Decebalus

Decebalus (Romania: Decebal; Hellenanci na dā: Δεκεβαλος, romanized: Dekebalos; r. 87 – 106 AD), wani lokaci ana kiransa da Diurpaneus, shine sarkin Dacian na ƙarshe. Ya shahara wajen yaƙe-yaƙe guda uku, tare da samun nasara dabam-dabam, da daular Roma a ƙarƙashin sarakuna biyu. Bayan ya kai hari kudu a fadin Danube, ya ci nasara kan mamayewar Romawa a mulkin Domitian, inda ya sami lokacin samun 'yancin kai lokacin da Decebalus ya ƙarfafa mulkinsa.

Lokacin da Trajan ya hau kan karagar mulki, sojojinsa sun mamaye Dacia don raunana barazanar da ke kan iyakar Romawa na Moesia. An ci Decebalus a shekara ta 102 miladiyya, kuma an sace ’yar’uwarsa a cikin wannan lokaci aka yi auren dole ta zama manyan sarakunan Romawa, wanda hakan ya sa wasu masana tarihi suka yi tunanin cewa ita ce kakan mai cin riba, Regalianus, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa dangin Decebalus ne[1]. ] Ya ci gaba da zama a kan mulki a matsayin sarki na abokin ciniki, amma ya ci gaba da tabbatar da 'yancin kai, wanda ya kai ga mamayewa na ƙarshe da mamaye Romawa a arewacin Danube a 105 AD. Trajan ya rage babban birnin Dacian Sarmizegetusa ya zama kango a shekara ta 106 miladiyya, inda ya kwashe wasu daga cikin Dacia cikin Daular. Decebalus ya kashe kansa don gudun kama shi.

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Rayuwar farko

Bayan rasuwar Babban Sarki Burebista, Dacia ta rabu har gida hudu, sai kuma kananan masarautu biyar. Babu wani abu da aka sani game da matashin Decebalus ko asalinsa. Da alama Decebalus ya yi fice a kotun sarkin Dacian Duras, wanda ya yi iƙirarin iko a duk yankin Dacian. Wani tsohuwar tukunyar Dacian mai ɗauke da kalmomin "Decebalus per Scorilo" ya haifar da shawarar cewa wannan na iya nufin "Decebalus ɗan Scorilo".

 Masarautar Daciyan karkashin Burebista

A cewar Lucian Boia, wannan shawarar asalinta “abin barkwanci ce ta masana”, amma marubuta da dama sun yi la’akari da ka’idar ta zama abin aibu.[2] An ba da shawarar cewa "Scorilo" na iya zama daidai da "Coryllus" ko "Scorilus" da Jordanes suka bayyana a matsayin sarkin Dacian kafin Duras.[3] Wataƙila Duras ya kasance kawun Decebalus ne, bayan da ya karɓi karagar mulki ta hanyar rashin hankali a kan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa.[4]

A shekara ta 85 miladiyya sojojin Dacian sun fara kai hare-hare kan lardin Moesia da ke kudancin Danube da ke kudancin Roma. A cikin 86 Sarki Duras ya ba da umarnin kai hari a kudu zuwa cikin Moesia. Majiyoyin Romawa suna magana akan harin da "Diurpaneus" (ko "Dorpaneus") ke jagoranta. Yawancin marubuta sun dauki wannan mutumin a matsayin Duras da kansa, kuma suna kiransa da "Duras-Diurpaneus" [5][6][7]. Wasu malamai suna jayayya cewa Duras da Diurpaneus mutane ne daban-daban, ko kuma Diurpaneus daidai yake da Decebalus[8]. Majiyoyin kwanan nan sun ɗauki ra'ayi cewa "Diurpaneus" yana iya yiwuwa Decebalus.[8]

Daciyawa sun yi galaba a kan Oppius Sabinus, gwamnan Moesia tare da kashe shi, wanda ya tilasta Domitian ya tura karin sojoji zuwa yankin. Marcus Cornelius Nigrinus ya maye gurbin Sabinus. Domitian ya ɗauki umarni don magance matsalar da kansa, ya isa tare da babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaron sarki, Cornelius Fuscus.[9]

Yaƙi da Sarkin sarakuna Domitian

Babban labarin: Domitian's Dacian War

Domitian ya kori Dacians daga Moesia, sa'an nan kuma ya koma Roma don yin bikin Triumph, ya bar Fuscus mai kula da sojojin. Fuscus ya ci gaba zuwa Dacia, amma ƙungiyoyinsa hudu ko biyar sun sha wahala sosai lokacin da sojojin Decebalus suka yi musu kwanton bauna (majiyoyin sun ce "Diurpaneus" yana cikin umurnin, wanda zai iya nufin Decebalus ko Duras). Sojojin Romawa biyu (daga cikinsu akwai V Alaudae) an yi musu kwanton bauna aka ci su a wani dutsen da Romawa ke wucewa.wanda ake kira Tapae (wanda aka fi sani da Ƙofofin Iron na Transylvania). An kashe Fuscus, kuma Decebalus ya zama sarki bayan Duras ya yi murabus.

Dio Cassius ya bayyana Decebalus kamar haka:

Wannan mutumi yana da wayo a fahimtar yaki da wayo kuma a cikin yakin; ya yanke hukunci da kyau lokacin da zai kai hari kuma ya zaɓi lokacin da ya dace don ja da baya; ya kasance kwararre kan ‘yan kwana-kwana kuma kwararre a fagen yaki; kuma ya san ba kawai yadda ake bibiyar nasara da kyau ba, har ma da yadda ake gudanar da nasara da kyau. Don haka ya nuna kansa a matsayin abokin adawar Romawa na dogon lokaci.[10]

An maye gurbin Fuscus da Tettius Julianus. A cikin 88 Julianus ya umarci wani sojojin Roma a ƙarƙashin Domitian a kan Dacians, ya ci su da yaƙi a kusa da Tapae. Duk da haka, a wani wuri a Turai, Domitian ya fuskanci tawaye tare da Rhine, kuma ya sha wahala mai tsanani a hannun Marcomanni, da kuma Sarmatian kabilu a gabas, musamman Iazyges. Da ake buƙatar sojojin a Moesia, Domitian ya amince da sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya tare da Decebalus. Ya amince ya biya makudan kudade (Sesterces miliyan takwas) a kowace shekara ga ‘yan Daciyyar domin wanzar da zaman lafiya.[11] Decebalus ya aika da ɗan'uwansa Diegis zuwa Roma don karɓar diamita daga Sarkin sarakuna, yana gane matsayin Decebalus a hukumance.[11]

Ƙarfafa ƙarfi

Nasarar Decebalus ya ƙara masa daraja sosai. Ya ci gaba da sarrafa iko da gina katangarsa da injinan yaƙi, ta amfani da injiniyoyin da Domitian ya kawo.[12] Kotun Decebalus kuma ta zama mafakar munanan abubuwa da masu gudun hijira daga daular Roma ta zama “matsalar kyamar Romawa” a cikin kalmomin ɗan tarihi Julian Bennett.[13] Ya kuma nemi kulla kawance da kabilu masu zaman kansu, musamman Getic Bastarnae da Sarmatian Roxolani. Ya kasa samun goyon bayan Quadi, Marcomanni da Jazyges, amma ya tabbatar da cewa ba za su tsoma baki cikin shirinsa ba.

Masarautar Dacian lokacin Decebalus

Rikici da Trajan

Trajan

Farko Daciyan yaki

Lokacin da Trajan ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 98, nan da nan ya zagaya yankin Danube kuma ya ba da umarnin karfafa garu a kan iyakar Dacian. Shekaru uku bayan haka, Trajan ya yanke shawarar kaddamar da farmaki a kan Dacia. A cewar Cassius Dio, hakan ya faru ne saboda "ya yi la'akari da tarihin [su] na baya, ya ji haushin adadin kuɗin da suke samu a shekara, kuma ya ga cewa ikonsu da girman kai yana kan karuwa." Danube a cikin 101 kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Dacia, yana tura sojojin Dacian baya. A cewar Dio, Decebalus ya aika wakilai suna neman tattaunawa, amma Trajan ya ki yin wani taron sirri.

A yakin Tapae na biyu, Decebalus ya ci nasara, amma ya yi mummunar asara ga Romawa.[15] Trajan ya zaɓi kada ya bi yaƙin har sai bazara. Decebalus ya yi ƙoƙari ya taka Trajan ta hanyar kai wa Moesia harin ba-zata, amma ya sha babban kaye a yakin Adamclisi. Duk da tsayin daka, Romawa sun rufe babban birnin Dacian a farkon shekara ta 102. An tilasta Decebalus ya amince da shan kaye kuma ya yarda da sharuɗɗan Trajan, wanda ya haɗa da asarar wasu yankuna a kusa da Danube da kuma rushe katangarsa. Duk da haka, Decebalus ya ci gaba da riƙe kursiyinsa.

Yakin Daciyan na biyu

Babban labarin: Yaƙin Sarmisegetusa

Decebalus ba shi da niyyar ci gaba da zama ƙarƙashin Rum, ko kuma ya bar yankinsa da ya ɓace. Da ya iya, sai ya ɗauki fansa a kan waɗanda suka goyi bayan Roma. Ya kwace yanki daga hannun Jazyges kuma ya keta yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta hanyar sake ba da makamai da karbar 'yan gudun hijira da masu gudun hijira daga yankin Romawa.[16]. Ya kuma maido da kagaransa. A wannan karon, Decebalus bai jira Trajan ya buge ba. A cikin 105 ya ba da izinin kai hari kai tsaye a kan sabon yankin Roman da aka mamaye, mai yiwuwa kagara a Banat. Da alama harin ya kai Trajan da Majalisar Dattawamamaki. Nan da nan Trajan ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa don yin bitar kagara.

A halin da ake ciki, Decebalus ya ci gaba da tarwatsa matsugunan Romawa tare da hare-haren ’yan daba.[16] Ya kuma ɓullo da wani shiri na kashe Trajan ta hanyar amfani da ’yan taimaka wa Romawa da suka bijire zuwa Daciyawa suka kutsa cikin sansanin sarki. Makircin ya gaza. Sai dai ya yi nasarar kame daya daga cikin manyan hafsoshin Trajan, Pompeius Longinus, wanda ya yi kokarin yin garkuwa da shi don yin mu'amala da Trajan. Longinus ya sha guba don gudun kada a yi amfani da shi.[16]

Trajan, a halin da ake ciki, yana gina babban runduna don mamaye mamaye. Decebalus ya yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwarin sasantawa, amma Trajan ya buƙaci Decebalus ya miƙa kansa, wanda ya ƙi yin hakan.[16] Abokan Decebalus a cikin ƙabilun da ke kewaye da shi sun yi watsi da shi a wannan lokacin. Trajan ya kai hari kai tsaye a Sarmizegetusa babban birnin Dacian. Bayan wani dogon kawaye na Sarmizegetusa da ƴan gwabzawa a yankin da ke kusa, Romawa sun mamaye babban birnin Dacian. Decebalus ya yi nasarar tserewa tare da iyalinsa. Shi da sauran magoya bayansa sun ci gaba da yakin neman zabe a tsaunukan Carpathian[16].

Dacia bayan yakin da Trajan

Mutuwa

Simintin gyare-gyare (Cichorius 108) ko panel akan ginshiƙin Trajan. An nuna shugaban Dacian sarki Decebalus (a gefen hagu) a kan garkuwa ga sojojin Roma (AD 106). Daga nan aka kai shugaban zuwa Roma don shirya babban baje kolin a wurin taron tunawa da Tiberius Claudius Maximus na sarki Trajan.

An farauto Decebalus kuma daga ƙarshe sojojin Romawa suka yi masa kusurwoyi da nufin neman kansa. Maimakon a kama shi kawai don a nuna shi kuma a wulakanta shi a Roma, Decebalus ya kashe kansa ta hanyar yanke maƙogwaronsa, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a kan Trajan's Column (spiral 22, panel b).

Wataƙila ya kashe kansa ne sa’ad da wani ɗan doki na Romawa mai suna Tiberius Claudius Maximus daga Legio VII Claudia ke gabatowa. Wataƙila yana raye lokacin da Maximus ya isa gare shi, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirarin a kan faifan jana'izar Maximus da aka gano a Gramini a ƙasar Girka. Mai yiwuwa Maximus shine adadi da aka gani akan ginshiƙin Trajan yana kaiwa Decebalus daga dokinsa.

Daga nan aka kai Decebalus kan da hannun dama zuwa Trajan a cikin "Ranisstorum" (wani ƙauyen Dacian da ba a san shi ba, watakila Piatra Craivii) na Maximus, wanda sarki ya yi wa ado. An aika da kofin zuwa Roma inda aka jefar da shi daga matakalar Gemon.[17] Kabarin Tiberius Claudius Maximus ya kawo lokuta biyu inda aka yi wa sojan ado ado saboda rawar da ya taka a yakin Dacian, daya daga cikinsu shi ne mallakar shugaban Decebalus.[18]

Jarumin kasar Romania

Decebalus ana daukarsa a matsayin gwarzo na kasa a Romania, kuma an nuna shi a cikin ayyukan adabi da yawa, fina-finai, sassaken jama'a, da sauran abubuwan tunawa.

An fara ganin Decebalus a cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗan a cikin ƙarni na 19, lokacin da ya zo da alaƙa da ra'ayoyin Romantic na 'yanci na ƙasa da tsayin daka ga mulkin mallaka. Dan siyasar Romanian Mihail Kogălniceanu ya ba da jawabi a shekara ta 1843 inda ya kira Decebalus "babban sarkin barbariya a kowane lokaci, wanda ya cancanci zama a kan karagar Roma fiye da zuriyar Augustus!"[19].

Alecu Russo ya kwatanta shi da jarumi Stephen the Great, yana mai cewa "Dayan da ɗayan duka suna da manufa ɗaya, ra'ayi ɗaya mafi girma: 'yancin kai na ƙasarsu! Dukansu jarumawa ne, amma Stephen ya kasance jarumi na cikin gida, dan ƙasar Moldavia. jarumi, yayin da Decebalus shine gwarzon duniya."[19] Mihai Eminescu, mawaƙin ƙasar Romania, ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi Decebalus. Waƙar George Coșbuc na 1896 Decebal của popor (Decebalus ga Jama'arsa) ya yaba da wulakancin da shugaban Dacian ya yi na mutuwa.

Decebalus sau da yawa ana haɗa shi tare da abokin gaba Trajan, tare da tsohon yana wakiltar asalin ƙasa kuma na ƙarshe girma da dabi'un gargajiya da Rome ta kawo.[20] Decebalus da Trajan an nuna su azaman biyu akan takardun banki da yawa na Romania.[21][22]

Decebalus daAna kiran Trajan akai-akai a lokacin nadin sabbin sarakuna. Dukansu sun fito sosai a cikin hotunan Ferdinand I na Romania da matarsa ​​Marie ta Romania. Mawaƙin Romanian Aron Cotruș ya rubuta wata doguwar waƙa "Maria Doamna" ("Lady Marie") bayan mutuwar Marie, yana kiran Decebalus da Trajan a matsayin masu sha'awar Marie. A wasu lokuta ana kiran sarkin Dacian tare da sarkin Roma wanda ya ci Dacia a matsayin uban al'ummar Romania.[23]

Ya kasance jarumi a zamanin Kwaminisanci, musamman a cikin "Communism" na Stalinist na Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. A cewar Lavinia Stan da Lucian Turcescu, "A cikin wani tsari mai kama da hanyar da Sabiyawan zamani suka fahimci cin nasara da Ottomans suka yi a yakin Kosovo na 1389, Decebal ya sha kashi a hannun Trajan a 101-107 CE kuma an sake dawo da sakamakon da aka samu na yawan jama'a. a matsayin ginshiƙan asalin ƙabilar Romania”. Misalin kishin kasa ya ci gaba a karkashin Nicolae Ceaușescu, wanda a karkashinsa aka jera Decebalus a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabanni goma na Romania.[24]

An nuna shi a matsayin babban jagora na kasa a cikin manyan fina-finai guda biyu na almara a wannan lokacin, The Dacians (1967, wanda Sergiu Nicolaescu ya jagoranta), da The Column (1968, wanda Mircea Drăgan ya jagoranta). A cikin fina-finan biyu Amza Pellea ne ya nuna shi. An kuma kafa wasu mutum-mutumi na jama'a da yawa na Decebalus a zamanin Ceaușescu, gami da wani mutum-mutumin dawaki a Deva wanda sculptor Ion Jalea ya ƙirƙira a cikin 1978, da ginshiƙi wanda bust ɗin Drobeta-Turnu Severin ya mamaye, wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1972.

Ya kasance tsakiyar ƙungiyar protochronism na ƙasa, wanda ke bayyana Romania a matsayin shimfiɗar jariri na wayewar gabas-Turai, da ƙungiyar Dacianism, wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye Romania a matsayin zuriyar Dacians. A cikin shekarun 1990s, ƙungiyar ƴan sassaƙa ta sassaƙa wani sassaken dutse mai tsayin mita 40 na Decebalus daga wani dutse da ke kallon Danube kusa da birnin Orșova, Romania. Iosif Constantin Drăgan, mai goyan bayan protochronist da motsi na Dacian ne ya ƙirƙira shi kuma ya ba da kuɗi. An ambato shi yana cewa, "Duk wanda ke tafiya zuwa 'Decebal Rex Dragan Fecit' (King Decebalus wanda Dragan ya yi) yana tafiya ne zuwa tushen wayewar gabas-Turai kuma zai gano cewa Tarayyar Turai tana wakiltar tsarin tarihi na dabi'a".[25] ]