Gyara tsarin gurɓatar muhalli (PPR)
 Gyara tsarin gurɓatar muhalli (PPR) |
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Gyaran farashin gurɓatawa (PPR) shine tsarin daidaita farashin kasuwa dan haɗawa da tasirin muhalli kai tsaye akan ma'auni, misali ƙura da iskar gas daga injinan konewa musamman a cunkoson ababen hawa. [1] [2] Wannan dabarar ta bambanta da tsare-tsaren haraji na muhalli na gabaɗaya, kuma inda ba a samun ma'aunin tasirin akan ɗan gajeren lokaci ko kwatancen zaɓin harajin da ya shafa don saka hannun jari ko aiki.
Wani waje (nau'in gazawar kasuwa) yana wanzuwa inda farashin kasuwa ya keɓe haɓakar gurɓatawa da ƙauna. Duk A irin wannan yanayi, yanke shawara na kudi ko na daidaikun mutane na hankali (na son kai) na iya haifar da cutar da muhalli, da kuma tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da gazawa. [3]
Shirye-shiryen haraji da aka gyara gurɓatawa.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gyaran farashin muhalli zai iya zama faɗin tattalin arziki, ko kuma mai da hankali sosai (misali musamman ga wani yanki (kamar samar da wutar lantarki ko zirga-zirga) ko wani batun muhalli (kamar sauyin yanayi). "Kayan aikin da aka dogara da kasuwa" ko "kayan aikin tattalin arziki don kariyar muhalli" ana iya keɓance su gwargwadon tasirin ƙazanta da za a iya aunawa a matsayin tserewa ga dindindin na sakaci na tasirin yanayi ta hanyar fasahohin gurɓata yanayi. Misalai Kamar sun haɗa da canjin harajin kore (ecotaxation), izinin gurɓatawa mai ciniki, ko ƙirƙirar kasuwanni don fasahar muhalli.
Gabaɗaya akwai nau'ikan zaɓuɓɓuka guda uku da ake da su:
- ƙarin haraji akan nau'ikan mai tare da yawanci mafi girma na ƙura ko gurɓataccen iskar gas.
- haraji na shekara-shekara kan nau'ikan injin tare da yawanci mafi girma na ƙura ko gurɓataccen iskar gas bayan da ke haifar da ƙonewa. [4]
- ƙuntatawa na yau da kullun na zahiri bisa ga ƙididdige matakan gurɓatawa. [5]
Adabi.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Bhola R. Gurjar (Edita), Luisa T. Molina (Edita), CSP Ojha (Edita) Gurbacewar iska: Lafiya da Tasirin Muhalli Archived 2018-09-30 at the Wayback Machine 1st Edition. Latsa CRC. Shekarata 2010.
- Zev Levin (Edita), William R. Cotton (Edita). Tasirin Gurbacewar Aerosol akan Hazo: Binciken Kimiyya . Nuwamba 17, shekarata 2008.
- Colin Beavan. Babu Wani Tasirin Mutum: Kasadar Wani Mutum Mai Laifi Wanda Yayi Ƙoƙarin Ceci Duniya, da Ganowar Da Ya Yi Game da Kansa Da Hanyar Rayuwar Mu A Cikin Tsarin. 25, ga Mayu, shekarata 2010.
Manazarta.
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Pollution Tax Nova Scotia
- ↑ "Taxation on pollution" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-07. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
- ↑ Nachhaltig aus der Krise
- ↑ "Fuel tax enquiry". Archived from the original on 2019-09-29. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
- ↑ Fahrverbote in China