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Basilica

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
basilica
building type (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na coci
Suna saboda civil basilica (en) Fassara
Has characteristic (en) Fassara floor plan (en) Fassara

A cikin gine-ginen Romawa na d ¯ a, gidan basilica (Greek Basiliké) babban ginin jama'a ne tare da ayyuka da yawa waɗanda aka saba ginawa tare da dandalin birni. Basilica ta kasance a cikin Latin Yamma daidai da stoa a Gabas ta Girka. Ginin ya ba da sunansa ga tsarin gine-ginen basilica.[1]

Asali, Basilica tsohon ginin jama'a ne na Romawa, inda ake gudanar da kotuna, da kuma hidimar wasu ayyuka na hukuma da na jama'a. Basilicas yawanci gine-gine ne na rectangular tare da cibiyar tsakiya mai gefe biyu ko fiye na tsayin tsayi, tare da rufin a matakai biyu, kasancewa mafi girma a tsakiya a kan nave don shigar da clerestory da ƙasa a kan tituna na gefe. Rashin jin daɗi a ƙarshen ɗaya, ko ƙasa da yawa a ƙarshen biyu ko a gefe, yawanci yana ƙunshe da ƙarar kotun da alkalan Romawa ke mamayewa. Basilica ta kasance a tsakiya a kowane gari na Romawa, yawanci kusa da taron kuma sau da yawa a gaban haikali a cikin taron zamanin daular.[2] An kuma gina Basilicas a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu da kuma gidajen sarauta kuma an san su da "basilicas fadar".

Tsatso

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Kalmar Latin Basilica ta samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Girkanci: βασιλικὴ στοά, romanized: basilikḗ stoá, lit. 'Royal Stoa'. Basilica na farko da aka sani - Basilica Porcia a cikin Dandalin Roman - an gina shi a cikin 184 BC ta Marcus Porcius Cato (Dattijo).[3] Bayan gina babban cocin Cato the Elder, kalmar ta zo a yi amfani da duk wani babban ɗakin da aka rufe, ko ana amfani da shi don ayyukan gida, wurin kasuwanci ne, tsarin soja, ko ginin addini.[4]

Wasan kwaikwayo na Plautus sun nuna cewa gine-ginen Basilica na iya wanzu kafin ginin Cato. An tsara wasan kwaikwayo tsakanin 210 zuwa 184 BC kuma ana nufin wani gini da za a iya gane shi da Atrium Regium.[3] Wani misali na farko shine Basilica a Pompeii (ƙarni na 2 BC). Ƙilawa ta fito ne daga samfura irin su Stoa Basileios na Athens ko kuma ɗakin dakuna a Delos, amma tsarin gine-ginen ya fi samo asali ne daga zauren taron jama'a a cikin gidajen sarauta na masarautun Diadochi na zamanin Hellenistic. Waɗannan ɗakuna yawanci wani babban jirgin ruwa ne wanda ke gefensa.[5]

Jamhuriyar Romawa

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Doguwar Basilicas mai siffar rectangular tare da peristyle na ciki ya zama wani abu mai mahimmanci na birni na Romawa, sau da yawa yana samar da tsarin gine-gine zuwa dandalin birni kuma ana amfani da shi don dalilai daban-daban[6]. An fara da Cato a farkon ƙarni na biyu kafin haihuwar Yesu, ’yan siyasa na Jamhuriyar Roma sun yi gasa da juna ta hanyar gina basilicas da ke ɗauke da sunayensu a Dandalin Romanum, cibiyar tsohuwar Roma. A waje da birnin, basilicas alama ce ta tasiri na Roma kuma ya zama wani wuri mai mahimmanci na mulkin mallaka na Roman na marigayi Jamhuriyar daga c. 100 BC. Basilica na farko da ya tsira shine Basilica na Pompeii, wanda aka gina 120 BC.[7] Basilicas su ne cibiyoyin gudanarwa da kasuwanci na manyan ƙauyuka na Romawa: "maganin gine-ginen gine-gine na gwamnatin Romawa"[8]. A gefensa akwai ofisoshi da ɗakuna daban-daban waɗanda ke ɗauke da curia da wurin ibada na tutela. Kamar wuraren wanka na jama'a na Romawa, ana amfani da basilicas a matsayin wuraren baje kolin mutum-mutumi masu daraja da sauran sassaƙaƙe, da ke cike wuraren jama'a na waje da tituna.[9]

Daular Baya

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An fara da Forum na Kaisar (Latin: forum Iulium) a ƙarshen jamhuriyar Rum, an ƙawata tsakiyar Roma tare da jerin abubuwan da aka kwatanta da babban sararin samaniya wanda ke kewaye da wani ɓarna, siffofi masu daraja na dangin sarki ( gens), da Basilica, sau da yawa tare da wasu wurare kamar haikali, dakunan kasuwa da dakunan karatu na jama'a. A zamanin daular, ana yawan girka gumakan sarakuna masu rubuce-rubucen sadaukarwa a kusa da kotunan basilicas, kamar yadda Vitruvius ya ba da shawarar. Misalan irin waɗannan rubutun sadaukarwa an san su daga Basilicas a Lucus Feroniae da Veleia a Italiya da kuma a Cuicul a Afirka Proconsolaris, kuma ana iya ganin rubutun kowane iri a cikin Basilicas da kewaye.[10]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Henig, Martin (ed.), A Handbook of Roman Art, Phaidon, p. 55, 1983, ISBN 0714822140; Sear, F. B., "Architecture, 1, a) Religious", section in Diane Favro, et al. "Rome, ancient." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 March 2016, subscription required
  2. ↑ Henig, Martin (ed.), A Handbook of Roman Art, Phaidon, p. 55, 1983, ISBN 0714822140; Sear, F. B., "Architecture, 1, a) Religious", section in Diane Favro, et al. "Rome, ancient." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 March 2016, subscription required
  3. ↑ Roberts, John, ed. (2007), "basilica", The Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780192801463.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-280146-3
  4. ↑ Roberts, John, ed. (2007), "basilica", The Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780192801463.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-280146-3
  5. ↑ Dumser, Elisha Ann (2010), "Basilica", in Gagarin, Michael (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-517072-6
  6. ↑ Donati, Jamieson C. (4 November 2014), Marconi, Clemente (ed.), "The City in the Greek and Roman World", The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Art and Architecture (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783304.013.011, ISBN 978-0-19-978330-4
  7. ↑ Donati, Jamieson C. (4 November 2014), Marconi, Clemente (ed.), "The City in the Greek and Roman World", The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Art and Architecture (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783304.013.011, ISBN 978-0-19-978330-4
  8. ↑ Davis, Thomas W. (2019), Caraher, William R.; Davis, Thomas W.; Pettegrew, David K. (eds.), "New Testament Archaeology Beyond the Gospels", The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Archaeology, Oxford University Press, pp. 45–63, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199369041.013.34, ISBN 978-0-19-936904-1
  9. ↑ Kristensen, Troels Myrup (2019), Caraher, William R.; Davis, Thomas W.; Pettegrew, David K. (eds.), "Statues", The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Archaeology, Oxford University Press, pp. 332–349, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199369041.013.19, ISBN 978-0-19-936904-1
  10. ↑ Vitruvius, De architectura, V:1.6
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