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Haƙƙoƙin Yanayi a Ecuador

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Haƙƙoƙin Yanayi a Ecuador
ƙunshiya
Bayanai
Bangare na rights of nature (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Ecuador

Haƙƙoƙin Yanayi a Ecuador, Sun wanzu a cikin sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na shekara ta 2008 ƙarƙashin Shugaba Rafael Correa. Ecuador ta zama ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta tsara haƙƙin Natabi'a kuma ta sanar da ƙarin haske game da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Shafuka,na 10 da 71-74 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na kasar Ecuador sun amince da haƙƙoƙin da ba za a iya cirewa ba na halittu masu rai su wanzu kuma su bunƙasa, suna ba mutane ikon yin koke a madadin yanayi, kuma suna buƙatar gwamnati ta gyara keta haƙƙin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.[1][2][3]

Tarihi da mahallin

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Shugaba Rafael Correa ya shiga ofis a ranar Janairun shekara ta 2007 tare da taimakon 'La Revolucion Ciudadana' ( Juyin Juya Halin Jama'a yana alƙawarin sabon masanin anti-neoliberalist Ecuador. Countryasar da za ta haɗa kai da daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin jihar, tattalin arziki, al'umma, Da mahimman albarkatun ta. Kasancewarta shugaba na takwas a cikin shekaru 10, Correa ya yi kira ga Majalisar Tsarin Mulki don samar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki ga Ecuador.,[4] [5] >The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics[6] [7]

darfafawa da haɓakawa

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Sukar tsarin shari'a na ɗan adam[8] Masu ba da goyon baya na ƙaura zuwa tsarin kariyar muhalli na doka sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsarin shari'a da tattalin arziki na yanzu sun kasa saboda suna la'akari da asali a matsayin dukiya, wanda za a iya lalata shi don riba da sha'awar ɗan adam.[[9] [10] [11]Archived from the original on 2020-04-07. yi nuni da cewa mahangar yanayi a matsayin tushen tushen tattalin arziki ya riga ya ƙasƙantar da wasu halittu da jinsuna sosai don haka a yanzu, manyan masana harkokin siyasa suna nazarin dabarun "ɓangarorin nau'in nau'in haɗari" don yanke shawarar wane nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) wanda ke haifar da lalacewa.[12] [13] Yayin da dokokin muhalli na karni na ashirin da na ashirin da daya ke ba da wani matakin kariya ga halittu da nau'in halittu, ana jayayya cewa irin wannan kj anriyar ba ta daina tsayawa ba, balle a koma baya, gaba daya tabarbarewar muhalli, domin dabi'a ta ma'anar tana karkashin kasa ne ga muradun bil'adama da tattalin arziki, maimakon jin dadin halitta[14] [15] [16] Hakkokin masu goyon bayan yanayi sun yi iƙirarin cewa sake duba dokokin muhalli na yanzu daga tsaribn haƙƙin yanayi yana nuna iyakokin tsarin shari'a na yanzu. Misali, dokar Amurka da ke fuskantar barazana ta ba da fifiko ga kare muradun tattalin arzikin da ake da su ta hanyar kunnawa kawai lokacin da yawan jinsunan ke kan hanyar halaka.[17] Akasin haka, "Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jiki" za ta ba da fifiko ga cimma nasarar yawan jinsuna da kuma sauƙaƙe tsarin tattalin arziki da ke haifar da kiyaye nau'ikan.[18] [19] [20]

Ƙarƙashin ilimin kimiyya da ɗabi'a

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Dokokin muhalli na zamani sun fara tasowa a cikin shekarun 1960 ta hanyar mahangar tushe na muhalli kamar yadda aka fi gudanar da su cikin sassa daban-daban.[21] Misali, dokokin Amurka kamar Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa, Dokar Tsabtace iska, Dokar Kare Kayayyakin Dabbobi, Dokar Kare dabbobi masu shayarwa, da wasu da yawa an fara karbe su va farkon shekarun 1970 don magance abubuwa daban-daban na duniyar halitta, daban dasauran abubuwa. Wasu dokoki, kamar Dokar Manufofin Muhalli ta Amurka, sun yi kira da a yi cikakken nazari game da ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa da kuma buƙatar bayyana illolin da ake sa ran za su haifar da muhalli. [22] Duk da haka, ba ya buƙatar ɗaukar matakai don magance waɗannan tasirin don tabbatar da yanayin muhalli da lafiyar nau'in halittu.[23] [24] fahimtar duniyar halitta, da kuma hadadden wurin mutane tare da ita, har yanzu yana kan ci gaba.[25] Babban littafi na farko kan kimiyyar muhalli wanda ya bayyana duniyar halitta a matsayin tsari maimakon tarin sassa daban-daban, ba a rubuta shi ba sai 1983.[26] of Living Systems Hasashen Gaia, wanda ya ba da hangen nesa na kimiyya game da duniya a matsayin tsarin sarrafa kansa, mai rikitarwa, ya fara tasowa a cikin 1970s.[27] tsarin tsarin ya fara samo asali ne daga mayar da hankali kan kasuwanci don haɗa da tsarin zamantakewa da tsarin halitta wanda ya fara a cikin 1970s.[28] daga wannan lokacin, ilimin kimiyya yakasance yana haɗuwa kuma yana ci gaba a kan ra'ayin cewa mutane suna rayuwa a cikin duniya mai ƙarfi, mai dangantaka da "ƙanata yiwuwar warewa" [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]

Tushen gama gari tare da haƙƙin ɗan adam

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Hakkokin dan Adam na ci gaba a tsawon shekaru aru-aru, inda mafi shaharar fitowar ta shine amincewa da Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya na Hakkokin Dan Adam (UDHR) da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi a shekara ta 1948. Mabudin ci gaban wadannan hakkoki su ne ra'ayoyin 'yancin dabi'a, da hakkokin bil'adama da suka fito daga wanzuwar bil'adama.[36] [37] [38] [39] Ƙididdigar haƙƙin haƙƙin dabi'a ta haifar da juyin juya halin Amurka, ta hanyar ra'ayin cewa masarautar Burtaniya tana hana 'yan mulkin mallaka 'yancinsu na dabi'a[40] ] Gina kan wannan ra'ayi, Shugaban Amurka, lauya, kuma masanin falsafa Thomas Jefferson ya yi jayayya cewa "dokokin yanayi da na Allah na halitta" sun bayyana gaskiyar "tabbatar da kansu" cewa "dukkan mutane an halicce su daidai" a cikin mallakarsu na "wasu haƙƙin da ba za a iya raba su ba", musamman "rayuwa, 'yanci, da kuma neman farin ciki". Bayanin Faransanci na 1789 game da Haƙƙin Dan Adam da na ɗan ƙasa daga baya an gane da "halitta, haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam", yana ƙara da cewa "ƙarshen ƙarshe na kowace cibiyar siyasa ita ce kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam na halitta da wanda ba a iya bayyana shi ba."[[41] [42] [43] [44] An ci gaba da fadada haƙƙoƙin zuwa ga dabbobi, inda masanin falsafar Ingila kuma masanin ilimin shari'a Jeremy Bentham a ƙarni na sha takwas zuwa goma sha tara ya yi iƙirarin cewa "ranar na iya zuwa da sauran halittun dabbobi za su sami waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da ba za a taɓa tauye musu ba face ta hannun zalunci".[45] [46]harshe na ƙarni na sha tara Edward Payson Evans ya lura cewa:[47] [48] [49] [50] [51]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Balch, Oliver (2013-02-04). "Buen vivir: the social philosophy inspiring movements in South America". The Guardian (in Turanci). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  2. ↑ Stone CD, Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects. Southern California Law Review 1972;45:450; W Kaufmann, Los Altos, 1974 p 8
  3. ↑ "CELDF | Community Rights Pioneers | Protecting Nature and Communities". CELDF (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  4. ↑ Putzer, Alex; Lambooy, Tineke; Jeurissen, Ronald; Kim, Eunsu (2022-06-13). "Putting the rights of nature on the map. A quantitative analysis of rights of nature initiatives across the world". Journal of Maps. 18 (1): 89–96. Bibcode:2022JMaps..18...89P. doi:10.1080/17445647.2022.2079432. hdl:11382/550531.
  5. ↑ Stone, Christopher D. (1996). Should Trees Have Standing? And Other Essays on Law, Morals, and the Environment (rev'd 2010 ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0379213812.
  6. ↑ Bell, Mike (2003). "Thomas Berry and an Earth Jurisprudence: An Exploratory Essay". The Trumpeter. 19 (1): 69–96. ISSN 0832-6193. Archived from the original on 2020-04-07.
  7. ↑ Burdon, Peter (2012). "A Theory of Earth Jurisprudence" (PDF). Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy. 37: 28–60. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-07.
  8. ↑ The Quiet Crisis and the Next Generation
  9. ↑ Berry, Thomas (1999). The Great Work: Our Way into the Future. Bell Tower, Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0609804995
  10. ↑ Suzuki, David (March 11, 2020). "If corporations have legal rights, why not rivfdddfers?". straight.com. Canada: The Georgia Straight. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020.
  11. ↑ Bookchin, Murray (Summer 1987). "Social Ecology versus Deep Ecology: A Challenge for the Ecology Movement". Green Perspectives: Newsletter of the Green Program Project, Nos. 4–5.
  12. ↑ Hanak, Ellen; Lund, Jay; Dinar, Ariel; Gray, Brian; Howitt, Richard; Mount, Jeffrey; Moyle, Peter; Thompson, Barton (February 2011). Managing California's Water: From Conflict to Reconciliation (PDF) (Report). U.S.: Public Policy Institute of California. ISBN 978-1582131412. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-05.
  13. ↑ "Implementing Nature's Rights through Regulatory Standards"
  14. ↑ Cullinan, Cormac (2011). Wild Law: A Manifesto for Earth Justice (2nd ed.). United States: Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 978-1603583770
  15. ↑ Rights of Nature & Mother Earth: Rights-based law for Systemic Change
  16. ↑ 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.228
  17. ↑ Borràs, Susana (2016). "New Transitions from Human Rights to the Environment to the Rights of Nature". Transnational Environmental Law. 5 (1): 113–143. doi:10.1017/S204710251500028X. S2CID 156024331. Archived from the original on 2018-06-13. Retrieved
  18. ↑ "Implementing Nature's Rights through Regulatory Standards"
  19. ↑ Sivas, Deborah A.; Melius, Molly Loughney; Sheehan, Linda; Ugai, John; Kryczka, Heather (2017). California Water Governance for the 21st Century (Report). Stanford Law School Environment & Natural Resources Law and Policy Program Report. Archived from the original on 2020-04-07.
  20. ↑ The Quiet Crisis and the Next Generation
  21. ↑ The Quiet Crisis and the Next Generation
  22. ↑ uch: Living Sustainably in a Connected World. Cambridge, MA, U.S.: MIT Press. ISBN 978
  23. ↑ "Implementing Nature's Rights through Regulatory Standards"
  24. ↑ Berry, Thomas (2006). Evening Thoughts: Reflecting on Earth as a Sacred Community. San Francisco, CA, U.S.: Sierra Club Books. ISBN 978-1619025318
  25. ↑ The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems
  26. ↑ The Web of Life: A New Scientific Odum, Howard T. (1983). Systems Ecology: An Introduction. New York, NY, U.S.: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0471652779.
  27. ↑ live as You Are: Scientists once ridiculed the idea of a living planet. Not anymore". The New York Times. U.S. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019
  28. ↑ The Limits to Growth; A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind
  29. ↑ Jabr, Ferris (April 20, 2019). "The Earth Is Just as Alive as You Are: Scientists once ridiculed the idea of a living planet. Not anymore". The New York Times. U.S. Archived from the original on October 7
  30. ↑ The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems
  31. ↑ Tribe, Laurence (1989). "The Curvature of Constitutional Space: What Lawyers Can Learn from Modern Physics". Harvard Law Review. 103 (1): 1–39. doi:10.2307/1341407. JSTOR 1341407
  32. ↑ Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology
  33. ↑ 978-1603583770
  34. ↑ University of Wisconsin Press
  35. ↑ Evans, Edward Payson (September 1894). "Ethical Relations between Man and Beast". Popular Science Monthly. Vol. 45. U.S.: Popular Science Publishing Company (at time of publication).
  36. ↑ The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics
  37. ↑ 978-0609804995
  38. ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights - History of the Document"
  39. ↑ "Noah's Second Voyage: The Rights of Nature as Law"
  40. ↑ Burdon, Peter (2011). "Earth Rights: The Theory" (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Academy of Environmental Law. 1. Archived from the original on 2014-06-30. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  41. ↑ Burdon, Peter (2011). "Earth Rights: The Theory" (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Academy of Environmental Law. 1. Archived from the original on 2014-06-30. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  42. ↑ University of Wisconsin Press
  43. ↑ Leopold, Aldo (1949). A Sand County Almanac, with Essays on Conservation from Round River. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
  44. ↑ Stone, Christopher D. (1996). Should Trees Have Standing? And Other Essays on Law, Morals, and the Environment (rev'd 2010 ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0379213812.
  45. ↑ Bentham, Jeremy (1789). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Nabu Press 1948, orig. published 1789.
  46. ↑ Burdon, Peter (2011). "Earth Rights: The Theory" (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Academy of Environmental Law. 1. Archived from the original on 2014-06-30. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  47. ↑ Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology
  48. ↑ "Rights, justice must extend to environment: Legal action for environment must be coupled with democratic movements"
  49. ↑ Mapping Transnational Rights of Nature Networks & Laws: New Global Governance Structures for gddMoreMore Sustainable Development
  50. ↑ Editorial Board (April 24, 2019). "Rights, justice must extend to environment: Legal action for environment must be coupled with democratic movements". The Daily Targum. NJ, U.S. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019.
  51. ↑ harmonywithnatureun.org. United Nations, Harmony with Nature. Archived from the original on 2020-02-02.

Kara karantawa

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