Harshen Misira

Harshen Masar ko kuma tsohuwar Masarawa ( r n km.t ) ɓataccen harshe ne na Afro-Asiatic wanda aka yi magana a tsohuwar Masar . An san shi a yau daga babban gawawwakin matani masu rai waɗanda aka yi amfani da su zuwa duniyar zamani biyo bayan rarrabuwar tsoffin rubutun Masarawa a farkon ƙarni na 19 . Harsunan Masari ɗaya ne daga cikin farkon rubutattun harsuna, an fara rubuta su a cikin rubutun hiroglyphic a ƙarshen karni na 4 BC . Har ila yau, shi ne yaren ɗan adam mafi dadewa, tare da rubutaccen tarihin da ya wuce shekaru 4,000. Siffar ta na gargajiya ana kiranta da Masari ta Tsakiya, harshen harshen Masarautar Tsakiyar Masar wacce ta kasance harshen adabin Masar har zuwa zamanin Romawa . A zamanin d ¯ a harshen magana ya samo asali zuwa Demotic, kuma ta zamanin Romawa ya bambanta zuwa yarukan 'yan Koftik . Larabci ne ya maye gurbin waɗannan daga ƙarshe bayan cin nasarar Musulmi a Masar, kodayake Bohairic Coptic ya ci gaba da amfani da shi azaman harshen liturgical na Cocin Koftik .

Rabewa

Harshen Masari na dangin harshen Afroasiatic ne. Daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan Masari waɗanda galibi Afroasiatic ne su ne fusional morphology, ilimin halittar jiki mara daidaituwa, jerin baƙaƙe masu ƙarfafawa, tsarin wasali uku /a i u/</link> , ƙaranci na mata * -at, m- maras sani, siffa * -ī da haƙiƙa na fi'ili na sirri. Daga cikin sauran rassan Afroasiatic, masana ilimin harshe sun ba da shawara daban-daban cewa harshen Masar yana da alaƙa mafi girma tare da Berber da Semitic harsuna, musamman Larabci (wanda har yanzu ana magana a Misira a yau) da kuma Ibrananci . Duk da haka, wasu masana sun yi iƙirarin cewa harshen Masar yana da alaƙar kuɗaɗen harshe da yankunan arewa maso gabashin Afirka.

Akwai ra'ayoyi guda biyu waɗanda ke neman kafa tsarin haɗin kai tsakanin Masarawa da Afroasiatic, ka'idar gargajiya da neuere Komparatistik, wanda Semiticist Otto Rössler ya kafa. A cewar neuere Komparatistik</link> , a cikin Masar, Proto-Afroasiatic ya bayyana baƙaƙe */d z ð/</link> ya zama pharyngeal ⟨ ꜥ ⟩ /ʕ/</link> : Misira ꜥr.t 'portal', Semitic dalt 'kofa'. Ka'idar gargajiya a maimakon haka ta yi jayayya da ƙimar da neuere Komparatistik ya ba wa waɗannan baƙaƙe</link> , maimakon haɗa ⟨ ꜥ ⟩ tare da Semitic /ʕ/</link> kuma /ɣ/</link> . Duk makarantun biyu sun yarda cewa Afroasiatic */l/</link> hade da Misira ⟨ ⟩, ⟨ ⟩, ⟨ ꜣ ⟩, da ⟨ ⟩ a yaren da aka gina rubutun yare a kai, amma an kiyaye shi a wasu nau'ikan Masarawa. Sun kuma yarda cewa ainihin */k g ḳ/</link> palatalise zuwa ⟨ ṯ j ḏ ⟩ a wasu muhallin kuma ana kiyaye shi azaman ⟨ kgq ⟩ a wasu.

Harshen Masar yana da tushen biradical da yawa kuma wataƙila tushen su ɗaya ne, sabanin fifikon Semitic don tushen triradical. Mai yiwuwa Masarawa ta fi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kuma mai yiwuwa Semitic ya sami gyare-gyare na yau da kullun na canza tushen zuwa tsarin triradical.

Ko da yake Misira shine yaren Afroasiatic mafi dadewa da aka rubuta a rubuce a rubuce, fasalin halittarsa ya sha bamban da na sauran harsunan Afroasiatic gabaɗaya, musamman harsunan Semitic . Akwai dama da yawa: watakila Masarawa sun riga sun sami sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci daga Proto-Afroasiatic kafin a rubuta shi; ko kuma dangin Afroasiatic ya zuwa yanzu an yi nazari tare da tsarin Semito-centric wuce kima; ko, kamar yadda GW Tsereteli ya nuna, Afroasiatic shine allogenetic maimakon rukuni na harsuna.

Harshen Misira ana iya haɗa su kamar haka:

• Masari na farko, Tsohon Masari, ko Masarautar Na gargajiya
  • Tsohuwar Masarawa
    • Masari na Farko, Tsohon Masari na Farko, Tsohon Masarautar Archaic, Tsohon Masari, ko Masari na farko
    • misali Tsohon Misira
  • Masari ta tsakiya
• Daga baya Masar
  • Marigayi Masari
  • Demotic Misira
  • 'Yan Koftik