Harshen Jino
Harshen Jino (Jinuo 基諾語; [1] autonyms: tɕy˦no˦, ki˦ɲo˦) ya ƙunshi nau'in yaren Loloish guda biyu waɗanda mutanen Jino na Yunnan, China ke magana dashi.
Ire-Ire
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gabaɗaya, akwai kusan adadin mutanen Jinuo 28,320 da ke zaune a kasar Sin.[2] Kimanin kashi 70-80% na mutanen Jinuo na iya magana da ko wanne daga cikin nau'in Jino sosai.[3] Harshen Jino ya ƙunshi yaruka biyu na Youle Jino da Buyuan Jinuo, [4] kuma ba sa fahimtar juna.
Buyuan Jino mutane 21,000 ne ke magana da shi;[8] galibin masu magana da harshe daya ne, wanda ke nufin suna jin Buyuan Jino ne kawai.[1] Babu rubutaccen fom na hukuma. Yawancin mutanen Jino kuma suna magana ɗaya daga cikin yaren Tai ko Sinanci. Lambar ISO 639-3 na nau'in Jino sune "jiu" na Youle Jino da "jiy" na Buyuan Jino.[5] Lambobin Glottocode na nau'in Jino sune "youl1235" na Youle Jino [6]da "buyu1238" na Buyuan Jino.[7]
Rabewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba a tabbatar da ainihin rarrabuwar Jino a cikin reshen Loloish na dangin Sino-Tibet ba. An rarraba Jino a matsayin harshen Kudancin Loloish (Hanoish) ta Ziwo Lama (2012), [8] amma a matsayin harshen Loloish ta tsakiya ta Bradley (2007).[9] Hakanan ana rarraba Jino a matsayin harshen Loloish na Kudancin a cikin Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) ƙididdigar ƙididdigar phylogenetic na harsunan Lolo-Burmese.[10]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Amfani da Jino yana raguwa da sauri: a cikin 1980s, 70-80% na mutanen Jino sun yi amfani da Jino; a shekara ta 2000, kasa da kashi 50 cikin 100 na jama'a na iya jin Jino.[11]
Majalisar kasar ta amince da al'ummar Jino a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni 1979 a matsayin 'yan tsiraru na karshe da aka amince da su a kasar Sin.[12]
A tarihi, an tsara al’ummar Jino a matsayin al’adar aure, kuma “Jino” na nufin “saukarwa daga kawu,” kuma yana nufin muhimmancin ɗan’uwan uwa a cikin al’ummomin ma’aurata.[13]
Ta fuskar harshe, Jino ya yi kama da sauran harsunan da ke karkashin reshen harsunan Tibeto-Burman, saboda al'ummar Jino sun kaura daga arewa maso yammacin lardin Yunnan zuwa yankunan da suke a yanzu, amma ba a san lokacin da kuma hanyoyin da za a bi na wannan hijirar ba. ,[14]
Rarraba yankuna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana magana da Jino a garin Jinuo (Tuni na Jinuo), wanda ke cikin birnin Jinghong na lardin Sipsongbanna Dai mai cin gashin kansa na lardin Yunnan na kasar Sin.[13]
Sautunan sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai tonemes biyar a Buyuan Jino. Gai ya yi imanin cewa aikin sautin sauti yana bambanta ma'anoni na lexical da ma'anoni na nahawu.[15]
- /˥/ (sautin babban matakin, 55): yana son rage wasula ta hanyar sauti
- /˦/ (sautin matsakaici, 44): ƙasa da 55, ko da yake har yanzu yana girma
- /˧˩/ (ƙarashin sautin faɗuwa, 31)
- /˧˥/ (sautin tashi, 35)
- /˥˧/ (sautin faɗuwa mai girma, 53)
/˥˧/ (53) ana ganin sautin yana da wuyar bambancewa yayin sauraron mai magana.[7]
Tsarin rubutu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jino ba shi da tsarin rubutu na hukuma, amma ya ƙirƙiri tsarin alamomi da yawa don rufe sadarwa a yanayi daban-daban.[1] Jino ya yi amfani da allunan katako da aka zana ko kuma bamboo don rubuta basussuka tsakanin ƙauyuka.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4330
- ↑ https://asiaharvest.org/people-group-profiles/#china
- ↑ http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas
- ↑ http://id.nii.ac.jp/1085/00001317/
- ↑ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jiy
- ↑ http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jino1236
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottolog
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jino_language#CITEREFLama2012
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jino_language#cite_ref-11
- ↑ http://purl.stanford.edu/wv919xj7158
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=2Xln94QUnnkC&q=jinuo+language&pg=PA193
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-253-0
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&q=jino+language&pg=PA122
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=jsNTAwAAQBAJ&q=jino+language&pg=PA18
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jino_language#cite_ref-15