Garkuwa da mutane
Garkuwa da mutane shi ne sacewa da tsare mutum ba bisa ka'ida ba ba tare da son ransu ba. Yawanci ana yin garkuwa da mutane amma ba lallai ba ne a yi amfani da karfi ko tsoro, amma har yanzu ana yin garkuwa da mutum ne idan da yaudara aka kama mutum a tsare. Dole ne a sami motsi, duk da haka, ba kawai ɗaurin ƙarya ba. Satar yaro ana kiransa satar yara, wanda wani bangare ne na doka. Ana iya yin satar mutane don neman fansa[1] a musanya don sakin wanda aka azabtar, ko don wasu dalilai na doka. Satar mutane na iya kasancewa tare da rauni a jiki, wanda ke ɗaga laifin zuwa ga satar mutane.[2]
Dalilai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Satar mutane na iya faruwa saboda dalilai daban-daban, tare da dalilan aikata laifin sun bambanta musamman dangane da wanda ya aikata.
FANSA
Satar mutum, galibi babba, don neman kudin fansa abu ne da ya zama sanadin satar mutane.Ana amfani da wannan hanyar da farko ta manyan kungiyoyi, kamar kungiyoyin masu laifi, kungiyoyin ta'addanci, ko kungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya.[3][4] ana yin hakan ne don ƙarfafa kuɗi, tare da adadin kuɗin da ya bambanta dangane da wanda aka azabtar ko kuma hanyar yin garkuwa da su.
An kiyasta cewa kungiyoyin na Mexico sun yi garkuwa da dala miliyan 250 daga bakin haure na Amurka ta tsakiya.[5]
A cewar wani bincike na shekara ta 2022 da masanin kimiyyar siyasa Danielle Gilbert ya yi, kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai a Kolombiya suna yin garkuwa da mutane a matsayin hanyar kula da tsarin biyan haraji na kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai. Ƙungiyoyin suna ɗaukar fansa na garkuwa da mutane don ladabtar da masu gujewa biyan haraji da kuma zaburar da mazauna wurin kada su yi shirka[6]. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2024 ya yi nuni da cewa kungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya sun fi yin garkuwa da mutane “a karkashin sharudda biyu: don samar da tallafi da dawo da karfin ciniki lokacin da kungiyoyi ke fama da asarar soji a fagen fama da kuma tilasta yin biyayya da nuna karfi lokacin da kungiyoyi ke fuskantar gasa ta tashin hankali daga sauran wadanda ba masu aikin gwamnati.”[7]
An gano satar mutane a matsayin wata hanyar da aka san ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci suna samun kuɗi.[8]
gaggawa hanya ce ta sace-sacen da ake amfani da ita a wasu ƙasashe, musamman daga Latin Amurka,[9] inda ake buƙatar ƙaramin kuɗin fansa, wanda kamfani ko dangi za su iya biya cikin sauƙi. Haka kuma ana amfani da sace-sacen jama’a na gaggawa don neman kudin fansa nan take inda ake kai wanda aka kashen zuwa na’urar ATM sannan a tilasta wa wanda ya sace kudin.
Satar Tiger na faruwa ne a lokacin da aka sace mutum, kuma wanda ya kama shi ya tilasta musu aikata laifi kamar fashi ko kisa. Ana yin garkuwa da wanda aka yi garkuwa da shi har sai an biya bukatar mai garkuwar. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga al'adar lura da ta gabata, kamar yadda damisa ke yi a lokacin da yake neman ganima. Wannan wata hanya ce wacce Rundunar Sojojin Republican ta Real Irish da Ci gaba da Sojojin Irish Republican suka yi amfani da.
Satar mutane ta zahiri wani nau'i ne na satar mutane da ya taso a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Sabanin nau'ikan sace-sacen da aka yi a baya, sace-sacen mutane na zahiri ba ya haɗa da wanda aka azabtar da kowane iri. Wannan zamba ta ƙunshi tsarin kiran mutane da yawa ta wayar tarho tare da sanya su yarda cewa mai kiran yana da ƙaunataccen wanda aka azabtar, kamar yaro, don samun saurin fansa daga wanda aka azabtar. A baya waɗannan kiran da aka yi amfani da su don shafar al'ummomin Mutanen Espanya a manyan biranen, kamar Los Angeles ko Houston. Har zuwa kusan shekara ta 2015 lokacin da aka fara aika kiran zuwa masu magana da Ingilishi kuma. An gano kusan mutane 80 da abin ya shafa sun fado saboda wannan zamba, tare da asarar kusan dala 100,000. Yayin da yawancin masu aikata wannan zamba za a iya danganta su zuwa Mexico, wani misali ya faru a Houston, Texas. An samu Yanette Rodriguez Acosta da laifin karbar wadanda abin ya shafa a kan makudan kudade, wadanda za ta karba a wani wuri mai nisa.[10] An yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru bakwai a gidan yari, tare da karin shekaru uku na kulawa bayan an sake ta.[11]
A da, da kuma a halin yanzu a wasu sassan duniya (kamar kudancin Sudan), yin garkuwa da mutane wata hanya ce da ake amfani da ita wajen samun bayi da kudi ta hanyar kudin fansa. A cikin karni na 19, yin garkuwa da mutane ta hanyar shanghaiing (ko "matsa lamba") maza sun ba da jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa tare da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, waɗanda shari'a ta ɗauka cewa aikin da ba shi da 'yanci.[12]
YAN FASHIN TEKU
Ana ci gaba da samun karuwar garkuwa da mutane a kan manyan tekuna dangane da satar fasaha. An ba da rahoton cewa an yi garkuwa da ma'aikatan jirgin 661 tare da yin garkuwa da 12 a cikin watanni tara na farkon shekara ta 2009.[13] Cibiyar ba da rahoto kan fashin teku ta IMB ta ce an yi garkuwa da ma’aikatan jirgin 141 sannan an yi garkuwa da 83 a shekarar 2018.[14]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "
- ↑ "Definition of kidnapping". 2017. Sources: Cornell University Law School.Cambridge English Dictionary. English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
- ↑ Welsh, Blair (2024). "Taking Civilians: Terrorist Kidnapping in Civil War". International Studies Quarterly. 68 (2). doi:10.1093/isq/sqae074. ISSN 0020-8833.
- ↑ Gilbert, Danielle (November 2022). "The Logic of Kidnapping in Civil War: Evidence from Colombia". American Political Science Review. 116 (4): 1226–1241. doi:10.1017/S0003055422000041. ISSN 0003-0554.
- ↑ Stargardter, Gabriel; Gardner, Simon. "Mexican Gangs Could Be Making Up To $250 Million A Year By Abusing And Extorting Migrants". Business Insider. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ↑ Gilbert, Danielle (November 2022). "The Logic of Kidnapping in Civil War: Evidence from Colombia". American Political Science Review. 116 (4): 1226–1241. doi:10.1017/S0003055422000041. ISSN 0003-0554.
- ↑ Welsh, Blair (2024). "Taking Civilians: Terrorist Kidnapping in Civil War". International Studies Quarterly. 68 (2). doi:10.1093/isq/sqae074. ISSN 0020-8833.
- ↑ Perri, Frank S.; Lichtenwald, Terrance G.; MacKenzie, Paula M. (2009). "Evil Twins: The Crime-Terror Nexus" (PDF). Forensic Examiner. pp. 16–29.
- ↑ Garcia Jr; Juan A. "Express kidnappings". Thepanamanews.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
- ↑ "Virtual Kidnapping: A New Twist on a Frightening Scam". fbi.gov. 16 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
- ↑ "Southern District of Texas | Texas Woman Sentenced in Virtual Kidnapping Extortion Scheme | United States Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. 20 September 2018. Retrieved 13 October2024.
- ↑ "Shanghaiing - FoundSF". www.foundsf.org. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ↑ "Unprecedented increase in Somali pirate activity". Commercial Crime Services. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
- ↑ "IMB piracy report 2018: attacks multiply in the Gulf of Guinea". Commercial Crime Services. 16 January 2019.