HIV AIDS a Afirka
| HIV AIDS a Afirka | |
|---|---|
Description (en)  | |
| Iri |
epidemiology of HIV/AIDS (en) |
| Identifier (en) | |
Cutar HIV/AIDS ta samo asali ne daga Afirka a farkon karni na 20 kuma ya kasance babban abin damuwa ga lafiyar jama'a da kuma sanadin mutuwa a yawancin kasashen Afirka. Adadin cutar kanjamau ya bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙasashe, kodayake yawancin cututtukan sun ta'allaka ne a Kudancin Afirka. Duk da cewa nahiyar tana da kusan kashi 15.2 bisa 100 na al'ummar duniya,[1] fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na yawan mutanen da suka kamu da cutar a duniya - kusan mutane miliyan 35 - 'yan Afirka ne, wadanda miliyan 15 sun riga sun mutu.[2] Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka kadai sun yi kiyasin kashi 60 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke dauke da cutar kanjamau[3] da kashi 70 cikin 100 na wadanda suka mutu a cutar kanjamau a shekarar 2011.[4] Kasashen Gabashi da Kudancin Afirka sun fi fama da cutar, cutar kanjamau ta kara yawan mace-mace tare da rage tsawon rayuwa tsakanin manya da ke tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 49 da kimanin shekaru ashirin.[2] Bugu da ƙari kuma, tsawon rayuwa a sassa da dama na Afirka yana raguwa, musamman sakamakon kamuwa da cutar HIV/AIDS tare da tsawon rayuwa a wasu ƙasashe ya kai shekaru talatin da tara.[5][6] Kasashe a arewacin Afirka, yammacin Afirka da kuma yankin kahon Afirka suna da karancin yaduwar cutar, yayin da al'ummarsu sukan tsunduma cikin yanayin al'adu masu hatsarin gaske wadanda ke inganta yaduwar kwayar cutar a wasu sassan Afirka. Kudancin Afirka shi ne yankin da cutar ta fi kamari a nahiyar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, cutar kanjamau ta kamu da akalla kashi 10 na al'ummar Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Zambia, da Zimbabwe. Dangane da haka, an kaddamar da wasu tsare-tsare a sassa daban-daban na nahiyar domin wayar da kan al'umma kan cutar kanjamau. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai shirye-shiryen rigakafin haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafi inganci, kamar kamewa, yin aminci, amfani da yaƙin neman zaɓe ko shirye-shiryen wayar da kan gidauniyar Desmond Tutu HIV.[7]
Adadin masu dauke da cutar kanjamau a Afirka da ke karbar maganin rigakafin cutar kanjamau a shekarar 2012 ya ninka adadin da aka samu a shekarar 2005 ya ninka sau bakwai, inda aka kara kusan miliyan daya a shekarar da ta gabata.[8][9]: 15 Tsakanin 2000 da 2018, sabon Kwayoyin cutar kanjamau sun fadi da kashi 37 cikin 100, kuma mutuwar masu dauke da cutar HIV ta ragu da kashi 45 cikin 100 tare da ceton rayuka miliyan 13.6 saboda ART a lokaci guda. Wannan nasarar ta samo asali ne sakamakon babban kokarin da shirye-shiryen HIV na kasa da ke samun goyon bayan kungiyoyin farar hula da abokan huldar ci gaba. An ba da rahoton cewa mutane miliyan 1.1 ne suka kamu da cutar kanjamau a shekarar 2018.[10] Kimanin mutane 420,000 [340,000-530,000] sun mutu a yankin Afirka daga abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da cutar kanjamau a cikin 2021, wanda ke nuna cewa mace-mace ta ragu da kusan kashi 55% tun daga 2010.[11]
Dubawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin wani labarin bincike na 2019 mai taken "Tasirin HIV & AIDS a Afirka", kungiyar agaji ta AVERT ta rubuta: Kanjamau ... ya haifar da gaggarumin wahalhalu ga mutane a nahiyar. Mafi bayyanannen sakamako ... shine rashin lafiya da mutuwa, amma tasirin ... ya kasance ... ba a iyakance ga bangaren kiwon lafiya ba; gidaje, makarantu, wuraren aiki da tattalin arziki su ma sun yi mummunan tasiri. ... A yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, masu fama da cututtuka masu alaka da cutar kanjamau sun mamaye fiye da rabin dukkan gadajen asibiti. ... [L] yawan adadin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna fuskantar kai tsaye .... Botswana, alal misali, ta yi asarar kashi 17% na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyarta saboda AIDS tsakanin 1999 da 2005.
Yawan cutar kanjamau da AIDS akan gidaje na iya yin muni sosai. ... [I] sau da yawa shi ne mafiya talauci a cikin al'umma da suka fi kamuwa da cuta .... A lokuta da yawa, ... AIDS yana haifar da rushewar gida, yayin da iyaye ke mutuwa, ana tura yara zuwa ga dangi don kulawa da kuma reno. ... Da yawa na faruwa kafin wannan wargajewar: AIDS na kwacewa iyalai dukiyoyinsu da masu samun kudin shiga, yana kara talauta talakawa. ...
Annobar ... na kara rashin abinci a wurare da dama, saboda aikin noma ba a kula da shi ko kuma a bar shi saboda rashin lafiyan gida. ... Kusan koda yaushe, nauyin jurewa yana kan mata. Lokacin da wani dangi ya kamu da rashin lafiya, aikin mata a matsayin masu kulawa, masu samun kudin shiga da masu kula da gida yana karuwa. Sau da yawa ana tilasta musu shiga cikin ayyuka a wajen gidajensu su ma. ...
Tsofaffi kuma suna fama da cutar; da yawa suna kula da ’ya’yansu marasa lafiya kuma galibi ana barin su don kula da jikoki marayu. ... Yana da wuya a wuce gona da iri da rauni da wahala da yara ... ake tilastawa su ɗauka. ... Yayin da iyaye da ’yan uwa suke rashin lafiya, yara suna ɗaukar ƙarin nauyi don samun kuɗin shiga, samar da abinci, da kuma kula da ’yan uwa. ... [M] sauran yara sun zama marayu ta hanyar AIDS a Afirka fiye da ko'ina. Yaran da yawa yanzu danginsu ne ke renon su, wasu ma an bar su da kansu a gidajen yara. ...
Kanjamau da cutar kanjamau suna yin mummunar illa ga rashin isassun isassun malamai a ƙasashen Afirka....Cutar ko mutuwar malamai na daɗa yin muni musamman a yankunan karkara inda makarantu suka dogara ga malami ɗaya ko biyu. ... [I] a Tanzaniya[,] misali[,] ... a cikin 2006 an kiyasta cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin malamai kusan 45,000 don gyara waɗanda suka mutu ko suka bar aiki saboda HIV....
AIDS yana lalata kasuwanci ta hanyar matsi kayan aiki, ƙara farashi, karkatar da albarkatu masu amfani, da rage ƙwarewa. ...Haka kuma, yayin da tasirin annobar a kan gidaje ke kara tsananta, bukatar kasuwa da kayayyaki na iya faduwa. ...
A kasashe da dama na kudu da hamadar sahara, cutar kanjamau tana shafe shekaru da dama da aka samu na ci gaba wajen tsawaita tsawon rayuwa. ... Babban karuwar mace-mace ... shine tsakanin manya masu shekaru tsakanin 20 zuwa 49. Wannan rukunin yanzu ya kai kashi 60% na duk mace-mace a yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka....AIDS na fama da manya a shekarun da suka fi karfin tattalin arziki tare da kawar da mutanen da za su iya magance rikicin. ... Yayin da ake fadada hanyoyin samun magani sannu a hankali a ko'ina cikin nahiyar, ana tsawaita rayuwar miliyoyin mutane kuma ana ba da fata ga mutanen da a da ba su da ko daya. Sai dai abin takaicin shi ne, mafi yawan mutanen da ke bukatar magani har yanzu ba su karba ba, kuma kamfen na rigakafin kamuwa da sabbin cututtuka... na karanci a wurare da dama.[3]
| Yankin duniya | Yawan cutar kanjamau na manya (shekaru 15–49)[4] |
Mutane masu rayuwa da cutar kanjamau |
Mutuwar kamjamau, a shekara | Sabon kamun kanjamau, a shekara |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duka duniya | 0.8% | 34,000,000 | 1,700,000 | 2,500,000 |
| Yankin Saharar Afirka | 4.9% | 23,500,000 | 1,200,000 | 1,800,000 |
| Kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya | 0.3% | 4,000,000 | 250,000 | 280,000 |
| Gabashin Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya | 1.0% | 1,400,000 | 92,000 | 140,000 |
| Gabashin Asiya | 0.1% | 830,000 | 59,000 | 89,000 |
| Latin Amurka | 0.4% | 1,400,000 | 54,000 | 83,000 |
| Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka | 0.2% | 300,000 | 23,000 | 37,000 |
| Amurka ta Arewa | 0.6% | 1,400,000 | 21,000 | 51,000 |
| Yammacin Indiya | 1.0% | 230,000 | 10,000 | 13,000 |
| Yammacin Turai da Tsakiyar Turai | 0.2% | 900,000 | 7,000 | 30,000 |
| Oceania | 0.3% | 53,000 | 1,300 | 2,900 |
Asalin cutar HIV/AIDS a Afirka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yaɗuwar tarihi na nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na HIV-1 (2002) Abubuwan da aka fi sani da kamuwa da cutar HIV sun kasance a yammacin equatorial Africa, mai yiwuwa a kudu maso gabashin Kamaru inda ƙungiyoyin chimpanzee na tsakiya ke zaune. "Bincike na phylogenetic ya nuna cewa duk nau'in kwayar cutar HIV-1 da aka sani don kamuwa da mutane, ciki har da HIV-1 kungiyoyin M, N, da O, suna da alaƙa da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan layin SIV cpz: wanda aka samu a P.t. troglodytes [Pan troglodytes] troglodytes watau tsakiyar chimpanzee]." Ana zargin cewa cutar ta yi tsalle ga mutane daga yankan chimpanzees don cin mutum.[5][6]
Har ila yau, hasashe na yanzu sun haɗa da cewa, da zarar kwayar cutar ta yi tsalle daga chimpanzees ko wasu birai zuwa ga mutane, ayyukan likitanci na farkon karni na 20 sun taimaka wa cutar ta HIV ta kafu a cikin mutane zuwa 1930.[7] Wataƙila kwayar cutar ta ƙaura daga dabbobi masu rarrafe zuwa mutane lokacin da mafarauta suka yi mu'amala da jinin dabbobin da suka kamu da cutar. Daga nan ne mafarautan suka kamu da cutar kanjamau kuma suka yada cutar ga wasu mutane ta hanyar gurbatar ruwan jiki. Wannan ka’idar ana kiranta da “ka’idar Bushmeat”
Kanjamau ya yi tsalle daga keɓewar ƙauye zuwa saurin yaɗuwar birane sakamakon haɓakar birane da ya faru a ƙarni na 20. Akwai dalilai da yawa da suka sa ake samun yawaitar cutar AIDS a Afirka. Daya daga cikin mafi kyawun bayani shine talauci da ke tasiri ga rayuwar yau da kullun na 'yan Afirka. Littafin, Ethics and AIDS in Africa: A Challenge to Our Thinking, ya bayyana yadda " Talauci yana da lahani masu tasiri, kamar karuwanci (watau bukatar sayar da jima'i don rayuwa), rashin yanayin rayuwa, ilimi, kiwon lafiya da kiwon lafiya wadanda su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da yaduwar cutar kanjamau a halin yanzu.” Masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa cutar ta HIV ta yadu a hankali ta hanyar tafiye-tafiyen kogi. Dukkan kogunan kasar Kamaru sun shiga kogin Sangha, wanda ya hada da kogin Kongo da ke bi ta Kinshasa a Jamhuriyar demokradiyyar Kongo. Ciniki a gefen kogunan zai iya yada kwayar cutar, wacce ta taru a hankali a cikin yawan mutane. A cikin shekarun 1960, kusan mutane 2,000 a Afirka na iya kamuwa da cutar kanjamau, ciki har da mutanen Kinshasa waɗanda samfuran nama daga 1959 da 1960 an adana su kuma an yi nazari a baya. An yi imanin cewa cutar ta farko ta HIV/AIDS ta faru a Kinshasa a cikin 1970s, wanda ke nuna alamun kamuwa da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa kamar su cryptococcal meningitis, sarcoma na Kaposi, tarin fuka, da ciwon huhu.
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Acquired Immun Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) cuta ce mai saurin kisa ta hanyar jinkirin aiki na rigakafi na mutum (HIV). Kwayar cutar tana yawaita a cikin jiki har sai ta haifar da lalacewar tsarin garkuwar jiki, wanda ke haifar da cututtuka na cutar AIDS. Cutar HIV ta bulla a Afirka a shekarun 1960 kuma ta yadu zuwa Amurka da Turai cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. A cikin 1980s ya bazu ko'ina cikin duniya har sai da ya zama annoba. Wasu yankuna na duniya sun riga sun kamu da cutar kanjamau sosai, yayin da wasu kuma cutar ta fara. Ana kamuwa da cutar ne ta hanyar saduwa da ruwa a jiki ciki har da musayar ruwan jima'i, ta jini, daga uwa zuwa jariri a cikin ciki, da lokacin haihuwa ko shayarwa. An fara gano cutar kanjamau a Amurka da Faransa a cikin 1981, musamman tsakanin maza masu luwadi. Sannan a cikin 1982 da 1983, an kuma gano 'yan Afirka masu madigo.
A karshen shekarun 1980, hukumomin raya kasa na kasa da kasa sun dauki kula da cutar kanjamau a matsayin matsalar fasaha ta likitanci maimakon wacce ta shafi dukkan fannonin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Domin hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun fahimci cutar kanjamau wani lamari ne na birane da ke da alaƙa da karuwanci, sun yi imanin cewa yawancin 'yan Afirka da ke zaune a yankunan "gargajiya" ba za a tsira ba. Sun yi imanin cewa za a iya ƙunsar cutar ta madigo ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan ƙoƙarin rigakafin kan shawo kan abin da ake kira core transmitters-mutane irin su ma'aikatan jima'i da direbobin manyan motoci, waɗanda aka sani suna da abokan jima'i da yawa-don amfani da kwaroron roba. Wadannan abubuwan sun jinkirta kamfen na rigakafi a kasashe da yawa fiye da shekaru goma.
Ko da yake gwamnatoci da yawa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara sun musanta cewa an samu matsala tsawon shekaru, amma yanzu sun fara kokarin ganin an magance su. Da farko dai an dauki cutar kanjamau cuta ce ta maza masu luwadi da mutanen da ke fama da shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi, amma a nahiyar Afirka cutar ta fara bulla a tsakanin sauran jama'a. A sakamakon haka, wadanda ke da hannu a yaki da cutar kanjamau sun fara jaddada abubuwa kamar hana yaduwa daga uwa zuwa yaro, ko dangantakar dake tsakanin HIV da talauci, rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi, da sauransu, maimakon jaddada wajibcin hana yaduwa ta hanyar ayyukan jima'i marasa aminci ko allurar ƙwayoyi. Wannan canjin da aka ba da fifiko ya haifar da ƙarin kudade, amma bai yi tasiri ba wajen hana haɓakar cutar kanjamau.[8]
Amsar da duniya game da cutar HIV da AIDS ta inganta sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Ana samun kudade daga wurare da dama, mafi girma daga cikinsu akwai Asusun Duniya don Yaki da Cutar Kanjamau, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma shirin Shugaban kasa na gaggawa na Agaji kan AIDS.
A cewar shirin hadin gwiwa na MDD kan cutar kanjamau (UNAIDS), adadin masu dauke da cutar kanjamau a Afirka da ke karbar maganin rigakafin cutar ya karu daga miliyan 1 zuwa miliyan 7.1 tsakanin shekarar 2005 zuwa 2012, adadin da ya karu da kashi 805%. An yi wa kusan miliyan 1 na waɗancan marasa lafiya magani a cikin 2012.
Adadin masu dauke da cutar kanjamau a Afirka ta Kudu da suka samu irin wannan magani a shekarar 2011 ya kai kashi 75.2 bisa dari fiye da na shekarar 2009.[9] Bugu da kari, adadin mace-macen da ke da nasaba da cutar kanjamau a shekarar 2011 a duk Afirka baki daya da kuma yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara kadai ya yi kasa da kashi 32 cikin 100 idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 2005. Adadin sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a Afirka a shekarar 2011 kuma ya yi kasa da kashi 33 cikin 100 idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar 2001, tare da raguwar sabbin kamuwa da cutar a tsakanin yara 24% daga 2009 zuwa 2011. A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a cikin lokaci guda sun ragu da kashi 25%. A cewar UNAIDS, wadannan nasarorin sun samo asali ne daga "karfin jagoranci da kuma alhaki a Afirka da kuma tsakanin al'ummar duniya".[10]
Rigakafin kamuwa da cutar HIV[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Alamar wayar da kan cutar kanjamau a tsakiyar Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Shirye-shiryen ilimin jama'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An kaddamar da tsare-tsare da dama na ilimantar da jama'a domin dakile yaduwar cutar kanjamau a Afirka.[11]
Matsayin wulakanci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sautin ko salon wannan sashe bazai yi daidai da sautin encyclopedic da aka yi amfani da shi akan Wikipedia ba. Dubi jagorar Wikipedia don rubuta ingantattun labarai don shawarwari. (Afrilu 2015) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon samfuri) Yawancin masu fafutuka sun ja hankali game da kyamar waɗanda aka gwada a matsayin masu cutar HIV. Wannan ya faru ne saboda dalilai da yawa kamar rashin fahimtar cutar, rashin samun magani, kafofin watsa labarai, sanin cewa cutar kanjamau ba ta warkewa, da kuma son zuciya ta hanyar imani na al'adu. “Lokacin da cutar kanjamau ta zama annoba a duniya, wasu shugabannin Afirka sun yi wasa da jimina suna cewa cutar ce ta ‘yan luwadi da ake samu a yammacin duniya kawai, kuma ‘yan Afirka ba su damu ba saboda babu ‘yan luwadi da madigo a Afirka”. 'Yan Afirka sun makance da babbar annoba da ta addabi al'ummominsu. Imani cewa 'yan luwadi ne kawai za su iya kamuwa da cututtukan daga baya an yi watsi da su yayin da adadin ma'auratan da ke zaune tare da HIV ya karu. Abin takaici akwai wasu jita-jita da dattawa ke yadawa a Kamaru. Wadannan “dattijai sun yi hasashen cewa cutar kanjamau cuta ce da ake yadawa ta hanyar jima’i daga matan Fulani kawai ga mazajen da ba Fulanin da suka yi lalata da su ba, sun kuma yi ikirarin cewa idan mutum ya kamu da cutar ne sakamakon saduwa da wata Bafulatani. , Bafullatani ne kaɗai zai iya yi masa magani. Wannan imani na gamayya yana da sauran al'adun Afirka da yawa waɗanda suka yi imani cewa HIV da AIDS sun samo asali ne daga mata. Saboda wannan akidar cewa maza za su iya kamuwa da cutar HIV daga mata ne da yawa “mata ba su da ‘yancin yin magana ga abokan zamansu saboda tsoron tashin hankali”. Gabaɗaya cutar HIV tana ɗauke da rashin kunya a Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara. Abin baƙin ciki, wannan cin mutuncin ya sa ya zama ƙalubale ga 'yan Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara su raba cewa suna ɗauke da cutar kanjamau saboda suna tsoron zama waɗanda aka yi watsi da su daga abokansu da danginsu.
A kowace al'ummar yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ana kallon cutar kanjamau a matsayin mai kawo mutuwa. Imani na kowa shine da zarar ka kamu da cutar kanjamau za a kaddara ka mutu. Mutane suna keɓe kansu bisa waɗannan imani. Ba sa gaya wa danginsu kuma suna rayuwa da laifi da tsoro saboda HIV. Duk da haka, akwai hanyar da za a bi don magance cutar kanjamau da cutar kanjamau matsalar ita ce, da yawa ba su san yadda ake yaɗuwar cutar HIV ba ko kuma irin tasirin da yake da shi a jiki. "80.8% na mahalarta ba za su kwana a daki daya da wanda ke dauke da cutar kanjamau ba, yayin da kashi 94.5% ba za su yi magana da wanda ke dauke da cutar kanjamau ba".[12]
Rashin kyama ga al'umma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yanayin cutar HIV da AIDS a Afirka. "A cikin al'ummomin yankin kudu da sahara da ke fama da cutar HIV/AIDS, wannan zargin da wasu ke yi na matsayin mutum ya shafi mutanen da ba su da cutar kanjamau, amma masu iya yin amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya don rigakafin cutar. zato na iya guje wa kuskuren gane shi azaman abin ƙyama ta hanyar guje wa amfani da HARHS kawai." "A matakin kowane mutum, mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV/AIDS a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara za su so su boye sunayensu a duk lokacin da zai yiwu domin samun wannan tukuicin da ke da alaka da samun 'na al'ada'. mahallin da ke tattare da yaduwar cutar kanjamau a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya bambanta kuma yana da girma ... irin wannan ladan da ake samun goyon baya mai karfi a cikin wannan mahallin sun hada da fahimtar 'yancin yin jima'i, nisantar wariya, nisantar al'umma ko kin dangi, guje wa rasa aikin yi. ko wurin zama, da nisantar rasa abokan zama, sauran ladan da za a iya la'akari da su na al'ada sun haɗa da nisantar alaƙa da fasikanci ko karuwanci, nisantar ɓata rai, zamantakewa da ta jiki da kuma nisantar zargi ga rashin lafiyar wasu".
Shirye-shiryen rigakafin haɗin gwiwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shirin hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan HIV/AIDS ya bayyana shirye-shiryen rigakafin hade da: tushen haƙƙoƙi, bayanan shaida, da shirye-shiryen mallakar al'umma waɗanda ke amfani da haɗaɗɗun hanyoyin rayuwa, ɗabi'a, da tsarin tsari, waɗanda aka ba da fifiko don biyan buƙatun rigakafin cutar HIV na yanzu na wasu mutane da al'ummomi, don samun babban tasiri mai dorewa akan ragewa. sababbin cututtuka. Shirye-shiryen da aka tsara da kyau an keɓance su a hankali don buƙatu da yanayi na ƙasa da na gida; mayar da hankali kan albarkatun kan haɗakar shirye-shirye da ayyukan manufofin da ake buƙata don magance haɗarin nan da nan da kuma rashin lahani; kuma an tsara su cikin tunani da kuma sarrafa su don yin aiki tare da daidaitawa a kan matakan da yawa (misali mutum, dangantaka, al'umma, al'umma) da kuma kan isasshen lokaci. Yin amfani da dabarun rigakafin daban-daban a hade ba sabon ra'ayi ba ne da aka yi amfani da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar yadda ya kamata don haifar da kaifi, dawwamammen raguwa a cikin sabbin cututtukan HIV a wurare daban-daban. Haɗin rigakafin yana nuna hankali, duk da haka yana mamakin yadda ba kasafai ake aiwatar da hanyar a aikace ba. Ƙoƙarin rigakafin ya zuwa yau sun mayar da hankali sosai kan rage haɗarin mutum ɗaya, tare da ƙarancin ƙoƙarin da aka yi don magance matsalolin al'umma waɗanda ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV. Tsarin rigakafin haɗin gwiwa na UNAIDS ya sanya tsarin tsare-tsare-ciki har da shirye-shiryen inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam, don kawar da hukunce-hukuncen hukunci waɗanda ke toshe martanin cutar kanjamau, da yaƙi da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da nuna kyama da wariya da ke da alaƙa da cutar kanjamau—a tsakiyar shirin rigakafin HIV.[29] "Ijma'i ne a cikin al'ummar kimiyyar HIV cewa kauracewa, zama masu aminci, amfani da kwaroron roba (ABC) ka'idojin jagorori ne masu mahimmanci don shiga tsakani na lafiyar jama'a, amma an fi dacewa da su tare da hanyoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta; Hannun canje-canje na hali ba zai yiwu ba. dakatar da cutar ta duniya."[30] Uganda ta maye gurbin dabarunta na ABC tare da tsarin rigakafin hadewa saboda karuwar adadin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau na shekara-shekara. Yawancin sabbin cututtuka sun fito ne daga mutanen da ke cikin dangantaka na dogon lokaci waɗanda ke da abokan jima'i da yawa.[31]
Kauracewa, zama mai aminci, amfani da kwaroron roba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kauracewa, zama masu aminci, yi amfani da dabarar kwaroron roba (ABC) don hana kamuwa da cutar HIV yana haɓaka halayen jima'i mafi aminci kuma yana jaddada buƙatar aminci, ƙarancin abokan jima'i, da kuma shekarun jima'i na farko. Aiwatar da ABC ya bambanta tsakanin waɗanda ke amfani da shi. Misali, shirin gaggawa na shugaban kasa don magance cutar kanjamau ya fi mayar da hankali kan kamewa da amana fiye da kwaroron roba[32] yayin da Uganda ta samu daidaiton tsarin abubuwa guda uku.[33] Tasirin ABC yana da rikici. A taron kasa da kasa na yaki da cutar kanjamau karo na 16 a shekarar 2006, kasashen Afirka sun ba da bita iri-iri. A Botswana, Yawancin saƙon ABC yana wucewa, amma bai haifar da bambanci ba. Wani shiri mai suna Total Community Mobilisation ya aike da masu ba da shawara kan cutar kanjamau guda 450 gida gida, suna ba da shawarwarin rigakafin, da yin kira ga masu dauke da cutar kanjamau su yi musu magani. Mutanen da suka yi magana da masu ba da shawara sun kasance sau biyu suna ambaton ƙauracewa kuma sau uku suna iya ambaton amfani da kwaroron roba lokacin da aka tambaye su don bayyana hanyoyin guje wa kamuwa da cuta. Duk da haka, sun kasance ba fiye da waɗanda ba a ba su shawara su ambaci kasancewa da aminci a matsayin dabara mai kyau ba. Mutanen da aka yi musu nasiha kuma sun ninka sau biyu a yi musu gwajin cutar kanjamau a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kuma sun tattauna yiwuwar hakan da abokin jima'i. Duk da haka, suna da yuwuwar samun abokin tarayya a wajen aure kamar yadda mutanen da ba su samu ziyarar mai ba da shawara ba, kuma ba za su kasance suna amfani da kwaroron roba ba a cikin waɗannan alaƙa.[34]
A Najeriya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An sami wani sakamako daban-daban a cikin binciken da aka yi kan matasan Najeriya, masu shekaru 15 zuwa 24, mafi yawan marasa aure, suna zaune a cikin birni kuma suna aiki da ƙwararrun ƙwararru. An shawarci mutanen da ke wasu unguwanni da saƙon ABC a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin shekaru bakwai da Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Amurka da takwararta ta Biritaniya suka tallafa. Ƙungiyar da ba a ba da shawara ba ta nuna karuwar amfani da kwaroron roba - ya kasance kusan kashi 55 cikin dari. A cikin rukunin da aka ba da shawara, duk da haka, amfani da kwaroron roba da mata ke yi a lokacin jima'i na ƙarshe ya tashi daga kashi 54 zuwa kashi 69 cikin ɗari. Ga maza, ya tashi daga kashi 64 zuwa kashi 75 cikin dari. Halayen ɓatanci sun zama ƙasa da yawa a tsakanin ƙungiyar da aka ba da shawara. Amma “Ba mu ga an rage yawan abokan hulda ba,” in ji God power Omoregie, mai bincike daga Abuja wanda ya gabatar da sakamakon.[34]
A Kenya,[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wani bincike da aka yi a kan matasa 1,400 na Kenya ya gano adadin ruɗani game da saƙonnin ABC. Rabin matasan za su iya bayyana ƙauracewa daidai kuma su bayyana dalilin da ya sa yake da mahimmanci. Kashi 23 cikin 100 ne kawai ke iya bayyana ma'anar aminci da kuma dalilin da ya sa yake da mahimmanci. Wasu suna ganin yana nufin yin gaskiya ne, wasu kuma suna ganin yana nufin yin imani da amincin abokin tarayya. Kashi 13 cikin 100 ne kawai za su iya bayyana daidai mahimmancin kwaroron roba wajen hana kamuwa da cutar HIV. Kimanin rabin su ba da gangan ba ne suka ba da ra'ayi mara kyau game da kwaroron roba, suna masu cewa ba su da aminci, fasikanci kuma, a wasu lokuta, an tsara su don barin cutar HIV.[34] Eswatini a shekara ta 2010 ta sanar da cewa ta yi watsi da dabarun ABC saboda gazawar da ta yi wajen hana yaduwar cutar kanjamau. "Idan aka yi la'akari da karuwar cutar kanjamau a kasar yayin da muke amfani da manufar ABC duk tsawon wadannan shekaru, to tabbas ABC ba ita ce amsar ba," in ji Dr. Derek von Wissell, Daraktan Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Kasa. Majalisar kan HIV/AIDS.[35]
Ƙoƙarin rigakafin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin 1999, Gidauniyar Iyali ta Henry J. Kaiser da Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates sun ba da babban tallafi ga gidan yanar gizon Love Life, hanyar lafiyar jima'i ta kan layi da hanyoyin alaƙa ga matasa.[36] A cikin 2011, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Botswana ta gabatar da sabbin fasahohin ilimin cutar kanjamau a makarantun gida. An rarraba software na rigakafin TeachAids, wanda aka kirkira a Jami'ar Stanford, ga kowace makarantun firamare, sakandare, da manyan makarantu a kasar, wanda ya isa ga dukkan masu koyo daga shekaru 6 zuwa 24 a duk fadin kasar.[37]
Kokarin Tarayyar Afirka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
AIDS Kallon Afirka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A yayin taron kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka kan cutar HIV/AIDS a Abuja a watan Afrilun 2001, shugabannin kasashe da shugabannin gwamnatocin Botswana, da Habasha, da Kenya, da Mali, da Najeriya, da Rwanda, da Afirka ta Kudu, da Uganda sun kafa dandali mai fafutukar yaki da cutar AIDS Watch Africa (AWA). . An kafa wannan shiri ne domin a “kara habaka kokarin shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci na aiwatar da alkawurran da suka dauka na yaki da cutar kanjamau, da kuma tattara dukiyoyin da ake bukata na kasa da kasa.”[38] A cikin watan Janairun 2012, AWA ta sake farfado da harhada duk wani abu. na Afirka da manufofinta sun fadada zuwa hada da zazzabin cizon sauro da tarin fuka.[39]
Taswirar Taswirar Hannun Rarrabawa da Haɗin kai a Duniya don Magance Cutar AIDS, TB da Malaria a Afirka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin 2012, Tarayyar Afirka ta amince da Taswirar Taswirar Hannun Rarraba da Haɗin Kai a Duniya don Amsar AIDS, TB da Malaria a Afirka.[8] Wannan hanyar hanya tana gabatar da tsarin mafita na yau da kullun don inganta nauyi da kuma hadin gwiwar duniya game da ginshiƙai mai dorewa guda uku: Biyan kuɗi; samun damar yin amfani da magunguna; da ingantaccen tsarin kula da lafiya. Taswirar hanya ta bayyana maƙasudi, sakamako da matsayi da nauyi don ɗaukar masu ruwa da tsaki don tabbatar da waɗannan mafita tsakanin 2012 da 2015.[40]
Hana kamuwa da cutar kanjamau daga mata masu juna biyu zuwa yara[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shirin hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan cutar kanjamau ya bayar da rahoton cewa, kasashe goma sha shida na Afirka a cikin 2012 sun tabbatar da cewa fiye da kashi uku bisa hudu na mata masu juna biyu da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau suna karbar maganin rigakafin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau don hana yaduwa ga ’ya’yansu: Botswana, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, São Tomé and Principe, Seychelles, Saliyo, Afirka ta Kudu, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe.[8][13]
Dalilai da yaduwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Abubuwan da ke faruwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Halayen halayen haɗari masu haɗari sune ke da alhakin yaɗuwar cutar HIV/AIDS a yankin Saharar Afirka fiye da sauran sassan duniya. Babban daga cikin waɗannan su ne halaye masu sassaucin ra'ayi na al'ada waɗanda yawancin al'ummomi da ke zaune a cikin ƙasa ke ɗauka game da abokan jima'i da yawa da jima'i kafin aure da kuma jima'i na waje[41][42]. Yawancin kwayar cutar kanjamau yana yiwuwa a cikin 'yan makonnin farko bayan kamuwa da cuta, saboda haka yana ƙaruwa lokacin da mutane suke da fiye da abokin jima'i ɗaya a lokaci guda. A mafi yawan kasashen da suka ci gaba a wajen Afirka, wannan na nufin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ya yi yawa a tsakanin karuwai da sauran mutanen da za su iya yin jima'i fiye da ɗaya a lokaci guda. A cikin al'adun yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, ya zama ruwan dare ga maza da mata su rika yin jima'i da mutum fiye da daya, wanda hakan ke kara yada cutar kanjamau.[23] Ana kiran wannan al'ada da haɗin kai, wanda Helen Epstein ta bayyana a cikin littafinta, The Invisible Cure: Africa, West, and the Fight against AIDS, inda bincikenta game da jima'i na Uganda ya nuna yawan adadin da maza da mata suke yi. a cikin dangantakar jima'i tare da juna.[43] Bugu da kari, a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, cutar kanjamau ita ce kan gaba wajen kashe mutane, kuma babban dalilin da ya sa ake yawan kamuwa da cutar shi ne karancin ilimi da ake bai wa matasa. Lokacin da kamuwa da cutar, yawancin yara suna mutuwa a cikin shekara guda saboda rashin magani.[44] Dukkanin al'umma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara sun kamu da cutar kanjamau, daga maza zuwa mata, daga mace mai ciki zuwa yara. Maimakon samun wasu takamaiman rukuni da suka kamu da cutar, namiji ko mace, rabon maza da mata masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ya yi kama da juna. Tare da kamuwa da cutar kanjamau, kashi 77% na maza, mata, da yara, suna kamuwa da cutar AIDS, kuma suna mutuwa a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Bugu da kari, “fiye da kashi 90% na marayu da yara kanjamau [sun kamu da cutar kanjamau”[45]. Rashin kuɗi ƙalubale ne a fili, ko da yake ana rarraba tallafi da yawa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa masu yawan cutar kanjamau. Ga ƙasashen Afirka masu ci gaban cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, haƙƙin mallaka kan magunguna da yawa sun kawo cikas ga iya yin wasu hanyoyi masu rahusa.[46] Masifu da rikice-rikice kuma manyan ƙalubale ne, saboda matsalolin tattalin arziki da ke haifar da mutane na iya jefa ƴan mata da ƴan mata da yawa cikin salon yin jima'i don tabbatar da rayuwarsu ko ta danginsu, ko kuma su sami amintacciyar hanya, abinci, matsuguni. ko wasu albarkatu[47]. Har ila yau, gaggawa na iya haifar da kamuwa da cutar HIV mafi girma ta hanyar sababbin tsarin aikin jima'i. A Mozambik, kwararowar ma'aikatan jin kai da masu safara, kamar direbobin manyan motoci, sun jawo hankalin masu yin jima'i daga wajen yankin.[47] Hakazalika, a gundumar Turkana da ke arewacin Kenya, fari ya haifar da raguwar abokan ciniki ga ma'aikatan jima'i na cikin gida, wanda ya sa masu yin lalata suka sassauta buƙatunsu na amfani da kwaroron roba tare da neman sabbin direbobin manyan motoci a manyan tituna da kuma yankunan karkara. 47]
Masana'antar lafiya =[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kasashen kudu da hamadar sahara "'yan Afirka a kodayaushe sun yaba da mahimmancin kiwon lafiya domin ana ganin lafiya ta zama wajibi don ci gaba da ci gaban zuriyarsu"[48]. Idan ba tare da ingantaccen kiwon lafiya ba al'adar ba za ta iya bunƙasa da girma ba. Abin baƙin cikin shine, "ayyukan kiwon lafiya a ƙasashe da yawa suna cike da buƙatun kula da karuwar masu kamuwa da cutar da marasa lafiya. Magungunan gyaran gyare-gyare suna da tsada sosai ga yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa, sai dai kadan masu wadata"[48]. Mafi yawan marasa lafiya da ke da karancin likitoci, yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara "suna da kashi 11 cikin 100 na al'ummar duniya amma suna dauke da kashi 24 cikin 100 na nauyin cututtuka na duniya. Tare da kasa da kashi 1 na kudaden kiwon lafiya a duniya kuma kashi 3 ne kawai na kiwon lafiyar duniya. masu aiki."[49] Lokacin da 'yan uwa suka yi rashin lafiya tare da HIV ko wasu cututtuka, 'yan uwa sukan ƙare sayar da yawancin kayansu don samar da lafiyar mutum. Akwai karancin wuraren kiwon lafiya a kasashen Afirka da dama. Haka kuma ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya da yawa ba sa samuwa, a wani bangare na rashin horon da gwamnatoci ke yi da kuma yadda kungiyoyin likitoci na kasashen waje ke yi wa wadannan ma’aikatan jinya inda ake bukatar kwararrun likitoci.[50] Abin baƙin ciki shine, yawancin mutane da suka sami digiri na likita suna barin Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara don yin aiki a ƙasashen waje "ko dai don gujewa rashin zaman lafiya ko kuma yin aiki a inda suke da kyakkyawan yanayin aiki da albashi mai yawa"[51]. Yawancin al'ummomin da ba su da kuɗi suna da nisa sosai da asibiti kuma ba za su iya samun bas a can ko biyan kuɗin kula da lafiya da zarar sun isa. "Kiwon lafiya a Afirka ya bambanta sosai, ya danganta da ƙasar da kuma yanki - waɗanda ke zaune a cikin birane suna da yuwuwar samun ingantacciyar sabis na kiwon lafiya fiye da na yankunan karkara ko na nesa."[51] Yana da yawa don jira kawai rashin lafiya ko neman taimako daga maƙwabci ko dangi. A halin yanzu maganin cutar kanjamau shine mafi kusancin magani. Duk da haka, yawancin asibitoci ba su da isassun magungunan rigakafin cutar kanjamau da za su yi wa kowa da kowa. Wannan yana iya zama saboda yawancin ƙasashen Afirka na kudu da hamadar Sahara suna saka hannun jari “kadan dala 1-4 ga kowane mutum, [don haka] taimakon da ake bayarwa a ketare shine babban tushen tallafin kiwon lafiya.[51] Kungiyoyi da dama a ketare suna da shakku wajen ba da maganin cutar kanjamau ga yankin kudu da hamadar sahara saboda suna da tsada, wanda hakan ke nufin cewa akwai abin da za su iya bayarwa. Dogaro da wasu ƙasashe don taimako gabaɗaya yana buƙatar ƙarin takardu da imani a wata ƙasa mai nisa sosai. Har ila yau, isar da magunguna da sauran kayan agaji yana ɗaukar watanni da shekaru masu yawa kafin isa ga masu bukatar taimako[52].
Abubuwan kiwon lafiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Zaton likita[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwai manyan tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi na likitanci a duk fadin Afirka, kuma akwai shaida cewa irin wannan rashin amana na iya yin tasiri sosai kan amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya.[53][54] Rashin yarda da magungunan zamani wani lokaci yana da alaƙa da ka'idodin "Plot na Yamma" [55] na hana yawan mace-mace ko rage yawan jama'a, watakila sakamakon manyan abubuwan da suka faru da yawa da suka shafi likitocin yamma.[56].
== Masana'antar harhada magunguna ===
Har yanzu 'yan Afirka suna yaki da gwajin da ba a sani ba na ɗan adam da sauran ayyukan rashin adalci na masana'antar harhada magunguna.[57] Gwajin magani yana faruwa a Afirka akan magunguna da yawa, amma da zarar an amince da shi, samun maganin yana da wahala.[57] Masana kimiyyar Afirka ta Kudu a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da masana kimiyya na Amurka daga Kimiyyar Gileyad sun gwada kwanan nan kuma sun sami tasiri mai tasiri na tenofovir na rigakafin cutar kanjamau wanda za a iya amfani da shi azaman rigakafin riga-kafi. An gudanar da gwajin wannan gel a Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal da ke Durban, Afirka ta Kudu.[58] FDA a Amurka tana kan aiwatar da bitar maganin don amincewa don amfanin Amurka.[59][60] Annobar cutar kanjamau/HIV ta haifar da haɓakar gwaje-gwajen likitanci marasa ɗa'a a Afirka.[57] Tun da annobar ta yadu, gwamnatocin Afirka a wasu lokuta suna sassauta dokokinsu don gudanar da bincike a kasashensu da ba za su iya ba.[57] Duk da haka, kungiyoyin duniya irin su Clinton Foundation, suna aiki don rage farashin magungunan HIV/AIDS a Afirka da sauran wurare. Misali, mai ba da agajin Inder Singh ta lura da wani shiri wanda ya rage farashin magungunan yara kanjamau da kashi 80 zuwa 92 cikin dari ta hanyar yin aiki tare da masana'antun don rage farashin samarwa da rarrabawa.[61] Masu masana'anta galibi suna yin la'akari da matsalolin rarrabawa da samar da kayayyaki a kasuwanni masu tasowa, wanda ke haifar da babban shinge ga shiga.[52]
Abubuwan Siyasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manyan shugabannin siyasar Afirka sun musanta alaka tsakanin HIV da AIDS, inda suka fifita wasu ra'ayoyi daban-daban.[62] Al'ummar kimiyya sun yi la'akari da shaidar da ke nuna cewa cutar kanjamau tana haifar da AIDS ta zama cikakkiya kuma ta yi watsi da da'awar masu kishin cutar kanjamau a matsayin ƙwararrun ilimin kimiyya bisa ka'idodin makirci, kuskuren tunani, zaɓen ceri, da ɓarna na bayanan kimiyya da suka tsufa.[63].
Subtype factor =[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Subtypes A da C sune mafi yawan nau'in cutar kanjamau a Afirka, kuma nau'in nau'in C shine mafi shahara a duniya, wanda ke da kusan kashi 50% na duk masu cutar HIV.[64][65]. Duk da haka, yawancin binciken HIV a tarihi an mayar da hankali ne akan nau'in nau'in B, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 12 cikin 100 kawai na cututtuka, galibi a Turai.[66] Saboda wannan rashin bincike, a halin yanzu ba a sani ba ko subtype C ya samo asali abubuwan da ke haifar da karuwar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar HIV idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'in kwayar cutar HIV.[66]
Abubuwan da suka shafi addini[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Matsin lamba daga shugabannin addini na Kirista da na Musulmi ya haifar da dakatar da wasu kamfen na aminci da jima'i, ciki har da kwaroron roba na tallata tallace-tallace da aka hana a Kenya.[67]
Bayar da Lafiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yayin da a halin yanzu babu magani ko rigakafin cutar HIV/AIDS akwai jiyya masu tasowa. An tattauna sosai cewa magungunan rigakafin cutar kanjamau (ART) suna da mahimmanci don hana kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. Ana samun cutar kanjamau a matakin karshe na kwayar cutar HIV, wanda za a iya kawar da shi gaba daya. Yana da matuƙar yiwuwa a rayu tare da ƙwayar cuta kuma ba za a taɓa samun AIDS ba. Biyayyar da ta dace ga magungunan ART na iya ba mai cutar da makoma mara iyaka. Magungunan ART sune mabuɗin don hana cututtuka daga ci gaba tare da tabbatar da cewa an shawo kan cutar sosai, don haka hana cutar ta zama mai juriya ga magunguna.[68] A ƙasashe kamar Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, ƙasa da kashi 25% na al'ummar ƙasar suna samun damar yin amfani da magungunan ART.[69] An kiyasta kudaden da aka ware don samun damar amfani da magungunan ART a dala biliyan 19.1 a shekarar 2013 a kasashe masu karamin karfi da masu matsakaicin ra'ayi a tsakanin yankin, duk da haka kudaden sun yi kasa da kiyasin bukatun albarkatun UNAIDS na dala biliyan 22-24 a shekarar 2015.[70]
Ma'auni[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Matakan yaɗuwa sun haɗa da duk wanda ke ɗauke da HIV da AIDS, kuma suna nuna jinkirin wakilcin cutar ta hanyar tara masu cutar kanjamau na shekaru masu yawa. Abin da ya faru, akasin haka, yana auna adadin sabbin cututtuka, yawanci fiye da shekarar da ta gabata. Babu wata hanya, amintacciyar hanya don tantance abin da ya faru a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Yawaitu a cikin mata masu juna biyu masu shekaru 15 zuwa 24 da ke zuwa asibitocin haihuwa wani lokaci ana amfani da su azaman ƙima. Gwajin da aka yi don auna yawan yaɗuwa shine binciken sero wanda aka gwada jini a cikinsa don kasancewar cutar HIV. Rukunan kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke gudanar da binciken sero ba safai suke aiki a cikin ƙauyuka masu nisa ba, kuma bayanan da aka tattara kuma ba sa auna mutanen da ke neman madadin kiwon lafiya. Extrapoating na ƙasa bayanai daga binciken da haihuwa ya dogara da zato wanda ba zai iya rike a duk yankuna da kuma a daban-daban matakai a cikin annoba. Don haka, ana iya samun bambance-bambance tsakanin alkaluman hukuma da ainihin cutar HIV a wasu ƙasashe. Wasu tsirarun masana kimiyya sun yi iƙirarin cewa kusan kashi 40 cikin ɗari na masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a cikin manya na Afirka na iya zama sanadin rashin lafiyar ayyukan likita maimakon yin jima'i.[71] Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta bayyana cewa kusan kashi 2.5 na masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na faruwa ne ta hanyar alluran magunguna marasa aminci da kuma “mafi rinjaye” ta hanyar jima’i mara tsaro.[72]
Yaɗuwar yanki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ya bambanta da yankuna a Arewacin Afirka da Kahon Afirka, al'adun gargajiya da addinai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara gabaɗaya sun nuna ɗabi'a mai sassaucin ra'ayi ga matan da ba su yi aure ba. Na ƙarshe ya haɗa da ayyuka irin su abokan jima'i da yawa da jima'i mara kariya, yanayin al'adu masu haɗari waɗanda ke da tasiri a cikin yaduwar cutar HIV a cikin ƙananan yanki.[42].
Kahon Afirka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kamar yadda yake a Arewacin Afirka, yawan kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a Kahon Afirka ya yi ƙasa sosai. An danganta hakan ne da dabi’ar musulmi da dama daga cikin al’ummomin yankin da kuma riko da ka’idojin musulmi dangane da jima’i[42]. Adadin cutar kanjamau a Habasha ya ragu daga kashi 3.6 a shekarar 2001 zuwa kashi 1.4 a shekarar 2011.[13] Yawan sabbin cututtuka a kowace shekara kuma ya ragu daga 130,000 a 2001 zuwa 24,000 a 2011.[13]
Gabashin Afrika[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taron Ranar AIDS ta Duniya na 2006 a Kenya Adadin masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a gabashin Afirka ya kai matsakaicin matsakaici zuwa babba.
Kenya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kenya, bisa ga rahoton shekara ta 2008 daga shirin hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan cutar kanjamau, ta kasance kasa ta uku mafi yawan mutane a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara da ke dauke da cutar kanjamau.[74] Har ila yau, tana da mafi girman yaɗuwar kowace ƙasa a wajen Kudancin Afirka.[74] Yawan kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a Kenya ya ragu daga kusan kashi 14 cikin 100 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 zuwa kashi 5 a shekarar 2006, [41] amma ya sake karuwa zuwa kashi 6.2 a shekarar 2011.[74] Yawan masu kamuwa da cutar a kowace shekara, ya ragu da kusan kashi 30 cikin 100, daga 140,000 a 2001 zuwa 100,000 a 2011.[13] Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, lardin Nyanza ya kasance mafi yawan masu fama da cutar kanjamau da kashi 13.9 cikin 100, yayin da lardin Arewa maso Gabas ke da mafi karancin kashi 0.9 bisa dari.[74] Kiristoci maza da mata kuma suna da yawan kamuwa da cutar fiye da takwarorinsu na musulmi[74]. Wannan bambance-bambancen ya kasance a bayyane musamman a tsakanin mata, inda matan musulmi suka nuna kashi 2.8 bisa dari idan aka kwatanta da kashi 8.4 a tsakanin matan Furotesta da kashi 8 cikin dari a tsakanin matan Katolika.[74] HIV kuma ya fi zama ruwan dare a tsakanin masu hannu da shuni fiye da na matalauta (kashi 7.2 da kashi 4.6).[74] A tarihi, cutar kanjamau ta yi yawa a birane fiye da yankunan karkara, duk da cewa gibin yana rufewa da sauri.[74] Maza a yankunan karkara yanzu sun fi kamuwa da cutar kanjamau (kashi 4.5) fiye da na birane (kashi 3.7)[74].
Tanzaniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsakanin 2004 da 2008, yawan kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a Tanzaniya na shekaru 15-44 ya ragu zuwa 3.37 a cikin shekaru 1,000 na mutum (4.42 ga mata da 2.36 na maza).[75]. Adadin sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar a kowace shekara ya karu kadan, daga 140,000 a shekarar 2001 zuwa 150,000 a shekarar 2011.[13] Haka kuma an sami raguwar kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a Zanzibar, wanda a shekarar 2011 ya samu yaɗuwar kashi 1.0 cikin ɗari idan aka kwatanta da kashi 5.3 a ƙasar Tanzaniya.[76]
Uganda[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Uganda ta yi rajista a hankali a hankali a cikin adadin HIV daga kashi 10.6 a cikin 1997, zuwa daidaitacce kashi 6.5-7.2 tun daga 2001.[41][42] An danganta wannan ga canza yanayin ɗabi'a na gida, tare da ƙarin masu ba da amsa suna ba da rahoton yawan amfani da maganin hana haihuwa[77] da jinkirin shekaru biyu a cikin jima'i na farko da kuma ƙarancin mutane da ke ba da rahoton saduwar jima'i na yau da kullun da abokan hulɗa da yawa.[42] Yawan masu kamuwa da cutar a kowace shekara, ya karu da sama da kashi 50, daga 99,000 a 2001 zuwa 150,000 a 2011.[13] Fiye da kashi 40 cikin 100 na sabbin cututtuka suna cikin ma'aurata, wanda ke nuni da yaduwa da karuwar kafirci.[78] Wannan haɓaka ya haifar da ƙararrawa. Daraktan Cibiyar Yaki da Cututtuka - Uganda, Wuhib Tadesse, ya ce a cikin 2011. ga kowane mutumin da ya fara maganin cutar kanjamau, akwai sabbin cututtukan HIV guda uku[,] kuma wannan ba shi da tabbas. Mun damu matuka. Kwanciyar hankali na iya zama wani ɓangare na matsalar. Matasa a zamanin yau ba sa ganin ana mutuwa; suna ganin mutane akan ARVs amma suna samun yara. Muna bukatar mu sake nazarin dabarunmu…. Shugabanni a kowane mataki suna ciyar da lokaci a cikin bita fiye da na al'ummomi don kula da mutane[,] kuma wannan dole ne a daina."[79].
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ "World Population by continents and countries - Nations Online Project". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ↑ Appiah A, Gates HL (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 8.
- ↑ "Impact of HIV and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ↑ "UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 13 May 2013.
- ↑ "Origin of the AIDS Pandemic". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ↑ Ian Sample (26 May 2006). "Hunt for origin of HIV pandemic ends at chimpanzee colony in Cameroon". the Guardian. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ↑ "Origin of AIDS Linked to Colonial Practices in Africa". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ↑ "Africa's new strategies to defeat HIV/AIDS". Africa Renewal (in Turanci). 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
- ↑ Elizabeth Pisani (3 September 2011). "HIV Today". New Scientist., pp. iv-v.
- ↑ "A Timeline of AIDS". AIDS.gov. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
- ↑ "School saves lives: World leaders back a courageous goal, "Education Plus", to prevent new HIV infections through education and empowerment". www.unaids.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
- ↑ Dos Santos MM, Kruger P, Mellors SE, Wolvaardt G, van der Ryst E (January 2014). "An exploratory survey measuring stigma and discrimination experienced by people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa: the People Living with HIV Stigma Index". BMC Public Health. 14 (1): 80. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-80. PMC 3909177. PMID 24461042.