Harshen Argobba
| Argobba | |
|---|---|
| Argoba | |
| ዓርጎባ | |
| Asali a | Ethiopia |
| Ƙabila | Argobba |
'Yan asalin magana | Template:Sigfig (2007 census)e25 |
| Geʽez script (In developing use)[1] | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
agj |
| Glottolog |
argo1244[2] |
Argobba yare ne na Semitic na Habasha wanda Mutanen Argobba ke magana a sassa biyu na Habasha. Yana cikin rukunin yarukan Habasha na Kudu.
Ana magana da Argobba a yankuna biyu da suka rabu gaba ɗaya da juna. Ɗaya yana cikin iyakar gabashin birnin Harar na Habasha. Sauran yankin, inda yawancin masu magana suke, yana cikin kusurwar gabashin tsaunukan Habasha kuma ya kai daga arewa zuwa kudu. Saboda wannan bambancin ƙasa ana kiranta Arewa-Argobba da Kudu-Argobbe. Ƙauyukan da ke arewacin Argobba an raba su a cikin ƙananan ƙauyuka ta wasu kabilun kamar mutanen Amharic da mutanen Omoro. Garuruwan, inda ake magana da bambancin Argobba, suna cikin tsaunuka na Habasha kuma ana kiransu Shonke (1901 m sama da matakin teku, 10 ° 37' 101" N 39 ° 58' 346" E) da T'ohalla (1602 m sama da girman teku, 10° 38' 68" N 39' 75" E) kuma suna da wahala a isa. Dukkanin wadannan kauyuka suna da jimillar mutane 3000, yayin da Shonke ke da kimanin 2000 kuma T'ohalla kusan mazauna 1000.
Ana amfani da sunan Argobba ga kungiyar jama'a da kuma yaren da wasu sassan mutanen wadannan kungiyoyi ke amfani da shi. Kabilar Argobba sun fi masu magana yawa yawa. Argobba yana da alaƙa da Amharic, kuma a wasu nazarce-nazarcen an ce Argobba yare ne kawai na yankin Amharik. Amma shi kansa Argobba yana da yarukan yanki guda hudu, wasu sun fi na sauran su kama da Amharic. Yaren Aliyu Amba na yanki yana da kamanceceniya da yaren Amharic a tsari da ƙamus, wanda za a iya mayar da shi zuwa yawan tuntuɓar harshe tun ƙarshen ƙarni na 17. Sauran bambance-bambancen kamar Shonke da T'ohalla sun fi kama da sauran harsunan ethiosemtic kamar Harari ko Gurage.
Da yake rubuce-rubuce a tsakiyar shekarun 1960, Edward Ullendorff ya lura cewa "yana ɓacewa cikin sauri don goyon bayan Amharic, kuma tsofaffi kaɗan ne kawai ke iya magana." A yau, Argobba da yawa a yankin Harari sun koma yaren Oromo . [3] Waɗanda ke gundumar Ankober suna jin yaren Amharic .
Fassarar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Consonants[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dangane da bambancin Argobba, adadin baƙaƙe ya bambanta. A cikin bambancin Shonke da T'ollaha akwai wayoyi masu baƙar fata guda 26, a cikin sauran bambance-bambancen akwai 25. Ƙarin baƙaƙen su ne fricatives na pharyngeal /ħ/ da /ʕ/ da kuma maƙarƙashiya /x/.
Argobba ya ƙunshi wayoyi 11 masu ɗaukar hoto. Ana iya sanya su duka a farkon, tsakiya da matsayi na ƙarshe na kalmar.
Wadanda ba a ambata ba a cikin ginshiƙi na IPA sune:
/t'/ (alveolar plosive)
/k'/ (jective velar plosive)
/č/ (marasa murya ba tare da murya ba, ba zai iya kasancewa a farkon kalmar ba)
/ĵ/ (mai sautin murya na postveolar plosive)
/č'/ (jective postveolar plosive)
/š/ (jin murya mara murya)
/w/ (labiovelar kimanin)
/y/ (kimanin palatial)
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Farin ciki | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | /b/ | /t/ /d/ | /k/ /g/ | /ʔ/ | |||
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | ||||
| Trill | /r/ | ||||||
| Ƙarfafawa | /f/ | /z/ /s/ | /x/ | / / ʕ/ | /h/ | ||
| Kusanci na gefe | /l/ |
Wasula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wayoyin wasali guda shida ne a Argobba kuma ba a bambanta su a tsayin wasali.
| Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | |
|---|---|---|---|
| An rufe | i | ɨ | ku |
| Rabin-rufe | e | o | |
| Rabin-bude | ɜ | ||
| Bude | a |
/ɜ/ yana aiki azaman wasali na asali don ƙirƙirar ƙirar ƙirƙira da na magana kuma ana amfani dashi cikin kalmomi da yawa.
Lambar wayar /a/ tana iya tsayawa a kowane matsayi na kalmar kuma tana da alaƙa da wasulan /e/ da /o/.
Ana iya sanya wasalin /e/ a kowane matsayi na kalmar, yayin da yake da wuya a matsayin farko.
Ma'anar /i/ tana faruwa a kowane matsayi na kalmar, amma akwai ƙarin kari lokacin da yake matsayi na farko. Akwai ƴan kalmomi da suka fara da /e/.
Lambar wayar /u/ kusan tana fitowa ne a tsakiya ko matsayi na ƙarshe na kalmar.
Wasan wasalin /o/ yana da tushensa a cikin diphthong aw kuma yana iya faruwa a kowane matsayi na kalmar.
Ayyukan /ɨ/ a matsayin wasalin epethese kuma yana taimakawa wajen gina tsarin sauti mai aiki da sauti. Wasili ne ba tare da wani takamaiman bayani ba kuma ana amfani dashi kawai don ƙirƙirar yanayin tsari mai gamsarwa.
Tsarin Harafi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Za a iya raba tsarin silsilar zuwa farawa, tsakiya da Koda . A cikin silsilar dole ne a sami aƙalla tsakiya, sauran sassan ba dole ba ne. Harshen Argobba yana da nau'o'i biyar: v, vc, cv, cvc da cvcc, yayin da v da vc ba su da farawa kuma an ƙara (ʔ) a matsayi na farko.
Nau'in harafi cv akwai baƙar magana a matsayi na farko da murya a tsakiya. Wasu kalmomi sun ƙunshi wannan harafin kawai. Yawancin lokaci suna faruwa tare a cikin ƙarin hadaddun kalmomi.
Nau'in silsilar cvc ya ƙunshi baƙar magana a farkon, murya a tsakiya da kuma baƙar magana a cikin Koda.
Cvcc a gefe guda ya ƙunshi baƙar magana a farkon, murya a cikin tsakiya, da baƙaƙe biyu a cikin Koda. Akwai hane-hane game da baƙaƙe a matsayin Koda: misali baƙar fata na farko dole ne ya zama gogayya, hanci ko ruwa. Baƙi na biyu koyaushe shine okklusive, idan ba a ba da wannan ba sai a ƙara muryar epenthese ɨ .
Nahawu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ilimin Halitta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Harshen Argobba yare ne mai tada hankali, yana amfani da kari da maƙasudi don canza ma'anar kalmomin. Wani lokaci a lokuta na musamman ana amfani da infixes, amma yana faruwa sau da yawa.
lamuran[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana amfani da ita sau da yawa don samar da jumloli masu ma'ana tare da ma'ana mai ɓarna, ko don alamar jimla na ɗan lokaci da na sharadi. Hakanan yana iya nuna farkon motsi da dalili na yanayi. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙayyadaddun gini ana ƙirƙira shi da alaƙar suna nɜh (adadi)
| Harka | Saka | Adposition | Misali | Fassara |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nadinawa | - | - | lɨĵu mɜčɨʔʔʔɪohall | "Danshi yazo" |
| Zargi | -n
na (2.sg m/f) |
ku | lɨĵɨčin lɜʔaxɜyy | "Aiko min da kirki" |
| Genitive | -a
-i (bayan ɨ) |
daga (+mutum) | amɜħammɜd lamɨtti | "Saniya Muhammad" |
| Oblique:
m durative locative Instrumental na dan lokaci ablative causative kwatance kwatance |
lɜ-
lɜ- tɜ- bɜ- bɜ- ɨntɜ- sɨlɜ- ama- -kkul |
domin
tare da a cikin (zazzabi) daga kusan kamar da |
lɜlɨɗɗi
lɜsamɨnt tɜmɜdɜw bɜħarb bɜt'ʷaħ ɨntɜšɨritɨx sɨlɜwaĵib amabetɨčči mɜšorakkul |
"Don yarona"
"har tsawon mako guda" "a kan mumbari" "tare da mashi" "da safe" "daga gare ku" "game da larura" "kamar gidan" "tare da tsofaffi" |
Karin magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
ɨstɜ-
Gabaɗaya ana iya lura da cewa, shari'ar nominativ ita ce mafi tsaka-tsaki nau'i na shari'ar sirri na kyauta kuma galibi kuma baya canza karin magana dangane da jinsi. A cikin shari'ar da ake zargi ƙarshen ya bambanta idan aka kwatanta da shari'ar nominativ, amma banda mutum na farko, farkon kalmar iri ɗaya ne. Maganganun suna a genitive sun bambanta idan aka kwatanta da sauran shari'o'in, amma mafi ban sha'awa shine shari'ar oblique, inda duk karin magana suka fara da "l".
A matsayin nuna girmamawa, ana amfani da suna na sirri na jam'i na mutum na uku a cikin nadin hali ɨllɜm . Hakanan ana ƙara shi azaman alamar haɗuwa da morpheme.
| Mutum | Nadinawa | Zargi | Genitive | Oblique |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg. | an | yinin | yi | liyyo |
| 2. sg. m/f | ank / an | axon / axon | gatari | lax/la |
| 3. sg m/f | me / ɨyyat | ɨwwaton / ɨyyaton | iwwat / iyyat | liwwat / liyyat |
| 1st pl. | ina | ɨnnan | ina | linna |
| 2. pl. | ankum | axumɨn | axum | laxum |
| 3. pl. | wlɜm | ɨllɜmɨn | rashin lafiya | lilin |
Halin halittar zahiri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ainihin ma'anar ma'anar fi'ili a argobba yawanci ana bayyana ta ta tushen fi'ili wanda ya ƙunshi baƙaƙe masu tushe guda uku waɗanda za a kira su radicals. Masana ilimin harshe ba su da cikakken tabbacin ko akwai masu tsatsauran ra'ayi a Argobba, ko kuma tushen ma ya ƙunshi wasula a wasu lokuta.
Ginin fi’ili ana yinsa ne ta hanyar haɗa radical da wani nau’in nau’in sinadarai, wanda ke ƙayyade hanya, tsari da adadin wasula cikin mahallin tushen morpheme, wanda ake kira samfuri.
Samfurin ya ƙunshi wasula da yawa, waɗanda za'a iya ƙarawa a tsakanin da kewaye. A cikin ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga, samfuri ba su zama gama gari ba kuma ana amfani da su kawai don ƙirƙirar nomina na deverbal.
Wani muhimmin al'amari na samuwar fi'ili a Argobba shi ne tushe. Fi'ili ɗaya na iya samun tushe daban-daban, saboda dangane da haɗin kai, ana amfani da samfuri daban-daban. Akwai manyan ƙungiyoyi huɗu daban-daban: cikakke, mara kyau, jussiv da coverb. Babban tushen fi'ili ya riga ya ƙunshi duk tushe da ake buƙata don haɗawa. Yawancin lokaci akwai tushe guda ɗaya don kowane fi'ili don kowane haɗin gwiwa.
| Tushen | Haɗin kai | Misali | Fassara |
|---|---|---|---|
| sɜbb r- | Cikakken | sɜbbɜr-ew | "Na fasa" |
| -sɜbr- | Imperfectiv | ina-sɜbr | "Mun karya" |
| -sb r - | Jussiv | yi-sbɜr-u | "Za su karye" |
| sɜbɨrr | Maimaitawa | sɜbɨrr-o | "Yana karya kuma..." |
Akwai bambanci tsakanin babban tushe da kara mai fadi. Faɗaɗɗen mai tushe shine ɓangaren da ke canzawa lokacin haɗuwa kuma ya bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan haɗuwa. Babban tushe yana kiyaye iri ɗaya kuma shine tushe don kara mai faɗaɗa.
Wasu nau'ikan fi'ili suna amfani da tushe ɗaya don haɗakarwa da yawa kuma ga wasu fi'ilai tushen ya bambanta dangane da tabbataccen tsari ko mara kyau na haɗakarwa.
A cikin cikakke- da haɗin kai ana kafa su ta ƙara akan kari. Ƙunƙarar rashin cikawa- da jusive conjugations suna samuwa ta hanyar ƙara haɗakar pre- da suffixes. Batutuwan magana kuma ana yin su ta amfani da samfuri da tsattsauran ra'ayi.
Haɗuwa da Madaidaita[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Haɗin kai ya bambanta tsakanin sifar tabbatacce, mara kyau da dangi. Don cimma madaidaici mara kyau dole ne a ƙara prefix akan madaidaicin haɗin gwiwa. Ba a bambanta shi da ƙarin kalma ba, amma ta ƙara prefix ko kari akan haɗin da ke akwai. A cikin tebur mai zuwa n- yana tsaye ne don alamar alama, yayin da SUB yana tsaye ga batun haɗin kai wanda ke nuna abin da mutum yake game da shi kuma an ƙara shi a kan cikakkiyar tushe.
| Tabbatacce | Perfectiv-base | +SUB | |||
| Korau | N- | Perfectiv-base | +SUB | -N | |
| Dan uwa | REL | (N-) | Perfectiv-base | +SUB |
(1) zurrɜʔena
zɜrrɜʔ-ena
iri perf. -1.pl.
"Mun shuka" (afirmative perfectiv)
(2) azzɨrʔenam
al-zɨrʔ-ena-m
n-seed.perf-1.pl.-n.
"Ba mu yi iri ba" (korau perfectiv, da n- nuna pre- da suffixed korau alamomi)
Haɗuwa da marasa kamala[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Haɗin ya ƙunshi tushe da maƙallan jigo ɗaya ko biyu. Haɗin kan batun ya ƙunshi pre- da kari. Mahimman bayanai sun bambanta da amfani yayin da ake amfani da suffixes don nuna jam'i ko sigar mace. Hakanan akwai bambance-bambance a cikin haɗin gwiwa dangane da idan tabbatacce ne, hadaddun, mummunan aiki ko dangi. Namijin jinsin maza shine ma'auni, amma idan akwai galibin mata, ana saka alamar mace bayan tushe mara kyau.
| Tabbatacce | SUB | Rashin Ciki-Tsarin | PL/FEM | |||
| Hadadden Rashin Ciki | SUB | Rashin Ciki-Tsarin | PL/FEM | - AUX | ||
| Korau | N- | SUB | Rashin Ciki-Tsarin | PL/FEM | -N | |
| Dan uwa | REL- | (N-) | SUB | Rashin cikawa- Tushen | PL/FEM |
(1) ɨnnɨʔat
ɨn-ʔat
1.pl.-shiga gida. Impv.
"Za mu koma gida kuma..." (marasa cikakke, babu jam'i ko alamar mata, alamar haɗin kai)
Haɗuwa da Mai Haɗawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Haɗin ya ƙunshi tushe-tushen magana da alamar haɗin kai. Ba za a iya kafa shi a cikin mummunan tsari ko dangi ba.
| Converb-tushe | +SUB |
Haɗin Mai Jusive[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana amfani dashi azaman suna kuma azaman matsayi wanda ke nuna kwatance. Ana amfani da - nɜh azaman matsayi zuwa sunan da ke yin kwatancen. A lokaci guda, akan suna, wanda shine abin kwatancen, an ƙara gabatarwa ɨntɜ - azaman prefix.
Ana amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar jimloli masu mahimmanci, yayin da waɗannan an rage su kawai, amma duk sauran nau'ikan an halicce su da pre- da suffixes.
| Mahimmanci | SUB+ | Jusive-Base | ||
| Mai adalci | SUB+ | Jusive-Base | +PL/FEM | |
| Korau | N- | SUB+ | Jusive-Base | +PL/FEM |
Lambobi
A hanyoyi da yawa ana amfani da shi daidai da preposition tɜ -, ana kuma amfani da ita lokacin ƙirƙirar jimlolin ƙididdigewa waɗanda ke nuna wuri da shugabanci. Bugu da ƙari, yana kuma nuna kayan aiki, tsari da dalili. Yawancin lokaci ana ƙara shi a kan maganganun maganganu, matsayi ko kuma sunaye masu alaƙa waɗanda ke bin sunan da suke nufi. Lokacin magana game da wata guda, ko ƙayyadaddun lokaci, ana iya ƙara shi kuma.
Ana nuna jam'i ta hanyar kari akan suna, wanda zai iya zama -ačč ko kawai -čč . Ana amfani da - ačč lokacin da suna ya ƙare akan baƙaƙe, na ƙarshe kuma ana amfani da shi lokacin da sunan ya ƙare akan sauti.
suna (consonant) lam (sg) lam ačč (pl) ( saniya, shanu)
suna (vocal) doro (sg) dor očč (pl) kaza, kaji
Wata yuwuwar gyare-gyaren ita ce ƙara lambar da suna ref ers zuwa gaba akan sunan da aka yi jam'i. A cikin misalin ʕassɨr (goma) ita ce lambar da sunan ke nufi.
ʕassɨr sɜw aččɨntɜʔen tɜnšɨʔʔam
"Mutane goma sun tashi daga nan..."
A haɗe tare da suna, ana amfani da shi don yiwa mai karɓar aikin magana. A daya bangaren kuma, ana amfani da shi ne a hade tare da ma’anar fi’ili mai canzawa yayin da ya dauki matsayin dati ko mai amfani. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da shi don nuna manufa ko dalilin da ke tattare da yin magana. Wani lokaci ana amfani da shi a cikin ra'ayoyi na ɗan lokaci lokacin ƙara shi a cikin jumla mai suna wanda ke nuna tsarin lokaci ko aya cikin lokaci. A haɗe tare da morpheme drɜs ana amfani dashi don bayyana tsawon lokaci.
Lambobi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| 1 | hannu, hannu (f) | 20 | miya, hayka |
| 2 | ka, hk | 30 | sasa |
| 3 | sost, socost | 40 | harba |
| 4 | arbit, harka | 50 | hamsa |
| 5 | ku, ku | 60 | sɘlsa |
| 6 | mafi girma | 70 | saba |
| 7 | sacin | 80 | samu |
| 8 | Ss ɘmm | 90 | zatan |
| 9 | gahtwän, yahäten | 100 | mato, baql |
| 10 | kasa | 200 | ku mato |
Samar da tambayoyi
A Argobba, ana yin tambayoyi ta hanyar amfani da karin magana daban-daban da ake amfani da su wajen isar da ma’anoni daban-daban na tambayoyin. Babu alamomi daban-daban don eh-babu tambayoyi da tambayoyin bayanai.
| Sunan Tambaya | Ma'ana | Adposition na zaɓi | Ma'ana |
|---|---|---|---|
| ɨmbɜla | "menene" | lɜ-
intɜ- bɜ- |
"don me" "me yasa"
"daga me" "da me" |
| mutum | "Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya" | -kul
masauki ✍ |
"da waye"
"Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya" |
| da | "wane"/"wane" | -yyu (m) -yya (f)
tɜ- bɜ- intɜ- |
"wanda fem/masc..."
"inda" "on/a ina" "daga ina" |
| amet | "kamar wane/me"
"yaya" |
||
| m ɗa | "lokacin" | ||
| mɨn | "nawa/yawa" |
Ana amfani da karin magana mai tambaya ɨmbɜla don tambayoyin da ke nuni ga wani batu a cikin jumlar magana ko ga wani abu da ke cikin jumlar magana. Ana sau da yawa amfani da gajeriyar hanyar ɨmb (mene?
Ana amfani da karin magana mai tambayar mutum lokacin da ake neman wani batu ko wani abu a cikin jumlar magana ko kuma jigon jumla mai suna. Lokacin neman abu kai tsaye, mutumin ya ɗauki n biyu don nuna alamar zargi. Har ila yau yana da ɗan gajeren nau'i ma wanda a koyaushe ana amfani dashi a hade tare da prepositions. Hakanan ana iya amfani da mutum lokacin neman gungun mutane, amma yawanci ana amfani dashi tare da prefix associative marker innɜ.
Ana amfani da karin magana mai tambaya et don taimakawa wajen gano abin tunani, wanda za'a iya yin shi a fili ta hanyar mahallin kuma ta hanyar ƙara gabatarwa. A haɗe tare da prepositions ana amfani da shi don neman wurare ko lokuta.
Amet haɗe ne na preposition ama (kamar) da et (wanne/ menene) waɗanda tare ake amfani da su don faɗi "kamar menene" ko kuma aka fassara zuwa "yadda".
Akwai nau'ikan shari'o'i guda hudu a Argobba; da nominativ, accusative, genitive da oblique harka. Abubuwan da suka shafi sun bambanta a cikin amfaninsu da kuma samuwarsu, musamman ma a cikin ƙari na gaba ko kari.
Sakamako
Gabatarwa suna da ko dai 1 ko 2 syllables da allomorphems guda biyu, waɗanda suka bambanta a cikin murya a ƙarshen. Lokacin da aka ƙara gabatarwa a kan suna wanda ya fara a cikin epenthesevocal (ɨ) gabatarwa ya ƙare a cikin "i". Lokacin da aka ƙara abubuwan da aka gabatar a kan wasu sunaye, duk sauran prepositions suna ƙarewa akan muryar ( ɜ) sai dai ga ma'anar "ama". Lokacin da aka ƙara preposition a kan wani dangi na fi'ili sai a jefar da ƙarshen sautin magana.
tɜ- (ana iya fassara shi da “a, kunnawa, ta, a, zuwa, daga”)
Hakanan ana amfani da ita don samar da jimlolin ƙararrawa waɗanda ke nuna tsari ko kuma suna da ma'ana ta kamanni kuma suna ƙara cikin jimlolin nadi don yin kwatancen daidaitaccen kwatance. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da su tare da fi'ili na dangi ama ana amfani da shi don yiwa alama madaidaicin jimloli, jumlolin modal da wani nau'in jimla na ɗan lokaci. Ana yin buƙatun tare da preposition ama- lokacin da prefix ne ga sigar da ba ta cika ba, wanda ke nuna buƙatu mara kyau ko tabbatacce.
lɜ- (ana iya fassara shi da "don")
A hanyoyi da yawa ana amfani da shi daidai da preposition tɜ -, ana kuma amfani da ita lokacin ƙirƙirar jimlolin ƙididdigewa waɗanda ke nuna wuri da shugabanci. Bugu da ƙari, yana kuma nuna kayan aiki, tsari da dalili. Yawancin lokaci ana ƙara shi a kan maganganun maganganu, matsayi ko kuma sunaye masu alaƙa waɗanda ke bin sunan da suke nufi. Lokacin magana game da wata guda, ko ƙayyadaddun lokaci, ana iya ƙara shi kuma.
bɜ- (ana iya fassara shi da a, kunne, ciki, zuwa, ta hanyar (directional) & tare da (kayan aiki) )
Za'a iya amfani da drɜs na baya a cikin gida ko na ɗan lokaci. Ana amfani da shi don nuna iyakacin nisa na gida ko a cikin mahallin lokaci ƙarshen lokaci. Kullum ana amfani da shi azaman kari ga sunan da yake nufi. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi a haɗe tare da ɨstɜ- (har) ko lɜ- (don) waɗanda aka riga aka sanya su zuwa sunan da suke magana akai. Lokacin magana game da ainihin lokacin (yanzu), za a iya watsi da preposition.
bɜhidarinna bɜtihsɜs (a cikin Nuwamba da Disamba)
Ana amfani da ita sau da yawa don samar da jumloli masu ma'ana tare da ma'ana mai ɓarna, ko don alamar jimla na ɗan lokaci da na sharadi. Hakanan yana iya nuna farkon motsi da dalili na yanayi. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙayyadaddun gini ana ƙirƙira shi da alaƙar suna nɜh (adadi)
misali. fat'uma ɨntɜħalima nɜħ amħɨr nɜčč (Fatuma ta fi Halima kyau)
ama-
sɨlɜ- (ana iya fassara shi da saboda / game da)
Ana amfani da shi wajen samar da jimlolin adpositional kuma yana nuna mayar da hankali ga tattaunawar. Hakanan yana iya aiki a cikin samuwar jumlar dalili lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita azaman prefix zuwa fi'ili na dangi.
sɨletɨmɨrt nɜyi (Shin saboda aji?)
Ana amfani da ƙa'idar ɨstɜ- don nuna nisa a lokaci da wuri lokacin da yake zama prefix ga sunan da ke nuna ƙarshen ƙarshen nisa. A wannan yanayin kuma yawanci ana amfani da shi a hade tare da matsayi - drɜs. A wasu lokuta ana iya fassara shi tare da duniya “ciki har da” lokacin ƙoƙarin yin bayanin haɗawa.
A cikin Argobba Postpositions da adpositions ana amfani da su sosai.
drɜs (ana iya fassarawa da har sai)
Ana amfani da preposition tɜ a cikin mahallin daban-daban don nuna bambanci daban-daban kuma ana ƙayyade ainihin ma'anar abin da aka gabatar ta hanyar mahallin. Yawancin lokaci yana nuna wurin tsaye ko motsi zuwa wurin ko zuwa ga manufa. Ya ƙunshi allomorphemes guda uku waɗanda aka ƙaddara ta kalmar cewa tana prefixing. Sai kawai idan aka haɗa ta da kalmar da ta fara da baƙar magana, ana amfani da tɜ gaba ɗaya, in ba haka ba za a canza ta zuwa ti, idan aka ƙara ta a kan kalmar da ta fara da ɨ, ko kuma a jefar da ɜ idan an haɗa shi da wani. suna nuna.
-mɜss (ana iya fassara shi da kama da kama)
-mɜss ana amfani da shi don samar da ƙarin jimloli kuma ana ƙara ta bayan kalma mai kamala.
-nɜh (dangane da sunan da nɜh wanda ke nufin girma ko iyaka)
Ita ce kawai matsayi wanda ke daure morpheme kuma ana iya amfani dashi kawai a cikin ƙirƙirar jimlolin "tare da x". Yana iya nuna sunaye, mutane ko karin magana.
-kul
ɨnana ɨllɜmɨkkul annɨtɨħawwͻk'ɨm ɨmbɜr (mu da su ba mu san juna ba)
Daidaitawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalmomi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A Argobba akwai jimloli iri-iri uku; jimlar maras tushe, jumlar magana da kuma jimlar magana. Dukkansu sun kunshi kalma ce wacce ita ce shugaban jimla (na zahiri da na ma’ana) da kuma wasu abubuwan da suka dogara da kai. Shugaban ya ɗauki bayanai mafi mahimmanci kuma yana nuna wace jumla ce za a yi amfani da ita.
Maganganun kalmomi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shugaban yawanci suna ne ko karin magana, kuma ana iya samar da jimlar cikin sauki ko kuma hadadden tsari. Kalma mai sauƙi ta ƙunshi nau'i ɗaya, yayin da maɗaukakiyar ta ƙunshi kai da aƙalla ƙarin kashi ɗaya kuma suna ƙara abun cikin jumlar tare da ƙarin bayani. Kalmomin ƙididdiga na musamman na musamman saboda suna iya samar da ayyuka na daidaitawa kamar batutuwa da abubuwa. A halin yanzu, an sanya kai na ƙarshe a cikin jimlar kuma ana sanya abubuwan gyara a gabansa.
Misalin tsari mai sauƙi zai kasance kamar haka:
wrbar nɜy
wɜrbar nɜ-i
yaro dan sanda. -3 m
"Yaro ne" → kuma yana aiki tare da jimlar jimla
Misali na hadadden tsari:
Ya ƙunshi sunan kai da ƙarin abubuwan gyara waɗanda za su iya ɗaukar ƙarin bayanan nahawu ko na ma'ana, kamar karin magana mai nuni, sifa, lambobi, ƙididdigewa da jimlolin dangi.
a-sonke sɜw
gen.-shonke man
"A man from shonke"
A cikin ƙayyadaddun jimlar zaɓen an jera abubuwan a cikin tsari mai zuwa:
| (DEM) | Siffai
jimlar ma'auni mai ƙididdigewa |
(-POS)
(-ART) |
Sunan kai | (-POS)
(-ART) |
|---|
Maganar magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wannan jimlar ta ƙunshi fi’ili da yabo, inda fi’ili ya zama shugaban jumlar magana kuma a wasu lokuta ana ƙara hujjar ƙima. Ana amfani da shi don nuna yanayi, abin da ya faru ko wani aiki. Idan aka yi la’akari da ka’ida, lafazin lafazin shi ne tushen tsinkayar.
Tsarin ba shi da rikitarwa fiye da ɗaya daga cikin jimlolin ƙididdiga. Yana iya ƙunsar kawai fi'ili ko fi'ili da yabo. Yawancin lokaci ba su canzawa kuma kawai sun ƙunshi hadadden babban fi'ili. Lokacin da aka samar da jimlar magana ta hanyar amfani da fi'ili mai wucewa, to, abu kai tsaye wani bangare ne na jimlar.
sɜrowan ɗ'a'wɜčč
tufafi - pos. 3sg:f - acc. wanke. per. 3 sg:f
"Ta wanke kayanta"
Jumlar magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana amfani da wannan jimlar don ƙarawa zuwa ga tsinkaya tare da ƙarin bayani kuma ko dai ya ƙunshi haɗaɗɗen adposition tare da suna wanda yake nufi, ko kuma suna da tsari mai rikitarwa. Rukunin tsarin yawanci ya ƙunshi abubuwa uku: adverbs, postpositions da kuma alaƙa mai alaƙa. Ya kamata waɗannan abubuwa su ƙara zuwa bayanin da aka sani game da halin da ake ciki, wanda yawanci game da yanayi na gida, na wucin gadi ko yanayin yanayin da ke game da aikin da ake tambaya.
Tsarin jumlar shine kamar haka:
| Gabatarwa | Maganar suna | Adverb / alaƙa suna / postposition |
|---|
ɨntɜʔaro lɨʔla (a kan tsakuwa)
Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namede25 - ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Argobba". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Kifleyesus, Abbebe. 2006. The Argobba of Ethiopia are not the Language They Speak. Aethiopica: International Journal of Ethiopian Studies 9:7-22.
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Cohen, Marcel (1931) Études d'éthiopien méridional (Tarin d'ouvrages orientaux). Paris: Geuthner.
- Cohen, Marcel (1939) Nouvelles Études d'éthiopien méridional . Paris: Ancienne Honoré Champion.
- Leslau, Wolf (1997) Takardun Ethiopic: Argobba. Nahawu da ƙamus . Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03955-8 .
- Zelealem Leyew and Ralph Siebert (1994) Argobba. Rahoton Harshen SLLE No. 22 . Addis Ababa: SIL/Cibiyar Nazarin Habasha, Jami'ar Addis Ababa.
- Zelealem Leyew, Ralph Siebert (2002), Rahoton Binciken Zamantakewa na Harshen Argobba na Habasha SIL Rahoton Binciken Lantarki, SILESR 2002-026 ( PDF )