ta 1130 miladiyya, sarauniyar Isma’ili Arwa bint Ahmad ta gyara masallacin da yawa. Ita ce ke da alhakin sassaka silin na masallacin na gabas da yamma da kuma fikafikan arewa. An gina minaret na yammacin masallacin a matsayin wani bangare na wannan gyara.[4]
A farkon karni na 16, an yi wa masallacin gyaran fuska da wani katafaren fili da kuma shimfidar farfajiyar masallacin.[4]
Ganowa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1972-73, lokacin da masu binciken kayan tarihi suka cire filasta, sun gano wasu kayan tarihi 65, da suka hada da tsofaffin rubuce-rubuce da fatu masu yawa, da kuma rubutun Sana’a, wanda ma’aikatan gini suka gano a lokacin da suke gyaran bangon soro.[9] An kuma bankado wasu rubuce-rubucen larabci da ba kasafai suke yi ba, wadanda ke da alaka da farkon Musulunci, zamanin Banu Umayyawa, da fadar Sheba na Ghamdan da lalata shi.[1] Daya daga cikin Alkur’ani da aka samu a nan an ce Imam Ali ne ya rubuta ko kuma ya hada shi, wanda dakin karatu na masallaci ke adana shi.[1] Abubuwan dauri na farko da aka samu a masallacin sun samu rubuce-rubuce sosai daga malamai kamar Ursula Dreibholz[10] (1997).
Sauran abubuwan binciken kayan tarihi da aka gano a Babban Masallacin sun hada da ragowar rumbuna da tsoffin gine-ginen da ke da alaka da babban birnin kasar lokacin da ke dauke da Cocin Axumite na al-Qalis, wanda aka gano a shekara ta 2006.[1][4]
Kiyayyewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban Masallacin yana cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO, wanda aka keɓe a cikin 1986 a matsayin jerin No. 345, karkashin Sharuɗɗa: (iv) (v) (vi), wanda ya haɗa da masallatai 103, hammams 14 da gidaje sama da 6,000 na Sana'a, waɗanda aka gina su kafin ƙarni na sha ɗaya.[5] Kiyaye Babban Masallacin, wanda ke da kima na musamman na addini da na tarihi, Cibiyar Horar da Tarihi da Bincike ta UNESCO ta tallafa wa Asiya da Pacific (Shanghai). Binciken irin barnar da masallacin ya yi a tsawon shekaru aru-aru ya hada da hujjojin ambaliyar ruwa, ruwan sama, da kasa da kasa, da tsofaffin na'urorin lantarki da na'urorin sadarwa, da magudanar ruwa a karkashin kasa, barna da yake-yake, da kuma raunin tsofaffin gine-gine da ke daura da masallacin.[1]
Ana ci gaba da yin gyare-gyare da gyare-gyare a cikin 2003 a cikin matakai, kamar gyaran tsarin lantarki. An sake gyara plaster ɗin, gami da maido da tsohuwar filastar gargajiya da aka fi sani da qudad. An inganta shimfidar fale-falen, an kuma maido da ma'adanai. An gyara wuraren alwala da kuma bandaki na zamani. An kuma yi wasu gyare-gyare a bangaren samar da ruwan sha da magudanar ruwa, da kuma kawar da tsoffin gine-ginen da ba su dace da abubuwan tarihi da na masallacin ba.[1]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 "World Heritage Institute of Training and Research-Asia and Pacific - Restoration of the Great Mosque in Sana'a, Yemen". www.whitr-ap.org. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
- ↑ al-Mad'aj, 'Abd al-Muhsin (1994). New Arabian Studies Volume 1. University of Exeter Press. pp. 175–188. ISBN 9780859894081.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Smith, G.R., “Ṣanʿāʾ”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 08 December 2020 doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0998 First published online: 2012 First print edition: 08033994793.ABA, 1960-2007
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 "Jami' al-Kabir | Aerial view over the Great Mosque of Sana'a". Archnet. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Old City of Sana'a". UNESCO World Heritage Centre (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-12-09.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 "The Old City of Sana'a". Archnet. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Elsheshtawy, Yasser (2004-08-02). Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope (in Turanci). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-41010-1.
- ↑ "درجة الحديث الوارد في مسجد صنعاء الكبير وكيفية تحديد قبلته - إسلام ويب - مركز الفتوى". www.islamweb.net. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Talgam, Rina (2004). The Stylistic Origins of Umayyad Sculpture and Architectural Decoration (in Turanci). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04738-8.
- ↑ Gacek, Adam (2009-06-24). Arabic Manuscripts: A Vademecum for Readers (in Turanci). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17036-0.
Ci gaba da karatu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Finster, Barbara, "Die Freitagsmoschee von Ṣan‘ā’," Baghdader Mitteilungen 9 (1978), p. 92-133; 10 (1979), p. 179-192.
- Finster, Barbara. "Die Grosse Moschee von Ṣan‘ā," Archäologische Berichte aus dem Yemen 1, 1982, p. 197-211, 3, 1986, p. 185-193.
- Finster, Barbara. "Survey islamischer Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler im Yemen - Die Große Moschee von Ṣan‘ā'", Archäologische Berichte aus dem Yemen, III, 1986 (1987), 185–193.
- Costa, Paolo. “La Moschea Grande di San’a,” Annali. Instituto Orientale di Napoli 34 (N.S. 24) (1974), pp/ 487–506.
- Costa, Paolo. Studies in Arabian Architecture, London: Routledge, 1994, chapter II “The Great Mosque of Sanaa.”