Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slave_Market-Atlanta_Georgia_1864.jpg/220px-Slave_Market-Atlanta_Georgia_1864.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/The_Slave_Market_by_Otto_Pilny.jpg/220px-The_Slave_Market_by_Otto_Pilny.jpg)
Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika (Atlantic Ocean) wanda a turance ake kira da Atlantic Slave Trade wani zamani ne a tarihin duniya daga misalin ƙarni na 15th zuwa ƙarni na 19th, wanda yan kasuwa masu sayen bayi daga ƙasashen Turai (European countries) suka dinga sayen mutane a Africa a matsayin bayi, suna kai su nahiyar Amurka (Americas) da ta Turai domin suyi musu bauta.
Kamar yadda masu karatun tarihi suka sani, zuwa farkon shekarun 1500 (1500s) a zamanin da a tarihance ake cewa “Age of European Exploration” wato shekaru da Turawa suka dukufa wajen gano hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye musamman na ruwa, ƙasashen Turai musamman Portugal da Spain sun sami ilimin gano yadda taswirar duniya take, da kuma iya gano hanyoyin jiragen ruwa da za su sadar da su ga kasashen gabas da na yamma, wato a turance “linking eastern and western hemisphere
“. Sannan kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin gano yankuna masu yawo a duniya ciki har da nahiyar Amurka wadda kafin lokacin ba su santa ba. Don haka ne a wannan ƙoƙari ne, jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na Kasar Portugal a ƙoƙarin su na neman hanyar ruwa da zata sadar da su ga yankin India da na China domin ƙulla alaƙar kasuwanci, suka yi nasarar gano gaɓar tekun Atalantika dake yammacin Afrika. Saboda haka, wannan ya bada damar ƙulla alaƙar kasuwanci tsakanin Ƴan kasuwa na ƙasar Portugal da kuma na masarautun gaɓar teku, irin su Masarautar Benin da Asante da kuma ta Dahomey.
Bayan wani dan lokaci kuma, a shekarar 1526 sai turawan ƙasar Portugal suka fara sayen baƙaƙen fatar Afrika a matsayin bayi daga hannun yan kasuwa masu sayar da bayi a Masarautar Benin wadda yanzu tana cikin ƙasar Najeriya ta yanzu, suka kuma zuba su jirgin ruwa zuwa nahiyar Amurka domin su je suyi musu noma a manyan gonakin su dake nahiyar Amurka, wasu yan kaɗan daga cikin bayin kuma suka kai su nahiyar Turai domin su zama bayi masu yin aikin gida wato a turance ” home servants”.
Don haka ne masana tarihi suka tabbatar da cewa, tun daga wannan shekara ta 1526 da Turawan Portugal suka sayi bayi a Afrika, sai kuma sauran yan kasuwa daga ƙasashen Turawa kamar su Spain, Ingila (Britain), Faransa (France) da kuma Netherlands suka shiga cikin Cinikayyar bayin sosai.
Asalin Fara Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Asalin fara Cinikin Bayi na Tekun Atalantika ya samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 15th, lokacin da kasashen Turai irin su Portugal da Spain suka jagoranci nasarar gano yankin Amurka wanda kafin lokacin, babu wata ƙasar Turawa da ta san da yankin na Amurka. Saboda haka, wannan kuma ya ba su damar kafa manyan gonakin noman rake (sugar cane), Kofi (coffee), auduga (cotton) da sauran su. To kuma akwai buƙatar samun waɗan da za su yi juriyar noma waɗannan gonaki.
A hannu ɗaya kuma, zuwa farkon ƙarni na 16th, tuni jiragen ruwan ƴan kasuwar Portugal sun fara zuwa gaɓar tekun yammacin Africa suna kawo kayan sayarwa irin su madubi, bindigu, kayan sawa, da kuma giya. Sannan su kuma ƴan kasuwar Afrika su sayar mu su da gwal (gold), manja (palm oil), koko (cocoa), da kuma bayi kaɗan.
Wannan fara alaƙa ta kasuwanci tsakanin ƴan kasuwa daga Turai da kuma na Afrika shine ya bawa Turawa damar fara sayen mutanen Afrika a matsayin bayin da za su yi musu bautar noma a waɗannan manƴan gonaki na su dake nahiyar Amurka. Yan kasuwar Ƙasar Portugal ne suka fara sayen bayi a shekarar 1526 daga hannun yan kasuwa masu sayar da bayi na Masarautar Benin, sannan kuma sauran Ƴan kasuwa daga ƙasashen Turai irin su Spain, Ingila (Britain), Faransa (France), Netherlands, da kuma Denmark suka shigo cikin.
Yayin da wannan Cinikayyar bayi ta karɓu a gurin sauran Ƴan kasuwar ƙasashen Turai, sai cinikin ya zama mai riba ga ɓangare biyu na Ƴan kasuwar. Saboda, ƙasashen Turai sun sami sauƙin samar da ma’aikata da za su yi musu aiki a wannan manƴan gonaki na su da kuma ayyukan gida. Su kuma ƴan kasuwar Afrika masu sayar da bayi na Afrika sun sami kuɗi ta wannan kasuwanci.
Yanayin kamen Bayin.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ya tabbata cewa, Turawa a zamanin Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika basa iya shiga cikin ƙwaryar nahiyar Afrika, sai dai su tsaya a bakin gaɓar Teku. Don haka, sun dogara ne da yan kasuwa masu kamen bayi dake nahiyar Afrika wajen kamo bayin da kuma sayar mu su. Akwai hanyoyi sanannu guda 3 wajen kamo bayin kamar haka :
1, Wasu bayin ana iya kamo su ne ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙen ƙabilanci wanda masarautun bakin Teku suka shahara wajen yi. A misali, akan iya shirya yaƙi kawai don kama bayi.
2, Wasu kuma bayin ana samun su ne ta hanyar kai farmaki (raiding) ga wasu mutane. Domin yawancin masu kamen bayin sukan kai hari akan wani gari ko wasu gungun mutane tafiya domin su kama su a matsayin bayi.
4, Wasu kuma bayin ana samun su ne, yayin da suka aikata wani babban laifi a cikin al’ummar su, to cikin hukuncin da ake yi musu ne, ake sayar da su a matsayin bayi.
Don haka, idan masu kamen bayi sun sami bayin ta ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hanƴoƴi da muka ambata, ko kuma wasu hanƴoƴi daban. Sukan tattara su, sai kuma su ɗaure su da sarƙa ko kuma igiya mai ƙwari ɗaya a gaban ɗaya. Daga nan kuma sai ya taho da su zuwa bakin teku inda Turawa suke hada hadar sayen bayi.
A tsarin kasuwancin, akwai tashoshin saye da sayarwar bayi a gaɓar tekun Afrika inda ƴan kasuwar Afrika suke kawo bayin, su kuma yan kasuwa masu sayen bayi daga Turai suke zuwa su saya ko kuma ayi musanye (trade by barter) da kayan sayarwar su irin su bindigu, kayan sawa, madubi, da kuma giya.
Da zarar bayin sun isa tasoshin saye da sayarwar, sai Turawan masu saye su zo su duba domin su saya. Yawancin Turawan sukan zo da likita domin ya duba lafiyar bayin, kafin a saye su. Haka kuma, an fi sayen bayi maza kuma wanda shekarun su suka fara daga 10 zuwa 35. Yayin da su kuma mata ba’a fiya sayen wanda suka haura shekara 30 ba. Idan kuma ciniki ya faɗa, sai Ɗan kasuwar da ya saya yazo da wani ƙarfe wanda ya yi jajazur a wuta ya ɗanawa bawan a matsayin tambarin da zai gane nasa ne ko da ya gudu.
Bayan an gama sayen bayin ne kuma, sai a zuba su a jiragen ruwa, inda mafi yawa ake kai su nahiyar Amurka domin su yi noma. Wasu kuma kaɗan daga cikin bayin, ake kai su nahiyar Turai a matsayin bayi masu aikatau a gidaje.
Yanayin Rayuwar Bayi.
Kamar yadda ya tabbata a tarihi, yanayin kamen bayi a zamanin Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika ya kasance mai muni da tsanani kwarai da gaske fiye da sauran cinikayyar bayi da aka yi a sauran sassan duniya. Domin kuwa, mafiya yawa daga cikin masana tarihi sun tabbatar da cewa rayuwar bayi a wannan zamani musamman bayin da su ke noma a gonaki ta kasance ta wahala da kuma keta hakkin Ɗan Adam. Saboda ya tabbata cewa mafi yawancin bayin ana mu’amalantar su ne kamar dabbobi. Kuma haka ta faru ne sakamakon rashin imanin Turawa saboda suna ganin shi bawa ba shi da wani Ƴanci tun da sayen sa aka yi.
A nahiyar Amurka kuwa da ake kai bayin daga Africa, ana tilastawa bayin su yi noma a manyan gonaki na tsawon lokutai da suka wuce ƙima. Duk bawan da kuma yaƙi yi ko kuma bai yi yadda ya kamata ba, to ana hukunta shi kamar dabba. Misalin hukuncin shine, akan yi musu bulala da ta wuce kima har sai jikin su ya fashe, ko a yanki naman jikin su, ko kuma a hana su abinci a wannan rana.
Don haka ne, a tarihi aka samu lokutai daban-daban da bayin suka yi bore saboda zaluncin da ake yi musu. A misali, a yankin nahiyar Amurka cikin yankuna irin su Brazil, yankin Karebiyan (Caribbeans) da kuma tarayyar Amerika (USA) an sami bore kamar sau 200, wanda ya samarwa da bayin sauki.
Ribar ta Turawa ce.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙasashen Turai a matsayin masu sayen bayi daga Afirka domin su yi musu aiki, sannan a wani hannun kuma masu sayar da kayan masarufin su a Afrika, sun kasance da cin moriyar kaso 90% na wannan zamani na cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika.
Da farko, nahiyar Afrika ta kasance kasuwa ga kayan masarufin da Turawa suka samar a masana’antun su. Domin kuwa Turawa sukan kawo kayan sayarwar su kamar su bindiga, madubi, kayen ado na mata, da kuma giya zuwa Afrika. Yayin da su kuma ƴan kasuwar Afrika sukan kawo wa Turawa gwal (gold), hauren giwa (ivory), kwakwar manja (palm oil), ko kuma bayi domin ayi musanya wato a turance ‘trade by barter’. Saboda haka, zamu ga cewa Afrika ta zama kasuwa da Turawa suke sayar da kayan su, a wani ɓangaren kuma inda suke samun kayan sarrafawa (raw materials) domin masana’antun su dake Turai.
Na biyu, kuma mafi muhimmanci, Turawa sun samar da hanƴa mafi sauƙi ta yin aikatau a manƴan gonakin su dake Amurka. Wannan hanƴa kuwa ita ce ta saye da amfani da baƙaƙen fatar Afrika a matsayin bayi da su dinga nome mu su waɗannan gonaki.
Asarar ta Afrika ce.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masana tarihi da yawa sun bayyana cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manƴan dalilan da suka kawo ci baya a nahiyar Africa, musamman ga yankunan da suke baki ko kusa da gaɓar Tekun Atalantika. Domin kuwa, kaso 5% zuwa 10% na wannan cinikayyar bayi Afrika ta amfana da shi kawai. Shima kuma wannan amfanuwa ta takaita ne ga manyan sarakunan Masarautu kamar su Benin, Dahomey, Asante, garuruwan Niger-Delta, da sauran su, da kuma manƴan ƴan kasuwa a wannan yankuna.
Da farko kamar yadda masanin tarihin nan dan Africa da ake kira da Walter Rodney ya faɗa, ya nuna cewa cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika ta janyo faruwar yaƙe-yaƙen ƙabilanci da kuma kai hare-hare domin samun bayi. Saboda lokacin da sarakunan Masarautun gabar Tekun Afrika suka fahimci cewa wannan Ciniki zai kawo musu riba, sai suka himmatu wajen yaƙi da kai hari ga junan su domin samun bayin da za su sayar wa da Turawa. Dalilin wannan kuma, rashin tsoro ya bayyana wanda ya daƙile ci gaban da Afrika ya kamata ta samu.
Na biyu kuma, cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika ya janyo raguwar mutane masu dimbin yawa, kuma lafiyayyu wanda kowace ƙasa take buƙata don ci gaba. Domin kuwa, masana tarihi sun ƙididdige yawan bayin da aka fitar daga nahiyar Afrika da cewa za su kai kimanin miliyan 10 zuwa12. Bayanin ya tabbatar da cewa, kaso 55% na bayin sun fito daga yammacin Afrika (west Africa), kaso 39.4% sun fito daga tsakiyar Afrika (central Africa), sannan sai kaso 4.7% daga kudancin Afirika (southern Africa). Haka kuma bayanan tarihi sun tabbatar da cewa kimanin bayi miliyan 2 ne suka rasa ran su a sakamakon cututtuka da wahalhalu.
Na uku, cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika ta janyo wa Afrika ƙasƙanci, da raini a idon Turawa wanda ya ƙara janƴo wariyar launin fata (racism). Domin kuwa, mafiya yawan Turawa, suna bada hujjar wannan Cinikin Bayi a matsayin fifikon da suke da shi akan mutanen nahiyar Africa.
Rushewar Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An shafe kimanin shekaru dari huɗu ana yin wannan cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika, wato daga Ƙarni na 15th zuwa Ƙarni na 19th kafin yazo ƙarshe.
A misalin ƙarshen ƙarni na 18th ne Turawa suka fara dawowa daga rakiyar wannan Ciniki ta hanyar fara saka dokoki waɗanda suka haramta Cinikin bayin. Babbar doka wadda Turawa suka yi, ita ce wadda Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Ingila tayi a shekarar 1807, wadda ta haramta cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika. Daga nan kuma sauran ƙasashen Turawa suka bi bayan ta.
To amma wasu daga cikin masana tarihi sun samar da bayanai (theories) akan haƙiƙanin dalilin da yasa ƙasashen Turawa da suka amfana daga Cinikin, amma kuma daga baya suka dawo daga rakiyar sa.
Masanin tarihin nan Ɗan Afrika wato Walter Rodney ya bayyana cewa babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashen Turawa musamman Ingila suka dawo daga rakiyar wannan Ciniki, shine samun cigaban masana’antu “Industrial Revolution” da aka samu a nahiyar Turai daga wajejen shekarar 1750. Wannan cigaba da ake kira a turance da Industrial Revolution ya kawo samuwar injina (machines) wanda suke iya yin aikin da mutum yake a gona ko a masana’anta. Don haka buƙatar aikin mutum ta ragu, sakamakon waɗannan injina da ake samarwa suna iya yin aikin a sauƙaƙe kuma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ta saka ƙasashen Turai suka ga ya dace su tsayar da cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika.
Wasu masana tarihin kuma sun ce wannan cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika ya zo ƙarshe ne, sakamakon matsin lamba akan Ƙasashen Turai, wanda wasu ƴan rajin kawo ƙarshen wannan Ciniki da ake kira da ‘abolitionist’ suka dinga fafutukar rushe Cinikin. A misali, a ƙasar Ingila wani wakilin majalisar dokokin Ingila da ake kira William Wilberforce ya jagoranci wata fafutuka wadda ta tilastawa Majalisar Dokokin Ingila yin dokar da ta haramta cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika a shekarar 1807.
To amma duk da ƙoƙarin da manƴan ƙasashen Turai kamar Ingila da Faransa suka yi na daƙile Cinikin, amma wasu ƙasashen sun ci gaba da safarar bayin. A misali, kasar Amurka ta kawo ƙarshen Cinikin ne a shekarar 1863.
Ƙarkarewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika kamar yadda muka karanta, wani Ciniki ne da Turawa suka dinga saye da kamen baƙaƙen fatar Afrika, suna kai su nahiyar Amurka da nahiyar Turai domin suyi musu bauta.
Saboda haka, cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika ya taimakawa tattalin arzikin Turawa sosai, a hannu ɗaya kuma ya rusa ci gaban Afrika ta hanƴoƴin da dama.