Harshen Guaymí
| Harshen Guaymí | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
gym |
| Glottolog |
ngab1239[1] |
Guaymí, ko Ngäbere, Wanda aka fi sani da Movere, Chiriquí, da Valiente, Mutanen Ngäbe na asali ne a Panama da Costa Rica ke magana. Mutanen suna kiran kansu da Ngäbe (lafazi [ ˈŋɔbe ]</link> ) da kuma harshensu a matsayin Ngäbere [ŋɔˈbeɾe]</link> . [2] Ngäbes sune mafi yawan al'ummar Panama da dama. Harshen yana tsakiya ne a cikin Panama a cikin yanki mai cin gashin kansa wanda aka sani da Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé .Tun daga shekarun 1950, Costa Rica ta fara karɓar baƙi Ngäbe, inda ake samun su a cikin wuraren ajiyar 'yan asalin da yawa: Abrojos Montezuma, Conteburica, Coto Brus, Guaymí de Alto Laguna de Osa, da Altos de San Antonio. [3]
Iyalin harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ngäbere wani yanki ne na dangin harshen Chibchan, wanda ɗan asalin yankin ne wanda ya tashi daga gabashin Honduras zuwa arewacin Colombia. Ngäbere ɗaya ne daga cikin harsuna biyu da aka rarraba ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar da ake kira Guaymí. Ɗayan harshe ne mai alaƙa amma wanda ba sa fahimtar juna da ake kira Buglere, wanda mutanen Buglé ke magana a cikin Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé.
Yayin da duk nau'ikan Ngäbere suna da kamanceceniya da nahawu kuma suna iya fahimtar juna, akwai bambance-bambancen sauti da na ƙamus waɗanda suka bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki. Mutanen yankuna daban-daban na iya amfani da kalmomi daban-daban don ra'ayi ɗaya ko kuma furta kalma ɗaya daban. [4] Sautin wasali na iya canzawa; misali, kalmar “gani” da ake furta /toen/ a wasu yankuna ana iya kiranta /tuen/ a wasu wurare; ana iya kiran kalmar “kai” /mä/ ko /ma/ dangane da yankin. Har ila yau damuwa na iya bambanta a yanki - alal misali, kalmar "Kurciya," ütü, ana iya furta shi da lafazin na farko, ko kuma tare da daidaitattun lafazi mai ƙarfi. a kan duka kalmomin, ya danganta da yankin mai magana. [5] Penonomeño ya ɗan bambanta, amma ba a magana.
Ngäbere ana kiransa kai tsaye azaman yare (harre) ta Ngäbes da Latinos. Rolando Rodríguez ya yi magana a kan wannan kuskure: “El ngäbere no es una variedad del español o de otra lengua conocida, de manera que por desconocimiento se suele decir dialecto al ngäbere, cuando en realidad es una lengua.” (Ngäbere ba iri-iri na Mutanen Espanya ba ne ko kuma na kowane yare da aka sani. Ta hanyar jahilci mutane sukan kira Ngäbere “harshe,” alhali kuwa harshe ne) [6].
Tsarin rubutu da furci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Consonants
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar / </br> Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a fili | <small id="mwRA">lab.</small> | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | ||
| M / </br> Haɗin kai |
<small id="mwWg">mara murya</small> | t | t͡ʃ | k | kʷ | ||
| <small id="mwaA">murya</small> | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ɡʷ | ||
| Ƙarfafawa | s | h | |||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Kusanci | w | l | |||||
Wasula
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kusa | i | ɯ | u | |
| Kusa-tsakiyar | e | ɤ | o | |
| Bude-tsakiyar | ɔ | |||
| Bude | a | |||
A matsayin harshen baka na al'ada, tsarin rubutun Ngäbere ya kasance kwanan nan an ƙirƙira shi. An ƙirƙira haruffa ta amfani da rubutun Latin, bisa haruffan Mutanen Espanya. Ganin cewa Mutanen Espanya shine yaren da aka fi amfani dashi a yankin Amurka ta tsakiya, haruffan sun dogara ne akan haruffan Mutanen Espanya a yunƙurin samar da kusancin kusanci tsakanin harsunan biyu. [2]
Wasu fasalulluka na haruffa sune kamar haka:
- A wajen wasulan da aka yi wa hanci da diphthong, ⟨ n ⟩ ana hada su ne bayan tsakiya. Misali, /kï/ An rubuta ⟨ ⟩ .
- A cikin yanayin sautin sauti [k]</link> kuma [ɡ]</link> , da [kʷ]</link> da [ɡʷ]</link> bayyana a tsakiyar kalma, alamomin da ake amfani da su sune ⟨ k ⟩ da ⟨ kw ⟩ ko da yake ana kiranta da [ɡ]</link> da [ɡʷ]</link> . Haka nan idan ⟨ t ⟩ ya bayyana a tsakiyar kalma, ana kiranta da [d]</link> . Saboda haka, ana furta kalma kamar ⟨ kwete ⟩ [kwede]</link> , kuma ⟨ mike ⟩ ana kiransa [miɡe]</link> .
- Game da baƙaƙen labialized, grapheme ⟨ w ⟩ an haɗa su bayan baƙaƙen labialized.
- Allphone na baƙaƙe /b d ɡ r/</link> su /β ð ɣ ɾ/</link> . [2]
- Ana amfani da zane-zanen Mutanen Espanya don [t͡ʃ]</link> ⟨ ⟩, [ĵ]</link> ⟨ y ⟩, [h]</link> ⟨ ⟩ . Hakanan ana amfani da Sifen ⟨ ñ ⟩ don madaidaicin sautin wayar ɲ</link> .
- Dangane da tsarin da Arosemena da Javilla suka tsara, [7] wayoyin /ï/, /ë/ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟨ ⟩ tare da zane-zane
- The velar consonant phoneme ŋ</link> ana wakilta ta grapheme ⟨ ng ⟩ [8]
- Wasu haruffa a cikin haruffan Mutanen Espanya ba su kasance a cikin haruffan Ngäbere ba, kamar ⟨ c ⟩ da ⟨ ⟩, ⟨ p ⟩, ⟨ v ⟩, ⟨ v ⟩, ⟨ x ⟩, ⟨ z ⟩, da ⟨ z ⟩, wanda ba ya wanzu a cikin ƙimar Mutanen Espanya a Ngbere. ko kuma ana wakilta su da wasu haruffa. Kalmomin lamuni masu ɗauke da wayar [p]</link> , wanda babu shi a cikin Ngäbere, an canza shi zuwa /b/, kamar /ban/ don “kwannonin” (bread), da /bobre/ don “pobre” (talakawa) [2]
Daidaita rubutun ya kasance yana jinkirin samun ƙarfi bayan ƙirƙirar tsarin rubutu, musamman game da rubutun wasulan. Ga alama haruffa daban-daban sun yi tasiri akan wannan da kuma lafazin masu bincike na Mutanen Espanya da Ingilishi daban-daban waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar wakilcin da ya dace da tsarin rubutun kalmomi a cikin harshensu. Misali, kalmar Ngäbe ta kasance akai-akai kuma mutane da yawa, Latino da Ngäbe sun rubuta “Ngöbe” da kuskure, domin masu jin harshen Sifaniyanci ne ke jin sautin wayar /ä/ kuma suna buga shi a matsayin /o/, saboda haka suna ƙoƙarin rubuta shi cewa. hanya yayin da ake ci gaba da yarda da cewa a haƙiƙa sauti ne daban da na Mutanen Espanya /o/. Tare da layi ɗaya, yawancin masu magana da Ingilishi sun rubuta Ngäbe "Ngawbe" don daidaita fassarar Turanci da kuma furci. Kalmomin da ya kamata a rubuta da ⟨ t ⟩ ko ⟨ ⟩ a tsakiyar kalmar, su ma sun kasance batun rubutun da ba daidai ba ne, tunda da yawa suna rubuta kalmar yadda ake furtawa maimakon bin ka'idar rubutun. Don dalilan wannan labarin, duk rubutun za su yi ƙoƙarin bin daidaitaccen tsarin rubutu da tsarin sauti.
Tsarin lafazin gabaɗaya yana sanya lafazin farko akan maƙasudin kalmomin kalmomi, kodayake akwai keɓancewa da yawa. Kalmar monosyllabic koyaushe tana fasalta lafazin firamare ko ƙarfi. A cikin kalmar bisyllabic lafazin na iya faɗuwa a kan kowane saƙo. A cikin kalmomi uku ko hudu, lafazin farko ya kan bayyana a farkon ko na biyu; a cikin kalmomin da ba kasafai suke dadewa ba na uku ko sama da haka, wani lokacin manyan lafuzza biyu na iya bayyana. Sautin ya ɗan yi girma akan lafazin farko fiye da sauran kalmar. [2]
Ngäbere yare ne mai ɗaure kai, tare da ƴan matsananciyar sautuka cikin sautin. Don sauraron samfurin harshe da aka yi rikodin, ziyarci Global Recordings Network, inda suke da rikodin saƙonni da waƙoƙin da aka ƙirƙira don manufar aikin mishan na bishara, da kuma rubutun Turanci.
Nahawu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin jumla
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin kalma na jimlar Ngäbere gabaɗaya yana bin Maudu'i - Abu - Tsarin Fi'ili, wanda shine sigar gama gari na harsunan Chibchan. == Manazarta ==
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Guaymí". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Lininger Ross, B. (1981). Estudios Sobre el Guaymí Ngäbere: Fonologia, Alfabeto Y Diccionario Provisional. Revista De Filología y Lingüística De La Universidad De Costa Rica, 7)
- ↑ Murillo Miranda, J. M. (2009). The nominal phrase ngäbére. Forma y Función, 22(2), 43-69.
- ↑ Rolando Rodríguez, personal communication, December 9, 2011
- ↑ R. Mendoza, personal communication, June 2010
- ↑ Personal communication, December 9, 2011
- ↑ Arosemena, B., Melquíades, A.,. (1980). Observaciones analíticas de un texto narrativo guaimí (Analytical Observations of a Narrative Guaymí Text) Estudios Sobre El Discurso En Guaymí, 35-59; Arosemena, F. C., (1980). Los participantes en un texto narrativo guaimí (The participants in a Guaymí narrative text). Estudios Sobre El Discurso En Guaymí,, 61-82.
- ↑ Lininger Ross, B. (1982). II-El Alfabeto Practico Ngäbere y las Listas Ilustrativas (II – The Practical Ngäbere Alphabet and Illustrative Lists). Revista De Filología y Lingüística De La Universidad De Costa Rica, 8(1-2), 137-154.