Caroline Hewins
 Caroline Hewins | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa |
Roxbury (en)  , 10 Oktoba 1846 |
| ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Mutuwa | 4 Nuwamba, 1926 |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta |
Trinity College (en) Jamaica Plain High School (en) |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
librarian (en) |
| Employers |
Hartford Public Library (en) |
| Kyaututtuka |
gani
|
Caroline Maria Hewins, (Oktoba 10, 1846 - Nuwamba 4,1926)ma'aikaciyar ɗakin karatu ce Ba'amurke.
Dakunan karatu na Amurka sun haɗa da Caroline Hewins a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 100 Mafi Muhimman Shugabanni da muke da su a cikin ƙarni na 20 don aikinta na ma'aikaciyar ɗakin karatu,inda aka lura da ita saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga ayyukan ɗakin karatu na yara [1]Ta kasance ma'aikaciyar ɗakin karatu a Cibiyar Matasa ta Hartford.,wanda yanzu aka sani da Hartford Public Library a Hartford,Connecticut fiye da shekaru hamsin. Marubuciya da kuma ma'aikacin laburare,ta ba da gudummawa ba kawai ga faɗaɗa ayyukan ɗakin karatu na yara a duk faɗin Amurka ba,har ma da faɗaɗa membobin ɗakin karatu,da kuma sauya shi daga ɗakin karatu na biyan kuɗi zuwa ɗakin karatu na jama'a kyauta.
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Caroline Hewins a Roxbury,Massachusetts a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1846.[2]A cikin littafin tarihin rayuwar ɗan adam,Child Mid-Century da Littattafanta, Hewins ya rubuta cewa bayan ɗan motsa jiki,danginta sun zauna a West Roxbury lokacin da take kusan shekara bakwai.[3]Ita ce babba a cikin yara tara.[4]Mahaifinta hamshakin attajiri ne dan kasuwan Boston wanda ya samar da gida mai dadi ga matarsa, 'ya'yansa, da kuma babban dangin inna,kawu,da kakanni.Caroline ta koyi karatu tun tana ɗan shekara huɗu. Ƙaunar littattafai ta ƙaru yayin da take karanta wa ƙannenta kuma yayin da ta ci gaba zuwa karatun tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi,na Turanci,da labaru daga al'adun adabin Girka,Roman,da na Turai.[5]
Ilimi
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Ilimin ƙuruciyar Caroline Hewin ya ƙunshi makaranta mai zaman kansa, kafin ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Eliot.Bayan kammala karatunta na sakandare,ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta ‘yan mata inda ta kammala karatunta,duk da cewa da farko ta bayyana cewa ta samu matsala wajen daidaitawa da sabon yanayin karatun ta.[6]Bayan kammala karatun,an ɗauke ta hayar don yin binciken Yaƙin Basasa a Boston Athenaeum.A nan ne ta sami ɗan taƙaitaccen horon ɗakin karatu,koyan ingantaccen aikin bibliographic yayin aiki na shekara ɗaya a ƙarƙashin William Frederick Poole.Ta yi bayanin a taƙaice cewa a wannan lokacin ta sami labarin abubuwan da ke cikin ɗakin karatu da yadda ake sarrafa shi da kuma ba da kuɗi.[7]A cikin 1911,an ba Hewins lambar yabo ta digiri na fasaha daga Hartford's Trinity College don amincewa da shekaru 51 na hidima a ɗakin karatu.Ita ce mace ta farko da kwalejin ta karrama ta.
Sana'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Caroline Hewins ta bar Boston Athenaeum don ɗaukar aiki a matsayin mai karatu a Cibiyar Matasa ta Hartford inda ta yi aiki daga 1875 har zuwa mutuwarta a 1926.[4]Lokacin da aka ɗauke ta aiki tana da shekara 29,Cibiyar Matasa ta kasance ɗakin karatu na biyan kuɗi tare da membobin 600.Ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka keɓe don koyo,laccoci,da muhawara. Hewins ya kula da ɗakin karatu ta wasu muhimman canje-canje. A cikin 1878,Cibiyar Matasa ta haɗu da Ƙungiyar Lantarki ta Hartford kuma, shekaru goma bayan haka,kyauta mai karimci ya baiwa ɗakin karatu damar gudanar da babban aikin fadadawa. A cikin 1892,Hewins ya lura da canjin ɗakin karatu daga na sirri, sabis na biyan kuɗi zuwa ɗakin karatu na jama'a kyauta, kuma an haifi Hartford Public Library. Nan da nan ɗakin karatu ya tashi daga membobinsa 600 masu biyan kuɗi zuwa dubunnan masu amfani da damar shiga kyauta. Domin ingantacciyar hidima ga al'umma, Hewins ya faɗaɗa sa'o'in ɗakin karatu don haɗawa da ranakun Lahadi domin ma'aikata su sami damar cin gajiyar albarkatun cibiyar.A shekara ta 1895 ta buɗe ɗakin karatu na reshe na farko a Gidan Matsugunan Titin Arewa inda take zama,tana ba da aikin sa'a ɗaya kowace maraice.Jajircewarta na samun nasarar reshen da kuma jin daɗin aikin da ake yi a wurin yana da ƙarfi sosai har ta kai shekara goma sha biyu ta zauna a can.[8]
Gudunmawa ga fannin kimiyyar ɗakin karatu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gudunmawa ga ayyukan ɗakin karatu na yara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Caroline Hewins galibi ana samun lada saboda gudunmawarta ga ayyukan ɗakin karatu na yara.Shirye-shiryen Hewins na yara,tare da labaranta na ilimi da jerin littattafan yara da aka ba da shawarar,sun yi tasiri ga tsararrun ma'aikatan ɗakin karatu na yara da masu buga littattafan yara da kantin sayar da littattafai.Kafin lokacinta, hidimar ɗakin karatu ga yara ba ta wanzu ba. Yara ƴan ƙasa da shekara 12 galibi ba a ba su izinin kula da ɗakunan karatu ba lokacin da ta fara aikinta a matsayin ma'aikacin ɗakin karatu. [9] Duk da wannan,ɗayan manyan nasarorin da ta samu shine nasarar da ta samu na ƙara ɗakin yara a 1904 kafin ƙarshen aikinta a ɗakin karatu na Hartford Public Library. [10]Tunanin samun ɗakin yara a ɗakin karatu yana da tasiri sosai.Ba da daɗewa ba,wasu ɗakunan karatu sun bi misalinta kuma suka fara ƙara ɗakunan yara. [4]Ta kuma ɗauki hayar ma'aikacin ɗakin karatu na farko na yara a cikin 1907.
Mai ba da shawara ga yara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta karɓi matsayin ɗakin karatu a Cibiyar Matasa ta Hartford a 1876,ta fara gayyatar yara zuwa ɗakin karatu.[11]Cibiyar Nazarin Cibiyar ba ta maraba da yara ba,amma Hewins ya canza wannan da sauri,kuma ya tattara littattafai na Grimm,Andersen, Hawthorne, Thackeray da Dickens don samar musu da kusurwa.Shekaru uku bayan isa Cibiyar Matasa ta Hartford,ta fara haɗa jerin sunayen yara a cikin labaran labarai na ɗakin karatu.[12]Mai ra'ayi, iconoclastic kuma ba mai bin dokoki da wasu suka kafa ba,ta yi imanin cewa yara sun cancanci mafi kyawun littattafai fiye da labarun Horatio Alger na tashin hankali da kuma litattafan mako-mako na jaridar penny. Dakin yara da ta kafa yana da kayan daki masu dacewa da shekaru daban-daban na yara,hotunan furanni, haske mai yawa da kuma kare mazaunin yaran da suka sanya suna. Ta yi amfani da ikon ’yan jarida na gida da ƙwararrun littattafan karatu na lokaci-lokaci don ƙarfafa iyaye su kawo ’ya’yansu zuwa ɗakunan karatu,su yi karatu tare da su,da zabar littattafai masu inganci waɗanda za su zaburar da matasa tunanin.[13]
Har ila yau Hewins sun yi yaƙi da "tattaunawar adabi."A cikin takaddamar 1905 kan littattafan The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn da The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, ɗakin karatu na Jama'a na Brooklyn ya haramta duka ayyukan biyu daga sashin yara.An yi suka sosai kan wannan mataki a jaridu a fadin kasar.A matsayinsa na babban ma’aikacin laburare a Hartford Public, Hewins ya ki hana su shiga sabon ɗakin karatu na yara da aka buɗe.
Haɗa ɗakunan karatu da makarantu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hewins ta yi nisa kafin lokacinta game da gina alaƙa tsakanin ɗakin karatu da makarantun gida.Ta yi haɗin gwiwa da makarantun gida,yawanci tana ba su shayi a gidanta,don yara su sami damar samun albarkatun ɗakin karatu.Hewins kuma ya kafa Ƙungiyar Ilimi don iyaye da malamai,wanda daga baya za a san shi da Ƙungiyar Iyaye-Malamai. Ta tattara litattafai da za a yi amfani da su a cikin azuzuwan birni, kuma ta sanya ɗakin karatu ya zama wurin ƙungiyoyin littattafai,wasan kwaikwayo,nune-nunen da bukukuwa. Ta fadada ayyukan Cibiyar zuwa makarantun cikin gida ta hanyar lallashe su da su nemo hanyoyin da za su biya kudin shiga na shekara,ta yadda makarantun za a iya kawo musu littafai daga dakin karatu,ta yadda dalibai za su ci gajiyar wannan dakin karatu tun daga makarantar. aji.[14]A lokacin da biyan kuɗin da aka biya ga ɗakin karatu ya kasance $3 a kowace shekara don aro littafi ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya,Hewins ya yi aiki tare da makarantun Hartford na gida don samar da katunan biyan kuɗi ga yara, a kan kowane kati. [13] A lokacin da ɗakin karatu ya zama sabis na kyauta a cikin 1892,Miss Hewins ta riga ta rage kuɗin biyan kuɗin shekara zuwa $1 kuma ta ninka yawan membobin.[13]
Rubutun ga yara
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Hewins marubuci ne mai ƙwazo kuma a cikin 1882,ta buga "Littattafai don Matasa",jagora mai tasiri da jerin littattafan da aka ba da shawarar don ɗakunan karatu don samun samuwa ga yara.Wannan shi ne littafin littafi na farko da aka yi niyya don yara kuma yawancin masu karatu da masu sayar da littattafai sun yi amfani da shi.Littafin ya yi tasiri sosai har Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amirka ta karɓe ta kuma ta gyara ta don amfani da ita daga baya. [15] Shekaru shida bayan haka labarinta a cikin watan Janairun 1888 na Atlantic Monthly kan tarihin littattafan yara ya daukaka batun zuwa matsayin adabin yara,wanda ya cancanci a ba da kulawar masana.Hewins koyaushe tana tunanin hanyoyin da za ta kai ga yara don haka lokacin da ta yi tafiya,musamman a ƙasashen waje,ta rubuta wasiƙu masu yawa zuwa ga matasan ɗakin karatu.An tattara waɗannan wasiƙun kuma an buga su a cikin 1923 a matsayin Wasiƙun Matafiya zuwa Sama da 'Yan Mata.
Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lokacin da aka kafa Ƙungiyar Laburaren Amirka (ALA) a cikin 1876,Caroline ta shiga,ta zama ɗaya daga cikin membobin farko. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta ba da jawabi a taron ta na shekara-shekara. Ta kuma taimaka wajen samo sashin yara na ALA a 1900. A cikin 1882, ta hanyar ALA,Hewins ya aika da takardar tambaya zuwa dakunan karatu ashirin da biyar a faɗin ƙasar kuma ya tambaya: “Me kuke yi don ƙarfafa son karatu ga yara maza da mata?” Dangane da amsoshin da ke sanyaya zuciya, wanda ya nuna cewa ba a yi kadan don ƙarfafa masu karatu da wuri ba, ta yi wani rahoto mai ban sha'awa ga ALA wanda ya sa hankalinsu ya tashi.A cikin ƴan shekaru,ALA ta kafa Sashen Yara ta yadda membobin za su iya yin musayar ra'ayi kan yadda za su yi aiki da matasa masu karatu kuma tana tallafa wa makarantun horar da ƙwararrun ƴan ɗakin karatu na yara.
Kwamitin Laburare na Jihar Connecticut
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1891 Caroline ta kafa Kwamitin Laburare na Jihar Connecticut na farko (wanda ya riga ya kafa hukumar ɗakin karatu ta jiha),ta zama zartarwa.[11] Hewins ta rubuta cewa a cikin ayyukanta na sakatariyar kwamitin laburare, za ta kula da ayyukan dakin karatu na West Roxbury idan babu ma'aikacin laburare na yau da kullun. [7]Hewins za ta kuma tuka dokinta a duk fadin jihar domin karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu da dakunan karatu domin amfanin yara.A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa,Hartford's "First Lady of the Library" ya kafa dakunan karatu masu tafiya da wuraren ajiyar littattafai a duk faɗin jihar a gidajen zama,makarantu,da masana'antu,wanda ya kafa tsarin tsarin ɗakin karatu na zamani na yau.Wani kwararre da ake mutuntawa a cikin ƙasa kan kula da ɗakin karatu,Hewins ya lura da tsarin Laburaren Jama'a na Hartford da sauri-wajibi ne ga mace a lokacin, saboda yawancin ɗakunan karatu na maza ne. [16]
- ↑ Kniffel, L.,Sullivan,P., & McCormick,.E (1999). 100 of the most important leaders we had in the 20th century. American Libraries, 30(11), 38.
- ↑ Lindquist, J. D. (1950).
- ↑ Hewins, C. M. (1926). A Mid-Century Child and Her Books. p.p.5-6 Detroit: Singing Tree Press, Book Tower.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Aller, S. B. (2007). Hartford's First Lady of the Library. Hog River Journal, 5, 7.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedSusan - ↑ Hewins, C. M. (1926). A Mid-Century Child and Her Books. p. 37. Detroit: Singing Tree Press, Book Tower.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hewins, C. M. (1926). A Mid-Century Child and Her Books. p.38-40. Detroit: Singing Tree Press, Book Tower.
- ↑ Lindquist, J. D. (1950). Caroline M. Hewins and Books for Children. In S. Andrews (Ed.), The hewins Lectures: 1947-1962. p.73: The Horn Book, Inc.
- ↑ Rathbone, J. A. (1949). Pioneers of the library profession. [Feature]. Wilson Library Bulletin, 23, 775-779.
- ↑ Lindquist, J. D. (1950). Caroline M. Hewins and Books for Children. In S. Andrews (Ed.), The hewins Lectures: 1947-1962. p.76: The Horn Book, Inc.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Bush, M. (1996). New England book women: their increasing influence. (Caroline Hewins, Anne Carroll Moore, Alice Jordan, and Bertha Mahony)(Imagination and Scholarship: The Contributions of Women to American Youth Services and Literature). Library Trends, v44(n4), p719(717).
- ↑ Lindquist, J. D. (1950). Caroline M. Hewins and Books for Children. In S. Andrews (Ed.), The hewins Lectures: 1947-1962. p.71: The Horn Book, Inc.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFarrow - ↑ Lindquist, J. D. (1950). Caroline M. Hewins and Books for Children. In S. Andrews (Ed.), The hewins Lectures: 1947-1962. p.72: The Horn Book, Inc.
- ↑ Melcher, F. G. (1962). Introduction to Caroline M. Hewins and Books for Children. In S. Andrews (Ed.), The Hewins Lectures: 1947-1962: p.p.65-66: The Horn Books, Inc.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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