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Gidan kayan ado na Gould

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Gidan kayan ado na Gould
Conservation status

Least Concern (en) Fassara  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
ClassAves
OrderApodiformes (en) Apodiformes
Dangihummingbird (en) Trochilidae
GenusHeliodoxa (en) Heliodoxa
jinsi Heliodoxa aurescens
Gould, 1846
Geographic distribution

Samfuri:Speciesbox

Gould's jewelfront ko Gould"s brilliant (Heliodoxa aurescens) wata matsakaiciyar tuntuwa ce a cikin iyalin Trochilidae .Ana samunsa a wurare masu zafi da na equatorial a Kudancin Amurka.[1] Wannan nau'in da ba a saba gani ba ne tare da babban kewayon idan aka kwatanta da sauran mambobin tsintsiyan Heliodoxa.

Sunan gama gari yana tunawa da masanin ilimin tsuntsaye na Ingila kuma mai zane-zane John Gould (1804-1881).

Bayyanawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

H.aurescens yana da girman daga 11 zuwa 12 cm, tare da matsakaicin nauyin kusan 6.2g.[1]  Wannan nau'in dimorphic ne na jima'i tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin fuka-fuki da tsawon lissafi tsakanin jinsi. Dukansu maza da mata suna da kunkuntar gaba mai haske mai launin shudi wanda ba shi da girma a cikin mutane marasa girma.[2] Kudin, baƙar fata [1] zuwa launin duhu [1] "ba na musamman ba ne" kasancewar ɗan gajeren lokaci ne kuma madaidaici; yayin da irises suna da launin ruwan kasa da tarsus baki.[3][4][5] Wutsiyar tana da nau'i-nau'i tare da gashin gashin gashi na tagulla-kore yayin da sauran gashin gemu suna da gefen chestnut da gashin tagulla-green. Rufin da ke ƙarƙashin wutsiya yana da launi mai zurfi kuma fuka-fuki suna da launin ruwan kasa.[3] An lura cewa akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin fuka-fuki ga wannan nau'in, amma waɗannan bambance-nunen ba su da alaƙa da wuri [1] kuma suna da ƙanƙanta idan aka yi la'akari da kewayon.[6]

Samfurori da Peter Cotton ya bincika suna da matsakaicin tsawon fuka-fuki na 60.5mm [7] kuma sun fallasa tsawon culmen na 18.5mm. [8] Misali na asali na Gould yana da lissafin 2.5 cm da tsawon wutsiya na 31.75mm.[3]  Matsakaicin c-darajar kwayar halitta shine 1.1135pg bisa ga samfurori huɗu daga 1.045-1.162pg.[9]

Maza suna da ciyawa mai haske tare da bangarorin wuyan da ƙananan makogwaro mai haske mai launin kore mai launin zinariya wanda ke da iyaka da launin orange / rufous. Gishiri, lores da makogwaro na sama baƙar fata ne yayin da sauran ƙananan ke haskaka kore.[1] Mata suna bayyana gabaɗaya suna kama da namiji amma suna da ɗan launi kuma suna da kambi mai kore. Suna da lissafin da ya fi girma fiye da namiji (tare da rabo na Lovich-Gibbons na 0.030 ).[10] Fuka-fukan gemu suna da matakai masu laushi kuma makogwaro yana da launin toka tare da diski mai kore. Har ila yau, mata suna da malar stripe (daga tushe na lissafin zuwa wuyan) wanda yake da launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin chestnut.[1]

Tsarin tsari da lissafi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Heliodoxa aurescens yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'o'i tara a cikin jinsin Heliodoxa ("Brilliants"). John Gould ne ya fara bayyana shi a cikin 1846 wanda ya ba shi suna Trochilus aurescens . [3] Daga baya aka sanya shi a cikin jinsin Polyplancta , duk da haka Zimmer ya kalubalanci wannan tun farkon 1951 wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa yana cikin Heliodoxa.[6] Wasu masanan tsuntsaye sun yi tunanin yana da alaƙa da ruby na Brazil (Heliodoxa rubricauda) kuma wani lokacin sun sanya shi a Clytolaema.[1] Saboda rashin kowane synapomorphies a cikin kowane rukuni, ya kasance a cikin Polyplancta har zuwa 1989 lokacin da bayanan morphological suka nuna cewa an saka nau'in a cikin Heliodoxa; binciken da aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar bincike na gaba.[11][12] Wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da mai haske mai duhu (H.schreibersii), kuma yana iya samo asali ne a cikin parapatry zuwa Mai haske mai haske mai suna Velvet (H.xanthogonys). [13]

Rarraba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ba a san ainihin rarrabawar H.aurescens ba, amma an dauke shi da ban mamaki [14] tunda sauran mambobin jinsin suna da ƙanƙanta ko ƙuntataccen kewayon, sau da yawa a mafi girman tsawo a cikin Andes.[1][15] An rarraba shi sosai a tsaunuka daga 250m zuwa 1150m kuma an ruwaito shi a tsaunukan da suka kai 1450m.[16][4][17] Yankin arewacin kewayon yana cikin kudancin Venezuela, wanda ke ci gaba da kudu ta tsakiyar Ecuador da Peru.[2][1] Yankin kudancin yana cikin Bolivia.[18] Ya mamaye babban yanki na arewa maso yammacin Brazil inda iyakar gabashin kewayon ke samuwa a Jihar Para.[1]

Akwai abubuwan da suka faru da yawa na fadada kewayon tun lokacin da aka fara bayyana nau'in. Gould ya ba da shawarar cewa kewayon mai yiwuwa ya kasance a gabashin Andes a Ecuador, Peru, da Brazil (a cikin Zimmer [6]). An fara saduwa da yawan mutanen Venezuela a shekarar 1941.[2] A wannan lokacin, an dauki iyakar kudancin La Pampa a Peru amma an gano H.aurescens a Bolivia a 1984 kuma a jihar Mato Grosso ta Brazil a 2004. [19][18][20] In ba haka ba ana ɗaukar nau'in a matsayin mai zaman kansa.[1]

Gida[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

H.aurescens yawanci ana samunsa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, musamman kusa da rafi, kuma da wuya a gefen gandun daji.[1] A Brazil an lura da shi a cikin gandun daji mai tsawo wanda ya shafi katako, ana ganin yana cin abinci a furanni a cikin rufin "karamin gandun daji da ke kewaye da terra firme". [21][20] Cotton ya lura da shi a cikin gandun daji na varzea da terra firme amma ba a cikin ciyayi na kogi ba.[7] Wani binciken Brazil ya same su a cikin terra firme a cikin lokutan rigar da bushe amma a cikin várzea kawai a lokacin fari.[22]

A cikin binciken shekara guda a Columbia an samo H.aurescens ne kawai a cikin tsohuwar ci gaban sakandare kuma ba a taɓa samun ci gaban sakandaren matasa ba ko kuma ba tare da damuwa ba; [23] amma an lura da shi a cikin gandun daji na farko a cikin binciken da aka yi daga baya. [15] An samo shi a cikin gandun daji mai cike da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma terra firme a Peru.[24][25]

Abinci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kamar yawancin tsuntsaye, H.aurescens da farko ne nectarivous karawa abinci tare da kananan arthropods da aka hawked daga iska.[1] Ba a san komai game da takamaiman abincin ba amma an lura da su suna cin abinci a kan Bromeliads kamar su Bromelia balansae da Costus sp. a Brazil. [20] 53% na samfurori da aka bincika a 1986 suna da alamun arthropods a cikin hanji.[26] Duk da yake yawanci nau'in nau'in ƙasa ne, an lura da su suna cin abinci daga furanni a cikin itatuwa masu tsawo; da kuma ziyartar tashoshin ciyarwa a Ecuador, inda suka nuna wasu tashin hankali ga wasu tsuntsaye a yankin. [20][17] Wani bincike mai zurfi game da kungiyoyin ciyarwa a cikin tsuntsayen Brazil ya nuna cewa H.aurescens ba yanki ba ne gabaɗaya amma an cire su daga nazarin amfani da shuke-shuke saboda akwai ƙananan abubuwan lura, tare da samfurori uku kawai a cikin binciken shekaru biyu.[7][8]

Haihuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ba a san komai game da ilmin halitta ba. Ana zaton haifuwa tana faruwa tsakanin Yuni da Satumba tare da ƙwai biyu da mace ta shayar.[1] Bayanan biyu na samfurori mata sun nuna gonads ɗin su sun bunƙasa sosai a watan Fabrairu da Afrilu; amma samfurin namiji guda ɗaya da aka samu a watan Fabira yana da "ƙananan" gonads. [18][5]

Matsayin kiyayewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

H.aurescens an rarraba shi a matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa ta IUCN . [27] Akwai shawarwari cewa jinsin yana raguwa amma ba a cikin adadin da ke ba da izinin rarraba shi a matsayin mai haɗari ba. Nazarin da yawa sun nuna cewa jinsin yana nan amma ba a saba gani ba, tare da nazarin dogon lokaci da yawa kawai suna samar da ƙananan abubuwan lura (E.G. Cotton 1998,[7] Lees et al., 2013[20]) An ƙaddara yawan mutum 1 a kowace hekta 100 a Peru lokacin da aka lura da mutum ɗaya kawai a cikin shafin binciken 100Ha a cikin binciken watanni uku.[24]

manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 (A. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Heynen, I." defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gilliard, E. (1941). "The birds of Mt. Auyan-Tepui, Venezuela". Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 77 (9): 439–508. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Gilliard" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Gould, John (1846). "On twenty new species of Trochilidae or humming birds". Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 14: 85–90. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Gould" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Feinsinger, P.; Colwell, R.K.; Terborgh, J.; Chaplin, S.B. (1979). "Elevation and the Morphology, Flight Energetics, and Foraging Ecology of Tropical Hummingbirds". The American Naturalist. 113 (4): 481–497. doi:10.1086/283408. S2CID 85317341. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Feinsinger" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Willard, D.E.; Foster, M.S.; Barrowclough, G.F.; Dickerman, R.W.; Cannell, P.F.; Coats, S.L.; Cracraft, J.L.; O'Neill, J.P. (1991). "The birds of Cerro de la Neblina, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela". Fieldiana- Journal of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois. 65. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Willard et al." defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Zimmer, J.T. (1951). "Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 60. The genera Heliodoxa, Phlogophilus, Urosticte, Polyplancta, Adelomyia, Coeligena, Ensifera, Oreotrochilus, and Topaza". American Museum Novitates (1513): 1–45. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Zimmer" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Cotton, P.A. (1998). "The hummingbird community of a lowland Amazonian rainforest". Ibis. 140 (3): 512–521. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1998.tb04613.x. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Cotton 1" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cotton, P.A. (1998). "Coevolution in an Amazonian hummingbird-plant community". Ibis. 140 (4): 639–646. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1998.tb04709.x. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Cotton 2" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ Wright, N.A.; Gregory, T.R.; Witt, C.C. (2014). "Metabolic 'engines' of flight drive genome size reduction in birds". Proc. R. Soc. B. 281 (1779): 20132780. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2780. PMC 3924074. PMID 24478299.
  10. ↑ Berns, C.M.; Adams, D.C. (2013). "Becoming Different But Staying Alike: Patterns of Sexual Size and Shape Dimorphism in Bills of Hummingbirds". Evol Biol. 40 (2): 246–260. doi:10.1007/s11692-012-9206-3. S2CID 276492.
  11. ↑ Gerwin, J.A.; Zink, R.A. (1989). "Phylogenetic Patterns in the Genus Heliodoxa (Aves: Trochilidae): An Allozymic Perspective". The Wilson Bulletin. 101 (4): 525–544.
  12. ↑ McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Remsen, J.V.Jr.; Dudley, R.; Altshuler, D.L. (2009). "A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds". J Ornithol. 150: 155–165. doi:10.1007/s10336-008-0330-x. S2CID 1918245.
  13. ↑ Weller, A.A.; Renner, S.C. (2001). "A new subspecies of Heliodoxa xanthogonys (Aves, Trochilidae) from the southern Pantepui highlands, with biogeographical and taxonomic notes". Brazilian Journal of Ornithology. 9: 1–5.
  14. ↑ Schulenberg, T.S. "Gould's Jewelfront (Heliodoxa aurescens)". Neotropical Birds Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Salaman, P.G.W.; Donegan, T.M.; Cuervo, A.M. (1999). "Ornithological surveys in Serrania de 10s Churumbelos, southern Colombia". Cotinga. 12: 29–39. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Salaman et al." defined multiple times with different content
  16. ↑ Walker, B.; Stotz, D.F.; Pequeño, T.; Fitzpatrick, J.W. (2006). Patterson, E.D.; Stotz, D.F.; Solari, S. (eds.). "Mammals and Birds of the Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru". Fieldiana: Zoology. New Series. 110: 23–49. doi:10.3158/0015-0754(2006)110[1:mabotm]2.0.co;2.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 McHugh, C. (2008). "Flowers and Feeders: A Comparison of Hummingbird Feeding Activity". Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. Paper 542. Retrieved 27 April 2015. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "McHugh" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Schuchman, K.L. (1984). "Two hummingbird species new to Bolivia". Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. 104 (1): 5–7. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Schuchman" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ Bond, J. (1954). "Notes on Peruvian Trochilidae". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 106: 165–183.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Lees, A.C.; Zimmer, K.J.; Marantz, C.A.; Whittaker, A.; Davis, B.J.W.; Whitney, B.M. (2013). "Alta Floresta revisited: an updated review of the avifauna of the most intensively surveyed locality in south-central Amazonia". Bull. B.O.C. 133: 178–239. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Lees et al." defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ Johns, A.D. (1991). "Responses of Amazonian Rain Forest Birds to Habitat Modification". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 7 (4): 417–437. doi:10.1017/s0266467400005812.
  22. ↑ Beja, P.; Santos, C.D.; Santana, J.; Pereira, M.J.; Marques, J.T.; Queiroz, H.L.; Palmeirim, J.M. (2010). "Seasonal patterns of spatial variation in understory bird assemblages across a mosaic of flooded and unflooded Amazonian forests". Biodivers Conserv. 19: 129–152. doi:10.1007/s10531-009-9711-6. S2CID 42013055.
  23. ↑ Andrade, G.I.; Rubio-Torgler, H. (1994). "Sustainable Use of the Tropical Rain Forest: Evidence from the Avifauna in a Shifting-Cultivation Habitat Mosaic in the Colombian Amazon". Conservation Biology. 8 (2): 545–554. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020545.x.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Terborgh, J.; Robinson, S.K.; Parker, T.A.; Munn, C.A.; Pierpont, N. (1990). "Structure and Organization of an Amazonian Forest Bird Community". Ecological Monographs. 60 (2): 213–238. doi:10.2307/1943045. JSTOR 1943045. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Terborgh" defined multiple times with different content
  25. ↑ Svensson, O. (2014). "Does small-scale land use affect the understory birds negative in the Peruvian National Reserve Allpahuayo Mishana?". Degree Thesis. Halmstad University.
  26. ↑ Remsen, J.V.Jr.; Stiles, F.G.; Scott, P.E. (1986). "Frequency of Arthropods in Stomachs of Tropical Hummingbirds". Auk. 103: 436–441.
  27. ↑ BirdLife International (2016). "Heliodoxa aurescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22687731A93166380. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687731A93166380.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

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