Bambancin Aristotle da Plato a ra'in siffofi

Plato da Aristotle su ne manyan masana falsafa na tsohuwar Girka. Babu wani masanain falsafa da ya yi wani abin da ya wuce tsara a tsarin falsafar Yammacin Turai fiye da waɗannan biyun. Tsakanin su, yawancin ginshiƙan ilimin falsafa ko dai sun kasance majagaba ne ko kuma sun haɓaka shi sosai. Amma Plato da Aristotle sun wuce a kira su biyu daga cikin manyan masana falsafa da haziƙai na tsohuwar Girka- su ma Malamai ne a wannan fagen. Duk da haka, bayan lokaci Aristotle ya yi hamayya da mafi shahararren aikin Plato, na ra'in siffofi (Theory of Forms). Me ya sa ɗalibin ya kalubalanci babban jagoransa? Ci gaba da karantawa don ƙarin sani.

Plato da Aristotle sun san juna sosai; Plato ya kafa makaranta a Athens, wanda aka sani da Academy, kuma Aristotle dalibi ne a wurin. Duk da haka, da kuma girmamawar Aristotle ga Plato (da kuma mashawarcin Plato Socrates), tunanin Aristotle ya banbanta sosai da na malaminsa, wanda ya sa su zama abokan hamayyar juna a bangaren ra'ayi.

Aristotle ya yi tunanin cewa ka'idar Plato na Forms ba ta da kyau sosai. Don fahimtar dalilin da yasa, dole ne mu taƙaita ka'idar Plato. Ka'idar Forms tana riƙe cewa gaskiyar kamar yadda ta bayyana a gare mu ta bambanta da gaskiya kamar yadda take. Ma'ana, kamanni na yaudara ne. Hanyar da gaske ake wakilta a cikin Plato's World of Forms, wanda shine jirgin gaskiyar abin da Forms ke wanzuwa.

Amma menene Forms? A cewar Plato, Forms su ne manufa, mahaɗan da ba za a iya gani ba, waɗanda suka dace da abubuwan da ke cikin duniyar bayyanuwa, amma a zahiri su ne mafi kyawun nau'ikan waɗannan abubuwan. Plato ya bayyana a sarari cewa akwai siffofi don ƙarin halaye masu ma'ana - gaskiya, kyakkyawa, nagarta, adalci da sauransu - amma yana ci gaba da komawa kan tambayar ko akwai nau'ikan abubuwa na yau da kullun, sanduna, laka da sauransu. Aristotle, duk da haka, ya soki ka'idar Plato. Ya yi tunanin cewa ya yi yawa m, kuma bai isa ba a cikin ainihin duniya.

Bambance-bambance tsakanin bayyanuwa da gaskiya a Plato a fili yake. Yadda abubuwa suke bayyana, a kowace ma'ana mai mahimmanci, bai dace da yadda ainihin abubuwa suke ba. Ko da yake Plato's World of the Forms yana shagaltar da ra'ayoyi waɗanda ke da bayyanar (cikakke) a cikin Duniyar Bayyanar sa, ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba don fahimtar yadda ainihin abubuwa suke daga yadda abubuwa suke bayyana.

Plato ya yi imanin cewa za mu iya fahimtar yadda abubuwa suke ta hanyar falsafa. Ga Plato, falsafar tana adawa da duk abin da ke bayyane ko bayyane. Manufar falsafar ita ce, ta hanyar tattaunawa mai hankali da fahimta, don gwada tunaninmu don aibi. Wannan ita ce hanyar da yawancin tattaunawar Socratic ta Plato ke tafiya - daga matsayi na tsaro zuwa matsayi na rashin tabbas.

Ga Aristotle, wannan shine ɗayan manyan matsalolin falsafar Plato. Ba ci gaba daga tabbas zuwa rashin tabbas ba - Aristotle hakika ba ya tunanin cewa falsafanci ba shi da wani sabon abu da zai koya mana, babu ƙalubalen da za mu yi wa hanyarmu ta yau da kullum ta tunani game da abubuwa. Duk da haka, Aristotle baya ganin ilimi da gogewa sabanin sabanin haka. Aristotle shi ne abin da aka sani a matsayin empiriricist a cikin al'ada, bin ka'idar cewa ilimi ya zo daga abubuwan da muka samu. Sau da yawa yana adawa da ra'ayi, wanda shine