Gudanar da ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu
 Gudanar da ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Afirka ta kudu |
Gudanar da ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu ya haɗa da kula da manufofin ilimi na ƙasar, gudanarwa, da aiwatarwa. Afirka ta Kudu tana da mafi girman ingancin ilimi a Nahiyar Afirka.[1] Koyaya, ƙasar tana fuskantar ƙalubale a cikin ilimi, gami da rashin daidaito na tarihi, rashin isasshen ci gaban ƙwararru ga ma'aikatan ilimi, da ƙuntatawa na kuɗi.[1] Rashin kula da ilimi shine dalilin da ke cikin waɗannan ƙalubalen. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta yi ƙoƙari don inganta tsarin gudanar da ilimi ta hanyar amfani da jagorancin shiga da na dimokuradiyya, kafa ƙwarewa da horo na ƙwararru, inganta ikon cin gashin kai na makaranta da gudanar da bambancin al'adu, ƙarfafa ababen more rayuwa da gudanar da kudi.
Gabatar da gudanar da ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsarin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsarin ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu ya kasu kashi uku: ilimin firamare, ilimin sakandare, da ilimi mafi girma. Makarantun sakandare sun hada da makarantar sakandare da babbar makarantar sakandare.[2] Ilimi mafi girma ya kasu kashi biyu: ilimin sana'a da ilimin jami'a.[3] Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta asali tana da alhakin ilimin firamare da sakandare, yayin da Ma'abiyar Ilimi da Horarwa ke kula da ilimin sakandare, gami da ilimin ilimi da horar da fasaha na sakandare.[1][2]
Makarantar firamare[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ilimi na firamare a Afirka ta Kudu yana da shekaru bakwai (R-6 maki), kuma an raba shi zuwa matakai na asali da na tsakiya, da farko yana mai da hankali kan ilimi na asali. A lokacin makarantar firamare, duk darussan tilas ne.[3]
Dalibai yawanci suna fara makarantar firamare tun suna da shekaru shida. A matakin makarantar firamare, ana kimanta matakin dalibi ta hanyar sakamakon gwajin.[3]
Ana gudanar da cancantar kammala karatun firamare da kansa ta kowace makarantar firamare. Babu jarrabawar matakin kasa. A ƙarshen makarantar firamare, ba za a ba da takardar shaidar cancanta ba.[2]
Makarantar sakandare[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ilimi na sakandare yana da tsawon shekaru shida kuma an raba shi zuwa matakai biyu: ƙaramin makarantar sakandare da makarantar sakandare.[2]
Makarantar sakandare ta Junior (ƙididdiga 7-9) ana kiranta matakin ci gaba kuma wajibi ne.[2]
Makarantar sakandare (ƙasa 10-12), wanda aka fi sani da Ci gaba da Ilimi da Horarwa (FET), ba tilas ba ne.[2]
Daliban makarantar sakandare suna zaɓar karatun ilimi ko fasaha.[3] A duk makarantar sakandare, ɗalibai za su yi karatun darussan bakwai, gami da darussan tilas guda huɗu da darussin zaɓaɓɓu guda uku.[2]
A ƙarshen aji na 12, akwai jarrabawar daidaitaccen ƙasa, kuma kammala karatun ya dogara ne akan sakamakon jarrabawar. Bayan kammala karatunsa, an ba da takardar shaidar ƙasa, wanda Babban Takardar shaidar Kasa ta bayar. Wannan takardar shaidar kuma ana kiranta "matric".[2]
Ilimi mafi girma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwai nau'o'i biyu na ilimi mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu: ilimin sana'a da fasaha da ilimin jami'a.Saboda yawan rashin aikin yi a tsakanin matasa, Afirka ta Kudu tana da matukar muhimmanci ga ilimin fasaha, tare da manufar horar da ƙwarewar ƙwararru da fasaha don haɓaka aiki da inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki.Ilimi na jami'a yana mai da hankali kan binciken ilimi, kuma jami'o'in jama'a sun mamaye.[
Matsalar gudanar da ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ilimi na nuna bambanci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rashin daidaito na ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu ya fi dacewa da tsarin wariyar launin fata wanda ya kasance daga 1948-1991 a Afirka ta kudu. Kodayake gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta saka hannun jari mai yawa a ilimi a yau, ingancin ilimi bai inganta a bayyane ba. Ilimi na nuna bambanci har yanzu yana shafar ilimi da gudanar da ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu har zuwa wani mataki.[2]
Gudanar da jagoranci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Saboda nuna bambanci na launin fata, zaɓin shugabannin makaranta ba daidai ba ne, wanda zai iya haifar da zaɓaɓɓun shugabannin ba ƙwararru ba ne. Ana iya fassara wannan sau da yawa zuwa gaskiyar cewa ba za a iya gudanar da makaranta yadda ya kamata a ƙarƙashin jagorancin da ba shi da tasiri.[4]
Dangane da gudanarwa, makarantar na iya bi da malamai da dalibai daban-daban daban-daban saboda batutuwan kabilanci. Wannan yana nufin, gudanar da ilimi bai sami adalci ba, wanda kuma ba shi da kyau ga ci gaban gudanar da ilimi.[4][5]
Koyarwa da gudanar da makaranta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dangane da koyarwa, ingancin koyarwar da malamai suka bayar ba shi da girma, saboda malamai da kansu suna da ilimi ta hanyar tsarin ilimi mara kyau.[2] Bugu da ƙari, babu wani matsayi mai girma don gudanar da koyarwa, wanda ke haifar da yawan rashin malamai. A cewar SACMEQ III, a cikin 2007, Afirka ta Kudu tana da mafi girman adadin rashin halarta idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe da suka shiga cikin binciken.[6] Har ila yau, ya cancanci a lura cewa adadin wadanda ba su nan ya ci gaba da tashi bayan shekara ta 2007.[7]
A gefe guda, ingancin koyarwar da malamai ke bayarwa ba kawai yana da alaƙa da matakin ilimin malamai da kansu ba, har ma da imani da dabi'un malamai. Don zama mafi ƙayyadaddun, fahimtar ilimi da ma'anar aikin malami na iya shafar halayensu a koyarwa zuwa wasu digiri.
Bugu da kari, saboda dalilai na tarihi, nuna bambancin launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu shima muhimmiyar mahimmanci ce da ke shafar ingancin koyarwa. Ana iya fassara wannan sau da yawa a cikin gaskiyar cewa malamai na iya rinjayar halayensu na koyarwa da halayensu ga ɗalibai saboda ainihin su.[4] Bugu da ƙari, ɗaliban da suka bambanta da ainihi sun sanya matakai daban-daban, wanda kuma ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa.[2]
Kudi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kudin makaranta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Makarantar ba ta da isasshen kuɗi don tallafawa ko kare nau'ikan ababen more rayuwa daban-daban da kuma ginin wurin ilmantarwa a makarantu.[3] A Afirka ta Kudu, yawancin makarantu ba su da bututu, hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki, da kuma wuraren kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Dangane da gina wurin ilmantarwa, fiye da rabin makarantu a Afirka ta Kudu ba su gina ɗakunan karatu da dakunan gwaje-gwaje ba.[8] Bugu da kari, kayan koyarwa da kayan jingina suma an ƙuntata su.[1] Rashin isasshen wurare na iya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga iyakantaccen ilimi.[9]
Kudin karatun[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rashin damar ilmantarwa ga ɗaliban da ba su iya biyan kuɗin karatun ba wani muhimmin dalili ne na ƙarancin ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu.[3]
Kodayake kudaden karatun makarantu ba su da damuwa ga tattalin arziki ga iyali, bisa ga matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na kowane wata ga mutanen Afirka ta Kudu da binciken ya nuna.[10][11] Koyaya, rata tsakanin masu arziki da matalauta a Afirka ta Kudu galibi, wanda za'a iya fassara shi cikin gaskiyar cewa matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na kowane wata ba ya nuna ainihin halin da ake ciki.
A cikin ilimi mafi girma, fiye da rabin matasan Afirka ta Kudu sun ce ba su iya biyan kuɗin karatu ba. Wannan ya haifar da rashin samun ilimi ga matasa.[12]
Inganta gudanar da ilimi a Afirka ta Kudu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jagora da gudanarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gudanar da jagoranci ya sauya zuwa shiga da dimokuradiyya, gudanar da kai ya kamata ya kasance tare da rarrabawar ciki
Cibiyar ilimi ta saita cancantar shigarwa ta farko ta shugaban, ƙwararrun ƙwararru dole ne su cancanci, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa waɗanda suke shugabanni a makaranta sun dace da aikin.
Bugu da ƙari, sanya ƙarin dabi'u akan horo da ci gaban shugaban.[4]
Gudanar da dabarun[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Inganta ikon cin gashin kai na makaranta, samar da ingantaccen ƙungiyar gudanar da makaranta da kuma kafa hukumar kula da makarantu.
Gudanar da bambancin al'adu don a sake gane bambancin, wanda ke taimakawa wajen taimakawa rashin daidaito na al'adu a cikin gudanar da ilimi.[4]
Koyarwa da gudanar da makaranta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ya kamata makarantar ta tabbatar da ƙwarewar malamai don tabbatar da ingancin ilimi. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a yi la'akari da kayan koyarwa don ingantawa.[13]
Kudi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Infrastructure[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An shirya don karfafa ababen more rayuwa na makarantu ciki har da ruwa, wutar lantarki da kuma gine-gine.
Bugu da ƙari, gwamnati tana ba da sassan ilimi na musamman da masu dacewa don aiwatarwa da sarrafa gine-ginen ababen more rayuwa.
Bayanan da aka ambata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Greubel, Justin van Fleet, Kevin Watkins, and Lauren (17 September 2012). "Africa Learning Barometer". Brookings. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 "Education in South Africa". WENR. 2017-05-02. Retrieved 2019-05-21. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "Education System in South Africa". Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Moloi, Kholeka; Bush, Tony (2006). "An Overview of Education Management in South Africa". Management in Education. 15-22 (5): 15–22. doi:10.1177/089202060602000504. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Education in South Africa - Expat Guide to South Africa | Expatica".
- ↑ Mbiza, Mduduzi (2018-02-15). "The Issues with South Africa's Education System | EduConnect |". EduConnect. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
- ↑ Staff Writer. "South Africa's education system has another problem: teachers not turning up". businesstech.co.za. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
- ↑ "Upholding 29(1)(a) in South Africa: The Right to Basic Education". Pulitzer Center. 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
- ↑ "School infrastructure is still largely inadequate". BusinessLIVE. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
- ↑ Staff Writer. "University fees 2019: how much it costs to study in South Africa". businesstech.co.za. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
- ↑ Staff Writer. "This is the average salary in South Africa right now". businesstech.co.za. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
- ↑ "More than half of South Africa's youth cannot fund their tuition". The South African. 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
- ↑ "Education | South African Government".