Barbara

Barbara
Wikimedia disambiguation page (en)

Baybars

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

BaybarsSultan Misr wa al-Sham Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din

Mai yiwuwa hoton Sultan Baybars na kusa-kusa:[1] mai mulki da masu hidima a Baptistère de Saint Louis (1320-1340).[1]

Sarkin Masarautar Masar 24 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1260 zuwa 1 ga watan yuli shekara ta 1277 Coronation 1260 at Salihiyah Predecessor Saif ad-Din Qutuz Magaji Al-Said Barakah

An haife shi 19 ga watan Yuli shekarata 1223 ko shekarar 1228 Dasht-i Kipchak[2] [3] Ya mutu 1 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 1277 (shekaru 50/55) Damascus, Mamluk SultanateSpouseIltutmish KhatunIssue

Al-Said Barakah

Solamish

Khizir

Tidhkarbay Khatun

Namesal-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari Abu al-FutuhHouseZahiriDynastyBahriReligionIslam

Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (Larabci: الملك الذهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري; [a] 1223/1228 - 1 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 1277), wanda aka fi sani da Baibars ko Baybars da أبوtumed الفتوح, lit. 'Baban Nasara'), shi ne sarkin Mamluk na hudu na Masar da Siriya, na asalin Turkic Kipchak, a cikin daular Bahri, ya gaji Qutuz. Yana daya daga cikin kwamandojin sojojin Masar da suka yi galaba a yakin Salibiyya na Bakwai na Sarki Louis na 9 na Faransa. Har ila yau, ya jagoranci dakarun da ke gadin sojojin Masar a yakin Ain Jalut a shekara ta 1260, [4] wanda ya nuna gagarumin shan kashi na farko na sojojin Mongol kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin wani sauyi a tarihi.[5]

Sarautar Baybars ita ce farkon zamanin mamayar Mamluk a Gabashin Mediterrenean kuma ya tabbatar da dorewar tsarin sojan su. Ya yi nasarar share fagen kawo karshen kasancewar ‘yan Salibiyya a yankin Levant tare da karfafa hadin kan kasashen Masar da Syria a matsayin kasar musulmin yankin da ke da karfin tunkarar barazanar ‘yan Salibiyya da na Mongols, har ma ya yi nasarar fatattakar ‘yan tawayen. Masarautar Makuria, wacce ta shahara da rashin nasara a yunkurin mamaye daular musulmi a baya. A matsayinsa na sarki, Baybars suma sun tsunduma cikin harkokin diflomasiyya da aikin soja, wanda hakan ya baiwa Mamluk na Masar damar fadada daularsu sosai.

Sunaye da bayyanarsa

A cikin harshen Turkawa na asali, sunan Baybars yana nufin "babban panther"[6] ko "ubangiji panther"[7] (duba kuma Wiktionary: bay "mai arziki, mai daraja" + pars "damisa, panther").

Gadar da Baybars ta gina kusa da Lod na zamani, tare da rubutu daga shekarar 1273 yana ɗaukaka sultan tare da nuna alamarsa, zaki/panther[8]

Mai yiyuwa ne bisa ma’anar sunansa na Turkawa, Baybars ya yi amfani da panther a matsayin mai ba da labari, kuma ya sanya shi a kan tsabar kuɗi da gine-gine.[6] Zakin da ake amfani da shi a kan gadar da Baybars ta gina kusa da al-Ludd (Lod na yau) yana wasa da bera, wanda za a iya fassara shi da wakiltar abokan gaba na 'yan Salibiyya na Baybars[9].

An bayyana Baybars a matsayin dogon mutum mai fatar zaitun da idanu shudi. Yana da faffadan kafadu, siririyar kafafuwa, da murya mai karfi.[10][11] An ga cewa yana da ido a ido daya[12].

Tarihin Rayuwa

Baybars wani Kipchak ne da ake tunanin an haife shi a yankin steppe a arewacin Bahar Maliya, ko Dasht-i Kipchak a lokacin.[13] [14] [15] [16] Akwai sabani a cikin tarihin haihuwar Ibn Taghrībirdī, tunda ya ce ya faru ne a shekara ta 625 bayan hijira (12 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1227 zuwa 29 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1228) da kuma cewa Baybars yana da kimanin shekara 24 a shekara ta 1247, wanda hakan zai sa haihuwarsa ta kusa 1223. Shi dan kabilar Barli ne. A cewar wani dan uwansa Cuman kuma wanda ya ganewa idonsa, Badr al-Din Baysari, Barli ya tsere daga sojojin Mongols, da nufin za su zauna a ciki.Daular Bulgaria ta biyu (mai suna a cikin kafofin Wallachia). Sun ketare Tekun Bahar Rum daga ko dai Crimea ko Alania, inda suka isa Bulgaria a cikin shekara ta 1242. A halin da ake ciki, Mongols sun mamaye Bulgaria, ciki har da yankunan da 'yan gudun hijirar Cuman suka zauna a kwanan nan.[18] Dukan Baybars, waɗanda suka shaida ana kashe iyayensa, [18] da Baysari suna cikin waɗanda aka kama a lokacin mamayewa kuma an sayar da su zuwa bauta a cikin Sarkin Musulmi Rum a kasuwar bayi a Sivas. Bayan haka, an sayar da shi a Hama ga 'Alā' al-Dīn Īdikin al-Bunduqāri [de], wani Basarake mai daraja, wanda ya kai shi Alkahira. A shekara ta 1247, an kama al-Bunduqārī, sannan Sarkin Masar, As-Salih Ayyub, ya kwace bayinsa, ciki har da Baybars[19].

Al-Sha’rani (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 973/1565) ya lissafta shi a cikin daliban Ibn Arabi[20].

Tashi zuwa mulki

Mamluks karkashin Baybars (rawaya) sun yi yaƙi da Franks da Mongols a lokacin Crusade na tara.

A shekara ta 1250, ya goyi bayan shan kashin da aka yi a yakin Crusade na bakwai na Louis IX na Faransa a manyan yaƙe-yaƙe guda biyu. Na farko shi ne yakin Al Mansurah, inda ya yi amfani da dabarar dabara wajen ba da umarnin bude wata kofa don bari mayakan 'yan Salibiyya su shiga cikin garin; ‘Yan Salibiyya sun garzaya cikin garin da suke zaton ba kowa ne suka tsinci kansu a ciki. Sojojin Masar da jama'ar garin sun yi musu kawanya daga ko'ina, kuma sun sha asara mai yawa. Robert na Artois, wanda ya nemi mafaka a cikin wani gida, [21] [22] da William Longespée ƙaramin duka an kashe su, tare da yawancin Knights Templar. Mayakan Templar biyar ne kawai suka tsere da rai.[23] Na biyu shi ne yakin Fariskur wanda da gaske ya kawo karshen yakin Crusade na bakwai kuma ya kai ga kama Louis IX. Sojojin Masar a wannan yakin sun kasance karkashin jagorancin Sultan Turanshah, karamin dan marigayi As-Salih Ayyub. Jim kadan bayan nasarar da ‘yan Salibiyya suka samu, sai Baybars da gungun sojojin Mamluk suka kashe Turanshah, lamarin da ya kai ga matar as-Salih Ayyub Shajar al-Durr ta nada suna sultana[24].

A cikin shekarar 1254, an sami canjin iko a Masar, yayin da Aybak ya kashe Faris ad-Din Aktai, shugaban Bahri Mamluks. Wasu daga cikin Mamlukinsa, daga cikinsu akwai Baybars da Qalawun al-Alfi, sun gudu zuwa wurin an-Nasir Yusuf a Sham, [25] suna lallashe shi ya karya yarjejeniya [bayani da ake bukata] ya mamaye Masar. Aybak ya rubuta wa an-Nassir Yusuf yana gargadinsa kan hadarin wadannan Mamluk din da suka fake a kasar Sham, kuma ya amince da ba shi yankunansu a gabar teku, amma an-Nasir Yusuf ya ki korarsu, maimakon haka ya mayar musu da yankunan da suka fake. Aybak ya amsa. A shekara ta 1255, an-Nasir Yusuf ya aika da sabbin runduna zuwa kan iyakar Masar, a wannan karon tare da Mamluk na Aktai da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai Baybars, da Qalawun al-Alfi, amma an sake cin nasara a kansa. A shekara ta 1257, Baybars da sauran Bahri Mamluks sun bar Damascus zuwa Kudus, inda suka kori gwamnanta Kütük suka washe kasuwanninta, sannan suka yi haka a Gaza. Daga baya kuma sai suka yi fada da sojojin an-Nasir Yusuf a Nablus, sannan suka gudu suka shiga cikin dakarun al-Mughith Umar [de] a Kerak[26]. Sojojin hadaka sun yi kokarin mamaye kasar Masar a lokacin mulkin Aybak[27].

Daga nan sai Baybars ya aika da Ala al-Din Taybars al-Waziri don ya tattauna da Qutuz game da komawar sa Masar, wanda kuma aka yarda da shi sosai[28]. Har yanzu ya kasance kwamanda a karkashin sultan Qutuz a yakin Ain Jalut a shekara ta 1260, lokacin da ya yi galaba a kan Mongols. Bayan yakin, an kashe Sultan Qutuz (wanda aka fi sani da Kutuez) a lokacin da yake wani balaguron farauta. An ce Baybars na da hannu a kisan saboda yana tsammanin za a ba shi lada da gwamnan Aleppo saboda nasarar da ya samu a soja, amma Qutuz saboda tsoron burinsa ya ki ba shi mukamin.[29] Baybars ya gaji Qutuz a matsayin Sarkin Masar.[30]

Zama Sultan

Ba da dadewa ba da Baybars ya hau Sarautar Sarkin Musulmi, aka tabbatar da ikonsa ba tare da wata turjiya ba, sai daga Alam.al-Din Sinjar al-Halabi, wani amir Mamluk wanda ya shahara kuma yana da karfin da'awar Damascus. Har ila yau, barazanar da Mongols ta kasance mai tsanani har yanzu da za a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin barazana ga hukumomin Baybars. Koyaya, Baybars da farko sun zaɓi yin hulɗa da Sinjar, [31] [32] [33] kuma suka yi tafiya a kan Damascus. A lokaci guda sarakunan Hama da Homs sun tabbatar da samun nasarar fatattakar Mongol a yakin farko na Homs, wanda ya kawar da barazanar Mongol na dan wani lokaci. A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1261, sojojin Baybars sun sami nasarar fatattakar sojojin Sinjar a wajen Damascus, kuma suka ci gaba da kai harin zuwa birnin, inda 'yan kasar suka kasance masu biyayya ga Sinjar tare da yin tir da Baybars, duk da cewa ba da jimawa ba aka murkushe tsayin dakansu.

Haka kuma an yi wata ‘yar gajeruwar tawaye a birnin Alkahira karkashin jagorancin wani jigo na ‘yan Shi’ar mai suna al-Kurani. An ce Al-Kurani ya samo asali ne daga Nishapur[31]. An bayyana cewa Al-Kurani da mabiyansa sun kai farmaki kan shagunan sayar da makamai da wuraren ajiyar makamai na birnin Alkahira a wani samame da suka kai cikin dare. Sai dai Baybars ya yi nasarar murkushe tawayen da sauri yayin da ya kewaye su kuma ya kama su duka. An kashe Al-Kurani da wasu jagororin 'yan tawaye (an gicciye) a Bab Zuweila[31].

Bayan murkushe tawaye na Sinjar, Baybars ya yi nasarar magance Ayyubids, yayin da ya kawar da yariman Kerak a hankali. Ayyubids irin su Al-Ashraf Musa Sarkin Homs da kuma daular Ayyubid Sarkin Hama Al-Mansur Muhammad II, wadanda tun da farko suka kawar da barazanar Mongol, an ba su izinin ci gaba da mulkinsu don musanya musu amincewar Baybars a matsayin Sultan. [34]

Bayan da Mongoliyawa suka hambarar da mulkin halifancin Abbasiyawa a Iraki a shekara ta 1258 lokacin da suka ci birnin Bagadaza suka kori Bagadaza, duniyar musulmi ta rasa wani halifa, shugaban koli na akida wanda wani lokaci ya kan yi amfani da ofishinsa wajen bai wa shugabannin musulmi na nesa halacci ta hanyar aika musu da rubutattun bincike. . Don haka, a lokacin da dan gudun hijiran Abbasiyawa Abu al-Qasim Ahmad, kawun khalifan Abbasiyawa na karshe, al-Musta'sim, ya isa birnin Alkahira a shekara ta 1261, Baybars suka sa shi ya ayyana shi halifa a matsayin al-Mustansir na biyu kuma ya sami bincike a matsayin sarki daga gare shi. Sai dai abin takaicin shi ne, Mongoliya sun kashe al-Mustansir na biyu a lokacin wani balaguron da bai dace ba don kwato Bagadaza daga hannun Mongols daga baya a cikin wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 1262, wani Abbasid, wanda ake zargin babban jikan halifa al-Mustarshid, Abu al-Abbas Ahmad, wanda ya tsira daga yakin da aka sha, aka nada shi halifa a matsayin al-Hakim I, inda ya kaddamar da jerin sunayen sarakunan gargajiya. Khalifofin Abbasiyawa na Alkahira wadanda suka ci gaba har zuwa lokacin daular Mamluk, har zuwa 1517. Kamar wanda ya gabace shi, al-Hakim na I shi ma ya karbi mubaya'ar Baybars kuma ya ba shi halacci. Yayin da mafi yawan al’ummar musulmi ba su dauki wadannan halifofin da muhimmanci ba, kasancewar su kayan aikin sarakuna ne kawai, amma duk da haka suna ba da wani hakki da wani abu na ado ga mulkinsu[34].

Yakin Yakin Da 'Yan Salibiyya

Ƙarin bayani: Siege na Antakiya (A shekarar 1268)

 Tsabar zinari da ake hakowa a qarqashin Baybars, mai rubutun Larabci da hoton fulawa ko zaki a kasansa.

A matsayinsa na sarki, Baybars sun shiga gwagwarmayar rayuwa ta rayuwa da masarautun Salibiyya a Siriya, a wani bangare saboda Kiristoci sun taimaka wa Mongols. Ya fara da Masarautar Antakiya, wadda ta zama wata kasa ta Mongols, kuma ta shiga hare-haren da ake kai wa musulmin Damascus da Siriya. A cikin shekara ta 1263, Baybars ya kewaye Acre, babban birnin ragowar Masarautar Urushalima, ko da yake an yi watsi da kewayen lokacin da ya kori Nazarat a maimakon [35]. Ya yi amfani da injunan kewaye don fatattakar 'Yan Salibiyya a yaƙe-yaƙe irin su Faɗuwar Arsuf daga 21 ga watan Maris, zuwa 30 ga watan Afrilu. Bayan ya shiga cikin garin sai ya ba da kyauta ga Ma'aikatan Asibitin Knights da ke karewa idan sun mika wuyar katangarsu. Knights sun yarda da tayin Baybars amma sun kasance bayi.[36]. Baybars sun rusa katangar kasa.[37] YiDaga baya ya kai hari ga Atlit da Haifa, inda ya kame garuruwan biyu bayan ya rusa tsayin daka na ‘yan Salibiyya, ya kuma rusa katanga.[38]

A cikin wannan shekarar, Baybars sun kewaye katangar Safed, wanda mayakan Templar suka rike, wanda Saladin ya ci nasara a shekarar 1188 amma ya koma Masarautar Urushalima a shekara ta 1240. Baybars ya yi alkawarin wucewa zuwa garin Kirista na Acre. idan sun sallama kagara. Da yawa sun fi yawa, jaruman sun yarda. Bayan mika wuya, Baybars ya karya alkawarinsa kuma ya kashe dukan sansanin Templar. Lokacin da aka kama Safed, Baybars ba su rusa kagaran ƙasa ba amma sun ƙarfafa shi tare da gyara shi a maimakon haka, saboda yana da dabarun da aka gina shi. Ya nada sabon gwamna a Safed, mai mukamin Wali.[39]

Daga baya, a cikin shekara ta 1266, Baybars sun mamaye ƙasar Kilisiya ta Armeniya ta Kirista wadda a ƙarƙashin sarki Hethum I, ta mika wuya ga daular Mongol. Bayan fatattakar sojojin Hethum na daya a yakin Mari, Baybars sun yi nasarar lalata manyan garuruwa uku na Mamistra, Adana da Tarsus, ta yadda lokacin da Hetoum ya isa tare da sojojin Mongol, kasar ta riga ta lalace. Dole ne Hetoum ya yi shawarwari kan dawo da dansa Leo ta hanyar ba da iko da kagaran iyakar Armeniya ga Mamluk. A shekara ta 1269, Hetoum ya yi murabus a matsayin ɗansa kuma ya zama zuhudu, amma ya mutu bayan shekara guda[40]. An bar Leo a cikin yanayi mara kyau na kiyaye Cilicia a matsayin batun daular Mongol, a lokaci guda yana ba da girmamawa ga Mamluks.[41]

Wannan keɓewar Antakiya da Tripoli, ƙarƙashin jagorancin surukin Hethum, Prince Bohemond VI. Bayan nasarar cin nasara a Cilicila, Baybars a cikin 1267 ya zaunar da kasuwancinsa da ba a gama ba tare da Acre, kuma ya ci gaba da kawar da sauran rundunonin 'yan Salibiyya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A cikin shekarar 1268, ya ci Antakiya, ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga watan Mayu. Baybars ya yi alkawarin ceto rayukan mazaunan, amma ya karya alkawarinsa kuma ya sa aka ruguza birnin, ya kashe ko kuma bautar da yawancin jama'a bayan mika wuya[42]. ya haifar da faduwar Masarautar Antakiya. Kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa maza da mata da yara a Antakiya “shi ne kisa mafi girma a dukan zamanin gicciye.”[43] Firistoci sun tsaga makogwaronsu a cikin majami’unsu, aka sayar da mata zuwa bauta.[44]

Sa'an nan ya ci gaba zuwa Jaffa, wanda yake na Guy, ɗan Yahaya na Ibelin. Jaffa ya fadi a Baybars a ranar 7 ga Maris bayan yakin sa'o'i goma sha biyu; An kashe akasarin mutanen Jaffa, amma Baybars sun kyale sansanin ya tafi babu abin da ya same shi.[45] Bayan haka ya ci Ashkelon da Kaisariya.

Haɗin kai tare da Golden Horde

Baybars sun himmatu wajen neman kusanci da Berke, Khan na Golden Horde.[46] Musamman an rubuta shi don karbar sojoji ɗari biyu na farko daga Golden Horde don ziyarce su da kyau, inda Baybars ke lallashe su zuwa musulunta yayin da kuma ya lura da ƙiyayya tsakanin Golden Horde Khan da Hulagu.[46] Baybars, wanda a lokacin ya ci Hulagu, nan da nan ya aika da manzo zuwa Berke don ya sanar da na ƙarshe game da wannan. Daga nan kuma da Berke ya musulunta, sai ya aika da wakilinsa zuwa Masar don ya ba da labari game da wannan al’amari, daga baya kuma Baybars ya kawo wasu jama’a daga Golden Horde da za a tura su Masar, inda su ma suka musulunta[46].

A wani lokaci a wajen Oktoba zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 1267, ko kuma kimanin shekara ta 666 Safar na Hijira, Baybars ta rubuta ta'aziyya da taya murna ga sabon Khan na Golden Horde, Mengu-Timur, don bukace shi da yakar Abaqa. Baybars sun ci gaba da gudanar da wasiku mai dadi tare da Golden Horde, musamman tare da Janar Noqai na Mengu Timur, wanda ba kamar Mengu Timur yana ba da hadin kai da Baybars ba. An yi la'akari da cewa wannan kusantar ba wai saboda alaƙar addini kaɗai ba (kamar yadda Noqai musulmi ne, sabanin Khansa), amma kuma domin Noqai ba ya son Mengu-Timur da gaske. Duk da haka, Baybars ya kasance mai aiki da hankali a tsarinsa kumaba ya so ya shiga cikin ruɗani mai rikitarwa a cikin Golden Horde, don haka sai ya kasance kusa da Mengu Timur da Noqai.[47]

Ci gaba da yakin da 'yan Salibiyya

Ƙarin bayani: Fall of Krak des Chevaliers

A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1271, bayan da Baybars suka kama ƙananan ƙauyuka a yankin, ciki har da Chastel Blanc, ya kewaye Krak des Chevaliers, wanda Asibitoci ke riƙe. Makiyaya da ke zaune a yankin sun gudu zuwa gidan kaso don tsira kuma an ajiye su a cikin unguwar waje. Da Baybars ya isa, sai ya fara kafa mangonels, manyan makamai na kawanya wanda zai kunna katangar. Kamar yadda Ibn Shaddad ya ce, bayan kwana biyu mahara suka kama hanyar kariya ta farko; mai yiwuwa yana nufin wata unguwa mai katanga a wajen kofar gidan.[48] Bayan an shafe kwanaki goma, masu kawayen sun isar da wasiƙa zuwa ga sansanin, wanda ake zaton daga Babban Jagoran Asibitin Knights a Tripoli, Hugues de Revel, wanda ya ba su izinin mika wuya. Sojojin sun mamaye kuma Sarkin Musulmi ya tsira da rayukansu.[48] Sabbin masu gidan sun gudanar da gyare-gyare, sun fi mayar da hankali kan sashin waje.[49] An mayar da dakin ibada na Asibiti zuwa masallaci sannan aka sanya mihrabobi biyu a ciki.[50]

Sai Baybars ya mai da hankalinsa ga Tripoli, amma ya katse kewayensa a wurin don yin sulhu a watan Mayu, shekara ta 1271. Faɗuwar Antakiya ya kai ga taƙaitaccen yakin Crusade na tara, wanda Yarima Edward na Ingila ya jagoranta, wanda ya isa Acre a watan Mayu, shekara ta 1271 kuma ya yi ƙoƙari. don hada kansa da Mongols a kan Baybars. Don haka Baybars suka shelanta sulhu da Tripoli, da kuma Edward, wanda bai taba iya kwace wani yanki daga Baybars ba. A cewar wasu rahotanni, Baybars sun yi ƙoƙari su kashe Edward da guba, amma Edward ya tsira daga yunkurin kuma ya koma gida a shekara ta 1272.

Gangamin yaki da Makuria

Ƙarin bayani: Makuria § Rage (ƙarni na 12 a shekara ta 1365)

Mai yiwuwa hoton sarki Dauda na Makuria akan zanen bango daga Old Dongola

A shekara ta 1265 an yi zargin cewa sojojin Mamluk sun kai hari a Makuria har zuwa kudu har zuwa Dongola[51] yayin da kuma suka fadada zuwa kudu tare da gabar tekun Bahar Maliya ta Afirka, wanda hakan ya yi barazana ga Nubians[52]. A shekara ta 1272 Sarki Dauda ya yi tattaki zuwa gabas ya kai hari kan tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta garin Aidhab, [53] wanda ke kan wata muhimmiyar hanyar aikin hajji zuwa Makka. Sojojin Nubian sun ruguza garin, wanda hakan ya haifar da "kauna ga zuciyar Musulunci"[54]. Wannan ya fara tsoma baki a cikin shekaru da dama daga Mamluk a cikin al'amuran Nubian.[55] An aika da balaguron hukunta Mamluk don amsawa, amma bai wuce cataract na biyu ba.[56] Bayan shekaru uku Makuriyawa sun kai hari tare da halaka Aswan, [53] amma a wannan karon, Baybars ya mayar da martani da ingantacciyar runduna ta tashi daga birnin Alkahira a farkon shekara ta 1276, [54] tare da rakiyar wani dan uwan ​​sarki Dauda mai suna Mashkouda[57] ko Shekanda. [58] Mamluk sun ci Nubians a yaƙe uku a Gebel Adda, Meinarti, daga ƙarshe kuma a Yaƙin Dongola. Dauda ya gudu daga kogin Nilu, daga karshe ya shiga al-Abwab a kudu, [59] wanda a da shi ne lardin Alodia na arewa maso gabas, ya zama masarauta ta kansa.[60] Shi kuwa sarkin al-Abwab ya mika Dauda ga Baybars, wanda ya sa aka kashe shi[61].

Daga nan sai Baybars ya kammala mamaye Nubia, ciki har da Nubia na tsakiya na Medieval wanda Banu Kanz ya mulki. A karkashin sharuɗɗan matsugunin, a yanzu an yi wa Nubians ɗin harajin jizya, kuma aka ba su izinin kiyaye addininsu, ana ba su kariya a ƙarƙashin shari'ar Musulunci a matsayin 'Mutanen Littafi'; Haka kuma an bar su a ci gaba da gudanar da mulkin wani sarki daga gidan sarautar, ko da yake wannan sarki Baybars ne ya zaɓe shi da kansa, wato wani mai martaba Makuriyya mai suna Shakanda[62]. A aikace wannan yana rage Makuria zuwa masarautar vassal, [63] yadda ya kamata ya kawo karshen matsayin Makuria a matsayin masarauta mai cin gashin kanta.

Ci gaba da yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Ilkhanate

A shekara ta 1277.Baybars sun mamaye Seljuq Sultanate na Rûm, sannan Mongols Ilkhanate ke iko da su. Ya ci sojojin Ilkhanate a yakin Elbistan[64] ya kuma kwace birnin Kayseri. Baybars da kansa ya tafi tare da wasu dakaru don tunkarar bangaren dama na Mongol da ke buga reshen hagu.[65] Baybars ya umurci wata runduna daga Hama don ƙarfafa hagunsa. Manya-manyan lambobi na Mamluk sun yi nasarar mamaye sojojin Mongol, wadanda maimakon ja da baya suka sauka daga kan dawakansu. Wasu Mongols sun sami damar tserewa kuma suka hau kan tuddai. Da aka kewaye su sai suka sake sauka, suka yi yaƙi har suka mutu[65][66]. A yayin bikin nasara, Baybars ya ce: "Yaya zan yi farin ciki? Kafin in yi tunanin cewa ni da bayina za mu ci nasara da Mongols, amma suka buge fifuna na hagu, Allah ne kawai ya taimake mu"[67].

Yiwuwar sabon sojojin Mongol ya shawo kan Baybars ya koma Siriya, tunda ya yi nisa da sansanonin sa da layin samar da kayayyaki. Yayin da sojojin Mamluk suka koma Sham, kwamandan rundunar masu gadin Mamluk, Izz al-Din Aybeg al-Shaykhi, ya gudu zuwa Mongols. Pervâne ya aika da wasika zuwa ga Baybars yana neman ya jinkirta tafiyarsa. Baybars sun azabtar da shi saboda rashin taimaka masa a lokacin yakin Elbistan. Baybars ya gaya masa cewa zai tafi Sivas don yaudarar Pervâne da Mongols game da ainihin inda yake. Har ila yau, Baybars ya aika da Taybars al-Waziri tare da runduna don kai farmaki a garin al-Rummana na Armeniya, wanda mazaunansa suka boye Mongols tun da farko.[68]

Mutuwa

Mausoleum chamber of sultan Baybars (A shekara ta 1260 zuwa shekarar 1277) a cikin Al-Zahiriyah Library a Damascus

Baybars ya mutu a Damascus a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1277, yana da shekaru 53. Rasuwar tasa ta kasance batun wasu hasashe na ilimi. Majiya da dama sun yarda cewa ya mutu ne sakamakon shan kumi mai guba da aka yi wa wani. Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa ya mutu ne daga rauni a lokacin yakin neman zabe, ko kuma rashin lafiya[69]. An binne shi a dakin karatu na Az-Zahiriyah da ke Damascus.[70]

Iyali

Sultan Baybars ya auri wata mace mai daraja daga Tripoli (Labanon ta yau) mai suna Aisha al Bushnatiya, wani fitaccen dangin Larabawa. A’isha jaruma ce wacce ta yaki ‘Yan Salibiyya tare da yayanta Laftanar Hassan. Ta sadu da Sultan Baybars bayan ya yada zango a Tripoli a lokacin da aka kewaye shi. Akwai labarai masu karo da juna na ko Aisha ta dawo tare da Baybars zuwa Masar ko kuma ta yi shahada a Tripoli.

Daya daga cikin matan Baibar diyar Amir Sayf ad-Din Nogay at-Tatari.[71] Wata matar kuma ita ce ‘yar Amir Sayf ad-Din Giray at-Tatari.[71] Wata matar kuma ita ce ‘yar Amir Sayf ad-Din Tammaji.[71] Wata matar kuma ita ce Iltutmish Khatun.[72] Ita ce 'yar Barka Khan tsohon amir Khwarazmian. Ita ce mahaifiyar dansa Al-Said Barakah.[73] Ta rasu a shekara ta 1284-85.[72] Wata matar kuma ita ce ‘yar Karmun Agha, Amir Mongol.[74] Yana da ‘ya’ya uku al-Said Barakah, Solamish da Khizir.[71] Yana da ‘ya’ya mata bakwai [71] ]aya daga cikinsu ana ce masa Tidhkarbay Khatun[75].

Gado

Karin bayani: Yakin Ain Jalut Na Bakwai, Yakin Na Tara, Da Yakin Ain Jalut

Tsohon tagulla na Sultan Baibars a Alkahira, a gidan tarihin soja na Masar

A matsayinsa na Sarkin Musulmi na farko na daular Bahri Mamluk, Baybars ya yi rawar gani a cikin al'ummar Mamluk, inda ya jagoranci dakarun Mamluk a yakin Ain Jalut mai tsanani a shekara ta 1260, inda ya fatattaki sojojin Mongol daga Siriya.[76] Duk da cewa a duniyar musulmi an dauke shi a matsayin gwarzon kasa tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kuma a yankin Gabas ta Kusa da Kazakhstan har yanzu ana daukarsa a matsayin haka, an rika zagin Baybars a duniyar kiristoci a lokacin saboda yakin da ya yi na yaki da ‘yan Salibiyya. Wani jarumin Templar wanda ya yi yaƙi a Crusade na bakwai ya yi kuka:

Haushi da bak'in ciki sun zauna a cikin zuciyata...da k'arfi har na k'arasazauna da rai. Da alama Allah ya taimaki Turkawa da rashin mu...ah, ya Ubangiji...kash, daular gabas ta yi asara ta yadda ba za ta sake tashi ba. Za su yi wani masallaci na sufayen Maryamu, kuma tun da sata ta faranta wa danta rai, wanda ya kamata ku yi kuka a kan haka, mu ma dole ne mu bi...Duk mai son yakar Turkawa ya haukace, domin Yesu Kiristi baya fada. su kuma. Sun ci nasara, za su ci nasara. Domin a kowace rana suna kore mu, suna sane da cewa Allah da yake a farke, yana barci yanzu, kuma Muhammadu yana da ƙarfi[77].

Baybars kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawo Mongoliya zuwa Musulunci[46]. Ya haɓaka dangantaka mai ƙarfi tare da Mongols na Golden Horde kuma ya ɗauki matakai don Mongols na Golden Horde don tafiya zuwa Masar. Zuwan Mongol's Golden Horde zuwa Masar ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na Mongols karbar Musulunci.[78]

Gadon soja

Baybars ya kasance mashahurin mai mulki a duniyar musulmi wanda ya yi galaba a kan ‘yan Salibiyya a yakin neman zabe guda uku, da kuma Mongols a yakin Ain Jalut wanda malamai da dama ke ganin yana da matukar muhimmanci a tarihi. Domin ya tallafa wa yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja, Baybars ya ba da izini ga arsenal, jiragen ruwa na yaƙi da jiragen ruwa. Har ila yau, za a iya cewa shi ne farkon wanda ya yi amfani da bindigogi masu fashewa a cikin yaki, a yakin Ain Jalut.[79][80Kamfen din sojan nasa ya kuma fadada zuwa Libya da Nubia.

Al'adu da kimiyya

Ƙarin bayani: Islama da cats

Ya kuma kasance ƙwararren mai gudanarwa wanda ya ɗauki sha'awar gina ayyukan more rayuwa daban-daban, kamar tsarin isar da saƙon da ke da ikon isar da shi daga Alkahira zuwa Damascus cikin kwanaki huɗu. Ya gina gadoji, ban ruwa da magudanan ruwa, ya inganta tashar jiragen ruwa, ya gina masallatai. Ya kasance majibincin ilimin addinin musulunci, kamar taimakon da yake bayarwa ga binciken likitancin likitansa Balarabe, Ibn al-Nafis.[81] A matsayin shaida na dangantaka ta musamman tsakanin Musulunci da kuliyoyi, Baybars sun bar wani lambun kawaye a birnin Alkahira a matsayin wakafi, suna ba wa kyanwar Alkahira abinci da matsuguni.[82]

An rubuta abubuwan tarihinsa a cikin Sirat al-Zahir Baibars ("Life of al-Zahir Baibars"), sanannen soyayyar Larabci da ke rikodin yaƙe-yaƙe da nasarorin da ya samu. Yana da matsayi na jarumtaka a Kazakhstan, da kuma Masar, Falasdinu, Labanon da Siriya.

Makarantar Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya ita ce makarantar da aka gina dab da Mausoleum dinsa da ke birnin Damascus.