Harshen Cree

Cree (/ kriː/ KREE; kuma aka sani da Cree–Montagnais – Naskapi) yare ne ci gaba na yaren Algonquian wanda kusan mutane 237,420 ke magana a cikin 2021a duk faɗin Kanada, daga Yankin Arewa maso Yamma zuwa Alberta zuwa Labrador. Idan aka yi la’akari da harshe ɗaya, shi ne yaren ɗan asalin da ya fi yawan masu magana a Kanada.Yanki daya tilo da Cree ke da wani matsayi na hukuma shine a cikin Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma, tare da wasu harsuna takwas na asali.A can, ana magana da Cree a cikin Fort Smith da Hay River.

Sunaye

Endonyms sune:

nêhiyawêwin ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ (Plains Cree)

nīhithawīwin ᓃᐦᐃᖬᐑᐏᐣ ( Woods Cree )

nêhinawêwin ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐌᐎᐣ (Western Swampy Cree)

ininîmowin ᐃᓂᓃᒧᐎᓐ ( Eastern Swampy Cree

ililîmowin (Moose Cree)

iyiniu-Ayamiwin ᐄᓅ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ (Southern East Cree)

iyiyiu-Ayamiwin ᐄᔨᔫ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ (Northern East Cree)

nehirâmowin (Atikamekw)

nehlueun (Yaren Yammacin Montagnais, yaren Piyekwâkamî)

ilnu-Aimûn (Western Montagnais, yaren Betsiamites)

Innu-Aimûn (Eastern Montagnais)

Asalin da yadawa

An yi imanin cewa Cree ya fara ne a matsayin yaren Proto-Algonquian da ake magana da shi tsakanin shekaru 2,500 zuwa 3,000 da suka gabata a cikin asalin ƙasar Algonquian, yankin da ba a tantance ba yana kusa da Babban Tafkuna. Ana tsammanin masu magana da yaren proto-Cree sun ƙaura zuwa arewa, kuma sun rabu da sauri zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu daban-daban a kowane gefen James Bay. Daga nan sai kungiyar gabas ta fara rarrabuwar kawuna zuwa yaruka daban-daban, yayin da kungiyar ta yamma mai yiwuwa ta balle cikin yaruka daban-daban daga baya.Bayan wannan batu yana da matukar wahala a iya yin tabbatacciyar bayani game da yadda kungiyoyi daban-daban suka bullo da kuma tafiya da su, domin babu rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce a cikin harsunan da za a kwatanta su, kuma bayanin da Turawa suka yi ba tsari ba ne; haka nan, al'ummar Algonquian suna da al'adar yin harsuna biyu har ma da ɗaukar sabon harshe kai tsaye daga makwabta.

Ra'ayi na al'ada a tsakanin masana ilimin ɗan adam na ƙarni na 20 da masana tarihi na kasuwancin fur cewa Western Woods Cree da Plains Cree (sabili da haka yarensu) ba su bambanta da sauran mutanen Cree ba kafin 1670, lokacin da Cree ya faɗaɗa daga ƙasarsu ta haihuwa kusa da James. Bay saboda samun damar mallakar makamai na Turai. Akasin haka, James Smith na gidan kayan tarihi na Indiyawan Amurka ya bayyana, a cikin 1987, cewa nauyin shaidar archaeological da na harshe yana sanya Cree zuwa yamma har zuwa yankin Kogin Aminci na Alberta kafin tuntuɓar Turai.

Matsayin doka

Matsayin zamantakewa da na doka na Cree ya bambanta a duk faɗin Kanada. Cree ɗaya ne daga cikin harsunan hukuma goma sha ɗaya na Yankin Arewa maso Yamma, amma ƴan tsirarun mutane ne kawai ke magana a yankin da ke kusa da garin Fort Smith. Har ila yau, ɗaya daga cikin manyan harsuna biyu na gwamnatin yankin Eeyou Istchee James Bay a Arewacin Quebec, ɗayan kuma Faransanci ne.

Taimako da farfadowa

Tun daga 2017, Cree yana da kusan 117,000 da aka rubuta masu magana. Har yanzu su ne ƴan tsirarun yare da aka ba da ikon Ingilishi da Faransanci a Kanada. Akwai shirye-shirye a wurin don kula da kuma farfado da harshen, ko da yake. A cikin al'ummar Quebec James Bay Cree, an aiwatar da wani kuduri a cikin 1988 wanda ya sanya Cree ya zama harshen ilimi a makarantun firamare da kuma makarantun firamare.

Majalisar Mistissini ta yanke shawarar buƙatar ma'aikatansu su koyi kalmomin Cree a cikin 1991.

Hukumar Makarantar Cree yanzu tana da rahotonta na shekara-shekara da ake samu a cikin Ingilishi da Cree.

Akwai yunƙurin ƙara samar da tashoshin Cree a rediyo.

A cikin 2013, littattafan lantarki na harshen Cree kyauta don masu farawa sun zama samuwa ga malaman harshen Alberta.

Gwamnatin Yankin Arewa maso Yamma ta fitar da rahoto na shekara-shekara kan harsunan al'umman farko. Rahoton na 2016-2017 yana nuna nasarorin da suka samu wajen farfado da tallafi da ayyukan da suke aiki akai. Misali, sun fito da Jagoran Shuka Magunguna wanda ke da bayanai cikin duka Cree da Ingilishi. Wani muhimmin sashi na yin ja-gora shi ne abin da dattawa suka bayar. Wani abin da aka cim ma shi ne buga fim ɗin a Cree. Suna aiki ne don watsa gidan rediyo wanda "zai ba masu sauraro kida da murya don harsunanmu".

Joshua Whitehead wani marubuci ne wanda ya yi amfani da harshen Cree a matsayin wani ɓangare na waƙarsa.

Don karatu

Mutanen Cree