Griqua tsabar kudi
 Griqua tsabar kudi |
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Tsabar kudin Griqua ita ce tsabar kudin al'umma ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu[1] kuma Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London ta gabatar da ita.
Tarihin Griquatown[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Griquatown yana cikin lardin Arewacin Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Garin, wanda a da ake kira Klaarwater, an kafa shi a cikin Afrilu 1805 ta ɗan mishan William Anderson na Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London . [2]
Griqua, ƙungiya ce ta kabilanci da al'ada, ta samo asali ne daga auratayya da alaƙar jima'i tsakanin 'yan asalin Khoikhoi, iyayen bayi da mazan Turawa. Sun kira kansu a matsayin Bastaard da sauransu.
Ƙungiyar Bastaard, masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje suka rinjaye su, suka zauna a Klaarwater. A lokacin ziyararsa a garin a ranar 7 ga Agusta 1813 John Campbell, Daraktan Kungiyar Mishan ta London ya yi tunanin sunan Bastaard ya zama abin ban haushi. Campbell ya ba da shawarar su ɗauki sunan Griqua, cin hanci da rashawa na sunan kakanninsu na ChariGuriQua . A yayin wannan taron an canza sunan Klaarwater zuwa Garin Griqua. [3]
Siyasa da ciniki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Griquas na farko wanda ya ƙunshi galibin iyalai na Bastaard sun ƙaura kusan 1780 daga yankin arewacin yankin Cape don zama tare da Kogin Orange . Iyalan Kok da Barends masu ƙarfi, dukansu tare da ɗimbin yawa, sun kafa tsakiyar al'ummar Griqua. Ko da yake iyalan Kok da Barends mai yiwuwa ne ke kula da al'amuran Griquas waɗanda suka zauna tare da su, ƙungiyoyi masu cin gashin kansu sun kafa a yankin. John Mellville, wakilin mai wa’azi a ƙasashen waje, ya yi nazarin waɗannan rukunoni kuma ya lura cewa ɗayan rukunin ya ƙaru daga wataƙila iyalai 3 zuwa 4 na Griqua zuwa sama da 40 tsakanin 1817 zuwa 1823. Baƙi kuma sun zauna a yankin, suna kafa da'awar maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da kwanon rufi yayin da suke riƙe alaƙa da jagorancin Griqua. Griquas sun kasance manyan 'yan kasuwa waɗanda suka fahimci manufar kuɗi, suna aiki a matsayin 'yan tsaka-tsaki tsakanin mulkin mallaka da al'ummomin arewa. An gudanar da cinikayya ta yau da kullun a bajekolin kasuwanci da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta shirya, yayin da cinikin haramtacciyar hanya da ’yan mulkin mallaka ya zama ruwan dare gama gari.
Griquatown tsabar kudi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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An gabatar da tsabar kudin Griqua zuwa Griquatown, Afirka ta Kudu kusan 1817-1818 ta Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London. Wannan ita ce fitowar farko da aka sani na kudin da Kiristoci mishaneri suka yi a Afirka ta Kudu. Kungiyar Mishan ta Landan ta kira tsabar kudin a matsayin alamu kuma an tsara ta a cikin ƙungiyoyi huɗu: 1/4 da 1/2 pence cikin jan karfe, da ɪɪɪɪɪ (5) da pence 10 a azurfa. A taron na 7 Agusta 1813 an tattauna wasu batutuwa daban-daban, ciki har da tsabar kudi, inda
"Haka kuma aka yanke shawarar cewa tunda ba su da wata hanyar zagayawa a cikinsu da za su iya siyan kowace karamar kasida, kamar wukake, almakashi, da sauransu. suna zaton wani shago da za a kafa a tsakaninsu - wanda suka damu ya kamata a samu - sai su kasance. nemi Ƙungiyar Mishan don samun kuɗin azurfa na ƙima daban-daban da aka yi musu a Ingila, waɗanda Mishan za su karɓi alawus ɗin su daga Society, suna da sunan garin Griqua. Mai yiyuwa ne idan aka karvi wannan a cikin kankanin lokaci za su yi ta yawo a cikin dukkan al'ummomi, kuma su zama mafi dacewa"[4]
Abubuwan da ke faruwa a Cape na nufin ƙarancin ƙarancin kuɗin da aka zagaya a Griquatown da kewaye. Kasuwancin Griqua an yi shi ne ta hanyar barter, beads da rixdollars. Wannan yanayin dole ne ya sa John Campbell ya ba da shawarar tsabar kudin gundumar Griqua.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Siyan kudin shiga na Griquatown[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A taron mako-mako na Daraktocin Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London da aka yi a ranar 15 ga Janairu 1816, ya kasance.
"An yanke shawarar cewa Gentlemen masu zuwa su zama kwamiti don yin la'akari da mafi kyawun yanayin samar da tsabar kudi na Azurfa don Griqua Town vizt Messrs Campbell, Muston, Steven & Bateman".
Watanni biyu bayan haka, a taron da Daraktoci da aka yi a dakunan taronsu na tsohuwar Yahudawa a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1816, ya kasance.
"An yanke shawarar cewa za a zabi £ 100 don tsabar kudi na Azurfa a matsayin cibiyar watsa labarai a garin Griqua da kewayenta a Afirka - cewa wannan kasuwancin a koma Messrs Bateman da Muston" [1
A ranar 10 ga Mayu 1816 a taron shekara-shekara na 22 (wanda ya shafi lokacin 1815/1816) na Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London, an ba da rahoton cewa.
"Al'umma ta taimaka wa al'umma ta taimaka wa jama'a, masu biyan kudi wanda, ba shi da kuɗi (don kuɗi ba a sani ba a cikin duniyar da za a sayar da su don amfanin al'umma. …Domin magance wahalhalun da jama’a ke fama da su, (waɗanda a yanzu suka sami ci gaba mai yawa a cikin wayewa,) ta hanyar neman hanyar zagayawa, Daraktoci yanzu suna sayo musu tsabar kuɗi na azurfa.”
15 Yuli 1816 ya kasance
"An yanke shawarar cewa £ 200 a cikin Coins [wanda aka yi ta hanyar] Alamu don amfani… a matsayin hauhawar farashin kaya… Za a tura garin Griqua zuwa Cape of Good Hope maimakon £ 100 kawai - kamar yadda aka ba da umarni."
An maye gurbin kalmar Coins da Tokens. Dole ne hauhawar farashin da aka ambata ya dogara ne akan rashin aikin Rixdollar a Cape, kamar yadda hauhawar farashin kaya a Biritaniya ya kasance -8.4%.
A taron da aka yi a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1816 an rubuta cewa
"An ba da umarnin biyan waɗannan takaddun kudi…William Westall…Silver Tokens £191.12"
Mintunan Gidan Gidan LMS sun rubuta cewa a taron ranar 23 ga Disamba 1816 ya kasance
"Ya yanke shawarar cewa wannan Al'umma ta biya Mista Bateman saboda asarar da ya yi a sakamakon sace yaronsa da yawa na Azurfa, don Tokens, da yardar rai ta hanyar Mista Bateman don amfani da Settlement a GriquaTown" [1
A cikin juzu'i mai zuwa, an rubuta cewa a wani taro na Daraktoci a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1817 "An zaɓe jimlar £49 ga Mista Bateman a ranar 23 ga Disamba na ƙarshe don biyan diyya ga asarar da ya yi, ta hanyar fashin yaronsa. na Azurfa, don Alamu, da aka yi umarni"
Rajistar gudummawar don Ƙungiyar Mishan ta London na tsawon Maris 1816 zuwa Maris 1817 ta ba da rahoton "Kudi a Musanya don Griqua Tokens, kowane Mr Langton - £ 3.8.0" (David Langton shi ne mataimakin sakatare kuma ma'ajin na Ofishin Jakadancin London. Al'umma a wannan lokacin). Ana tsammanin an sayar da alamun ga mai tarawa.
Wannan labarin ya nuna mana daraktocin LMS sun shiga kuma sun amince da siyan Griquatown Coinage.
Zuwan Afirka ta Kudu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A ranar 21 ga Yuli 1817 PF Hammes da R. Beck (wakilan LMS a Cape Town) suka aika da wasiƙa zuwa ga David Langton. Wani sashi daga cikin wasikar yana cewa:
“Yallabai, mun amince da karbar naka mai kwanan wata 20 ga Maris da ya gabata kuma muna da farin cikin dawowa don Amsa, cewa mun karbi kararrakin guda biyu, dauke da kananan nau’in Silver Specie da Copper cikin tsari mai kyau, kuma za mu yi aiki da su kamar yadda niyya da fatan Al’umma”.
Wannan shine kawai sanannen rikodin inda aka ambaci alamun jan karfe.
A ziyararsa ta biyu a Afirka ta Kudu, John Campbell ya sake ziyartar tashar mishan na Griqua kuma ya lura a cikin littafinsa a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1820:
"The Landdrost (Andries Stockenstroom) yayi tunanin yana da mahimmanci don kafa sadarwa ta yau da kullum tsakanin Griquatown da Graaff Reynet; Har ila yau, ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da gwamnati don takunkumi ga ƙaddamar da kuɗin Griqua a gundumar Graaff Reynet da Beaufort."
(Yankunan biyu sun kasance ɓangare na Cape Colony, yayin da Griquatown ba)
Bayan 'yan kwanaki, a ranar 12 ga Agusta, Campbell ya rubuta:
"An tattauna kuma akan tsabar kudin. Sun ce idan zai wuce a cikin mulkin mallaka Griquas zai ɗauka da sauri. Na yi alƙawarin zan nemi Gwamna don ya ba da izinin wucewa a gundumomin Graaff-reynet da Beaufort. "
bayarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Heinrich Helm, ɗan mishan mazaunin Griquatown, a wata wasiƙa mai kwanan wata 21 ga Yuni 1821 zuwa ga wakilin LMS a Afirka ta Kudu, Dokta John Philip, ya rubuta:
"Mafi girman ɓangaren kuɗin Griqua har yanzu shine dukiyar Al'umma wanda Br. Anderson lokacin da ya bar mu zuwa kulawa ta. Kamar yadda Mista Campbell ya yi tunanin cewa Br. Anderson ya jefar da kuɗaɗen azurfar akan farashi mai rahusa, na tambaye shi ya sanar da ni ainihin ƙimar kowane nau'i wanda ya yi alkawarin zai yi, amma har yanzu ban sami amsa ba, don haka har yanzu yana cikina. mallaka. Ya kamata in yi farin ciki idan kai, Yallabai, za ka sami alheri ka sanar da ni abin da zan yi da shi."
Wannan shine kawai rikodin tsabar kudin da ake bayarwa. Ba a san yadda aka tantance adadin ba. Ko tsabar kuɗin da aka taɓa zagayawa shima jigo ne na muhawara mai yawa. Ba a taɓa samun rikodin asusu ta amfani da tsabar kudin Griqua ba.
Griqua Coinage ita ce tsabar kudin Afirka ta Kudu ta farko mai cin gashin kanta kuma ta zama muhimmin bangare na tarihin adadi na Afirka ta Kudu.
Takaitawa bisa takaddun zamani[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
1) An fara tattauna batun Griqua coinage a watan Agusta 1813 tsakanin mai girma John Campbell da Griquas a Klaarwater (Griquatown). Tunani na farko shine a ba wa ’yan mishan kuɗin kuɗin a matsayin wani ɓangare na alawus ɗinsu. Masu mishan ɗin za su ba da kuɗin kuɗin zuwa Griquas don biyan kuɗin ƙananan kayan.
2) A cikin Janairu 1816 an kafa kwamitin Griqua coinage a hedkwatar LMS a London.
3) A cikin Afrilu 1816, kwamitin ya yanke shawarar cewa za a zabi fam 100 don tsabar kudin da za a yi amfani da shi azaman hanyar zagayawa a Garin Griqua. A ranar 15 ga Yuli 1816 an soke wannan shawarar kuma adadin ya karu zuwa £ 200.
4) A cikin Oktoba 1816 an ba da umarnin biyan LMS lissafin da ya shafi tsabar kudin akan adadin £191.12
5 Taimako na LMS-rejista na tsawon Maris 1816 zuwa Maris 1817 ya ba da rahoton cewa an sayi Griqua coinage zuwa darajar fam 3 da shilling 8 daga jama'a kafin a tura yawancin zuwa Afirka ta Kudu.
6) A cikin Yuli 1817 wakilin LMS a Cape Town ya tabbatar da cewa duka tsabar tagulla da azurfa sun isa Afirka ta Kudu.
7) A cikin Agusta 1820, Reverend John Campbell ya lura cewa zai nemi Gwamnatin Cape don sanya takunkumin wucewar kudin Griqua a cikin Cape Colony. Idan haka ne takunkumi, ya lura cewa Griquas zai ɗauki tsabar kudi da sauri.
8) A cikin Yuni 1821 an ba da rahoton cewa mafi girman ɓangaren kuɗin Griqua har yanzu yana hannun tashar manufa a Griquatown kuma an jefa ƙaramin ɓangaren tsabar kuɗin azurfa ga Griquas a daidai lokacin da ba daidai ba.
Darikoki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tagulla Quarter "Pence " : Na dabam: Kurciya tana tashi da reshen zaitun a baki. Juya: ¼ tare da rubutu GRIQUA (a sama) GARIN (a ƙasa da kife). Matsakaicin diamita: 20.76 mm. Matsakaicin kauri: 1.33 mm. Matsakaicin nauyi: 3.63 g. Gefen: Reeded kusan a tsaye.
Rabin Tagulla "Pence" : Wuta: Kurciya tana tashi da reshen zaitun a baki. Juya: ½ tare da rubutu GRIQUA (a sama) GARIN (a ƙasa da kife). Matsakaicin diamita: 24.86 mm. Matsakaicin kauri: 1.46 mm. Matsakaicin nauyi: 6.20 g. Gefen: Reeded kusan a tsaye.
Azurfa Biyar "Pence" : Kurciya tana tashi da reshen zaitun a baki. Juyawa: IIIII tsakanin layi biyu a sama da ƙasa tare da rubutu GRIQUA (sama) GARIN (a ƙasa da juye). Matsakaicin diamita: 20.96 mm. Matsakaicin kauri: 0.66 mm. Matsakaicin nauyi: 2.37 g. Edge: Reeded obliquely
Azurfa Goma na "Pence" : Kurciya tana tashi da reshen zaitun a baki. Juya: 10 tsakanin layi biyu sama da ƙasa tare da rubutu GRIQUA (sama) GARIN (a ƙasa da juye). Matsakaicin diamita: 25.90 mm. Matsakaicin kauri: 1.06 mm. Matsakaicin nauyi: 4.90 g. Gefen: Reeded a fili
Hern ya ba da rahoto da yawa nau'i-nau'i, alal misali, "pens" biyar da goma da aka buga a cikin tagulla da rabi "pens" a cikin gubar da kuma jan karfe.