Harshen Ersu
Harshen Ersu daidai ( Chinese: 尔苏 Ěrsū ) Sino-Tibet ( harshen Trans-Himalayan ) ne da ake magana da shi a yammacin Sichuan, kasar Sin. Ita ce mafi yaɗuwar harsunan Ersu guda uku . Akwai masu magana 13,000 bisa ga Sun (1982).
Iri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yu (2012) ya lissafa nau'ikan Ersu guda uku, duk ana magana da su a kudancin Sichuan .
- Zeluo Ersu : Sun (1982, 1991) [1] [2] takardun Ersu na garin Zela 则拉乡 (ko Zeluo 则洛), Yutian District 玉田区, Ganluo County甘洛县, Sichuan (Sun 11991).
- Qingshui Ersu : Yaren Qinghui na Ersu wanda Liu ya rubuta (1983) [3] ana magana da shi a ƙauyen Qinghui 清水村, Garin Liaoping 廖坪乡, Gundumar Ganluo, Sichuan.
- Hanyuan Ersu (bacewa): Ersu na gundumar Hanyuan, Sichuan, wanda yanzu ya ɓace, an rubuta shi a Baber (1882). [4]
Rabewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin tsoffin adabi, an rarraba Ersu a matsayin memba na rukunin kudancin reshen Qiangic a cikin dangin yaren Trans-Himalayan . Duk da haka, ƙarin aikin kwanan nan na Jacques & Michaud (2011) da Chirkova (2012) sun nuna cewa "Ƙungiyar Qiangic kamar yadda aka bayyana ita ce paraphyletic, kamar yadda kawai abubuwan da ke tsakanin waɗannan harsuna shine ko dai symplesiomorphies (na kowa archaisms) ko kuma sassan sassan da aka yada ta hanyar sadarwa. ya kamata a cire Ersu/Lizu da Shixing daga ƙungiyar Qiangic."
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gabaɗaya akwai rubuce-rubuce kaɗan a cikin Ersu, saboda haka ba a san da yawa game da tarihin mutanen da suka faɗa ba. Duk da yake an yi hasashen cewa mutanen Ersu sun fito daga Tibet, ko kuma sun fito ne daga kabilu makwabta irin su Yi, akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa Ersu ya riga ya wuce har ma da Yi a yankin. Mutanen Yi da suka ƙaura a lokacin daular Tang zuwa yankunan da ke kusa da inda Ersu ke zama sun rubuta Ersu a matsayin "'yan asali". Don haka ana ganin cewa matsugunin mutanen Ersu a wurin da za a iya samun su a yanzu bai wuce farkon daular Tang ba.
Rubutun Rubutu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yawancin mutanen Ersu na farko ba su iya karatu ko rubutu ba tunda babu rubuce-rubucen da ke wakiltar yarensu na yare. Wadanda suka yi karatun boko su ne malaman addini da ake kira "Shaba".
An yi imani da Shaba cewa "sun san duk abin da ke cikin sama a sama da ƙasa a ƙarƙashinsa", kuma suna da ikon sihiri wanda ya ba su damar rera nassosi don kiran ruwan sama ko la'anta maƙiyan Ersu. Har yanzu suna aiki a cikin al'ummomin Ersu har zuwa yau. Kullum suna halarta a muhimman abubuwan da suka faru kamar bukukuwa, bukukuwan aure, da jana'iza.
Hakanan suna da mahimmanci saboda su ne kawai rukuni na mutanen da suka iya karanta kawai nau'in rubutun rubutun da aka samu a tarihin Ersu. A halin yanzu an san shi da rubutun hotuna na Shaba. Ba a san da yawa game da rubutun ba, kawai cewa a da ana koyar da shi daga uba zuwa ɗa (ba 'yarsa) a cikin dangin Shaba ba. Yanzu, akwai mutane ƙasa da 10 waɗanda za su iya karanta rubutun kuma kaɗan ne waɗanda za su iya fahimtar sa a yankin.
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Akwai haruffan Shaba kusan 200 masu zaman kansu waɗanda ba su da alaƙa kai tsaye da yaren mutanen Ersu, kuma harafi ɗaya na iya yin daidai da ɗaya ko fiye da haruffa. Yawancin lokaci yana iya ɗaukar layin kalmomi da yawa don bayyana hali ɗaya. Kowane bangare na "hoton" zai ba da ma'ana. Dabbobi daban-daban yawanci suna nuna watanni ko kwanakin daban-daban. Launuka kuma suna ba da ma'ana. Sau da yawa sukan yi daidai da "abubuwa biyar" kamar haka: karfe duhu ne, itace kore, ruwa duhu launin toka, wuta ja, ƙasa kuma rawaya.
- ↑ Sūn Hóngkāi 孙宏开. 1982b. 尔苏（多续）话简介 Ěrsū (Duōxù) Huà jiǎnjiè [A brief introduction to Ersu (Doshu)]. 语言研究 Yǔyán Yánjiù 3:241–264.
- ↑ Sun Hongkai et al. 1991. Zangmianyu yuyin he cihui 藏缅语音和词汇 [Tibeto-Burman phonology and lexicon]. Chinese Social Sciences Press.
- ↑ Liú, Huīqiáng 刘辉强. 1983. 尔苏语概要 Ěrsūyǔ gàiyào [An Outline of Ersu]. 四川民族研究所编辑：《民族研究论文集》 Minzu Yanjiu Lunwenji 1.
- ↑ Baber, E. Colborne. 1882. Travels and researches in the interior of China, volume 1, pt. 1 of Royal Geographical Society of London, Supplementary Papers. London: J. Murray.