Cynddylan
 Cynddylan | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Mutuwa | 656 |
| Ƴan uwa | |
| Mahaifi | Cyndrwyn Fawr |
| Ahali |
Heledd ferch Cyndrwyn (en)  |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a | sarki |
Cynddylan (lafazin Welsh na zamani: /kən'ðəlan/), ko Cynddylan ap Cyndrwyn ya kasance Yariman Powys na ƙarni na bakwai mai alaƙa da Pengwern. An tabbatar da Cynddylan ne kawai a cikin kafofin wallafe-wallafe: ba kamar sarakuna da yawa daga Brittonic bayan Roman Birtaniyya ba, bai bayyana a farkon zuriyar Welsh ko wasu tushen tarihi ba.[1] Ɗan Sarki Cyndrwyn, Cynddylan an kwatanta shi a cikin waƙar mai yiwuwa na ƙarni na bakwai Marwnad Cynddylan (Elegy for Cynddylan) kuma da alama ya kasance babban jigo a Powys.
Mahallin Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasu fahimtar mahallin tarihi wanda dole ne Cynddylan ya rayu a ciki shine Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, Historia Brittonum, da farkon zuriyar Welsh. Tare da rushewar Daular Rome da mamayewar Saxons, ragowar mutanen Cornovii sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙasashensu a cikin yankunan kan iyaka na Wales (Herefordshire da Shropshire).[2] A farkon karni na bakwai Sarki Cystennin ya kasance mai mulki a tsohuwar Arewa, yayin da Sarki Cyndrwyn "mai taurin kai" ya mulki Powys. Cyndrwyn ya mutu kafin 642 lokacin da 'ya'yansa, wanda shine Cynddylan, ya shiga Penda na Mercia a shan kashi na Sarki Oswald na Northumbria a yakin Maserfield (Welsh: Maes Cogwy), wanda zai iya faruwa a kusa da Oswestry.[3]
Yana da alama a bayyane duka daga waƙa da kuma daga faffadar mahallin sanannun ƙawance cewa Cynddylan ya yi aiki, aƙalla a muhimman wurare a cikin aikinsa, a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da sarakunan Mercia: Cadwallon ap Cadfan (d. 634) yana da alaƙa da Mercia a cikin 633. ; Sarkin Mercian Penda da alama ya yi asara a wani bangare saboda ɓatawar abokin abokin Welsh, Cadafael Cadomedd ap Cynfeddw (d. c. 655)[4]. Marwnad Cynddylan tabbas ya ambaci Cynddylan yana taimakon Penda (l. 28).[5]
Tushe da kimarsu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar yadda aka ambata, an tabbatar da Cynddylan ta hanyar tushen adabi kawai.
Marwnad Cynddylan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban tushen Cynddylan shine kuka don mutuwarsa da aka sani da Marwnad Cynddylan (Elegy for Cynddylan). Marwnad Cynddylan shi ne awdl-waka mai layi saba'in ko saba'in da daya (kada a rude shi da wakar Ingilishi-waka iri daya a cikin Canu Heledd). Gabaɗaya ana tsammanin ya samo asali ne a kusan lokacin mutuwar Cynddylan.[6] Abin mamaki, ba a magana da shi ba ga Sarkin Powys, gidan Cynddylan ba, amma na Dogfeiling, wani yanki na Gwynedd kusa da Rhuthun a tsakiyar Denbighshire, wanda ke Aberffraw, wanda ke nuna yanayin siyasa mai rikitarwa don abun da ke ciki.[7]
Canu Heledd
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Canu Heledd (Waƙar Heledd) tana cikin muryar ba da labari ta 'yar'uwar Cynddylan Heledd, ita kaɗai ce memba na House of Powys. Wannan zagayowar turawa ta ɗauki nau'i na Gimbiya Heledd tana baƙin ciki game da lalata gidanta da mutuwar danginta (ciki har da 'yan uwanta, ɗayansu Cynddylan, 'yar uwarsa Ffreuer da kotun sarauta), a hannun Ingilishi.[8] Yawancin malamai sun danganta Canu Heledd a ƙarni na tara, amma suna iya zama wakilin ayyukan farko a al'adar baka waɗanda yanzu sun ɓace.[9] Zagayen ya haɗa da wani Marwnad Cynddylan, don kada a ruɗe shi da sanannen waƙar awdl mai iya dogaro da tarihi mai suna iri ɗaya. Yayin da wasu masana tarihi suka ɗauki zagayowar a matsayin tabbataccen shaida ga abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarni na shida, yanzu ana tunanin sake fasalin mutane da wuraren tarihi ne waɗanda ke da alhakin yanayin siyasa na lokacin da aka tsara shi[10]. Wannan shi ne ma fiye da yanayin don ɗan abin da ya mamaye Canu Llywarch Hen.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Jenny Rowland, Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the ‘Englynion’ (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), p. 120 n. 1.
- ↑ Jenny Rowland, Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the ‘Englynion’ (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), p. 120 n. 1.
- ↑ Jenny Rowland, Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the ‘Englynion’ (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), pp. 445 (edition) and 494 (translation) [stanza 111).
- ↑ Patrick Sims-Williams, Religion and Literature in Western England 600-800, Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England, 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 28; cf. Jenny Rowland, Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the ‘Englynion’ (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), pp. 120-41.
- ↑ Patrick Sims-Williams, Religion and Literature in Western England 600-800, Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England, 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 29
- ↑ Patrick Sims-Williams, Religion and Literature in Western England 600-800, Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England, 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 28.
- ↑ Jenny Rowland, Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the ‘Englynion’ (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), p. 135
- ↑ Jenny Rowland, Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the ‘Englynion’ (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), pp. 429-45 (edition) and pp. 483-94 (translation)
- ↑ Jenny Rowland, Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the 'Englynion (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), p. 389.
- ↑ Jenny Rowland, Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the ‘Englynion’ (Cambridge: Brewer, 1990), pp. 120-41.