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Bauta a Afirka

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Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Bauta a Afirka

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Wannan labarin yana magana ne game da bautar tarihi a Afirka. Don bautar zamani a Afirka, duba Bauta a Afirka ta zamani.

Bauta a tarihi ya yadu a Afirka. Tsarin bauta da bauta sun taɓa zama ruwan dare gama gari a sassan Afirka, kamar yadda suke a yawancin duniyar da da da dadewa.[1] Lokacin da aka fara cinikin bayi da ke ketare Sahara, cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya, cinikin bayi a Tekun Indiya da cinikin bayi na Atlantic (wanda ya fara a karni na 16), yawancin tsarin bayi na gida na Afirka sun fara ba da fursunoni don kasuwannin bayi a wajen Afirka.[2][3] Bautar da ake yi a Afirka ta zamani har yanzu ana yin ta a wasu sassa duk da cewa haramun ne. A cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka dace ana rarraba bautar Afirka zuwa cikin bautar yan asalin kasa da bautar da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje, dangane da ko an sayar da bayi ko a'a bayan nahiyar.[4] Bauta a Afirka ta tarihi an yi ta da nau'o'i daban-daban: bautar bashi, bautar fursunonin yaƙi, bautar soja, bautar karuwanci, bautar masu laifi, duk an yi su a sassa daban-daban na Afirka.[5] Bautar gida da kotu ta yaɗu a duk faɗin Afirka. Har ila yau, bautar shuka ta faru, musamman a gabashin gabar tekun Afirka da kuma wasu sassan Afirka ta Yamma. Muhimmancin bautar shukar cikin gida ya karu a cikin karni na 19, saboda kawar da cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Yawancin kasashen Afirka da suka dogara da cinikin bayi na kasa da kasa sun sake daidaita tattalin arzikinsu zuwa ga halaltacciyar kasuwanci ta aikin bayi.[6]

Siffofin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bauta da bauta da yawa sun wanzu a cikin tarihin Afirka, kuma an tsara su ta hanyar ayyukan bautar na asali da kuma cibiyar bautar da Romawa (da kuma ra'ayoyin Kirista na baya game da bautar), cibiyoyin Musulunci na bauta ta hanyar cinikin bayi na musulmi, da kuma daga karshe cinikin bayin Atlantika.[7] Bauta wani bangare ne na tsarin tattalin arzikin al'ummomin Afirka tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kodayake girman ya bambanta. [8] Ibn Battuta, wanda ya ziyarci tsohuwar daular Mali a tsakiyar karni na 14, ya ba da labarin cewa mazauna yankin sun yi kokawa da juna a yawan bayi da bayi da suke da su, kuma an ba shi da kansa yaro bawa a matsayin "kyauta ta karbar baki."[9] A yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, dangantakar bawa ta kasance mai sarkakiya, tare da hakki da yanci da ake baiwa daidaikun mutane da ake bautar da su da kuma hana sayarwa da kula da iyayengijinsu.[10] Yawancin al'ummomi suna da matsayi tsakanin nau'ikan bayi daban-daban: misali, banbance tsakanin waɗanda aka haife su cikin bauta da waɗanda aka kama ta hanyar yaki.[11]


Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Stilwell, Sean (2013), "Slavery in African History", Slavery and Slaving in African History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 38, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003, ISBN 978-1-139-03499-9, For most Africans between 10000 BCE to 500 CE, the use of slaves was not an optimal political or economic strategy. But in some places, Africans came to see the value of slavery. In the large parts of the continent where Africans lived in relatively decentralized and small-scale communities, some big men used slavery to grab power to get around broader governing ideas about reciprocity and kinship, but were still bound by those ideas to some degree. In other parts of the continent early political centralization and commercialization led to expanded use of slaves as soldiers, officials, and workers.
  2. ↑ Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.
  3. ↑ Sparks, Randy J. (2014). "4. The Process of Enslavement at Annamaboe". Where the Negroes are Masters : An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade. Harvard University Press. pp. 122–161. ISBN 9780674724877.
  4. ↑ Dirk Bezemer, Jutta Bolt, Robert Lensink, "Slavery, Statehood and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa", AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY WORKING PAPER SERIES, No. 6/2012, p. 6
  5. ↑ Foner, Eric (2012). Give Me Liberty: An American History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 18.
  6. ↑ David Eltis; Stanley L. Engerman; Seymour Drescher; David Richardson, eds. (2017). "Slavery in Africa, 1804-1936". The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Vol. 4. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139046176. ISBN 9781139046176.
  7. ↑ Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.
  8. ↑ Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.
  9. ↑ Noel King (ed.), Ibn Battuta in Black Africa, Princeton 2005, p. 54.
  10. ↑ Fage, J.D. (1969). "Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History". The Journal of African History. 10 (3): 393–404. doi:10.1017/s0021853700036343. S2CID 162902339.
  11. ↑ Rodney, Walter (1966). "African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade". The Journal of African History. 7 (3): 431–443. doi:10.1017/s0021853700006514. JSTOR 180112. S2CID 162649628.
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