Harshen Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Austronesia (wanda aka fi sani da PAN ko PAn ) yaren proto ne. Ita ce kakannin harsunan Australiya da aka sake ginawa, ɗaya daga cikin manyan iyalai na harshe na duniya . Proto-Austronesia ana tsammanin ya fara haɓaka c. 4000 BCE – c. 3500 BCE a Taiwan .
Hakanan an sake gina ƙananan matakan, kuma sun haɗa da Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, da Proto-Polynesian . Kwanan nan, masana ilimin harshe irin su Malcolm Ross da Andrew Pawley sun gina manyan ƙamus na Proto-Oceanic da Proto-Polynesian.
Fassarar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An sake gina Proto-Austronesia ta hanyar gina jeri na wasiku a tsakanin baƙaƙe a cikin harsunan Australiya daban-daban, bisa ga hanyar kwatanta . Ko da yake a ra'ayi ya kamata sakamakon ya kasance maras tabbas, a aikace idan aka yi la'akari da yawan harsunan akwai sabani da yawa, tare da mabanbantan malamai daban-daban game da lamba da yanayin sautin wayoyi a cikin Proto-Austronesia. A baya, wasu rashin jituwa sun shafi ko wasu saitunan wasiƙa na gaske ne ko suna wakiltar ci gaba na ɗan lokaci a cikin wasu harsuna. Ga sauran rashin jituwar da suka rage a yanzu, duk da haka, malamai gabaɗaya sun yarda da ingancin tsarin wasiƙun amma ba su yarda ba kan iyakar da za a iya kwatanta bambance-bambance a cikin waɗannan saitin zuwa proto-Austronesian ko wakiltar sabbin abubuwa a cikin wasu nau'ikan yarukan 'ya mace.
Gyaran Blust[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A ƙasa akwai waƙoƙin Proto-Austronesia wanda Robert Blust, farfesa a fannin ilimin harshe a Jami'ar Hawaii a Manoa ya sake ginawa. An sake gina jimlar baƙaƙen Proto-Austronesian 25, wasula 4, da diphthong 4. Koyaya, Blust ya yarda cewa wasu baƙaƙen da aka sake gina har yanzu suna da gardama da muhawara.
Ana yawan amfani da alamomin da ke ƙasa a cikin kalmomin Proto-Austronesian da aka sake ginawa.
- *C: Alveolar africate mara murya
- *c: paltal africate mara murya
- *q : mai
- *z: muryar palatal africate
- *D: muryar retroflex tasha
- *j: tsayayyen murya mai ƙarfi
- *S: fricative alveolar mara murya
- *N: palatalized alveolar lateral
- *r: alveolar trill
- * R : ƙulli
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Retroflex | Velar | Uvula | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tasha mara sauti | p/ p / | t / t / | ku/ k / | q/ q / | ||||||||||
| Tasha murya | b / b / | d / d / | D / ɖ / | g/ g /; j / g ʲ/ | ||||||||||
| Nasal | m / m / | n/ n / | ñ / ɲ / | ŋ / ŋ / | ||||||||||
| Ƙarfafawa | S / s / | s / ç / | h / h / | |||||||||||
| Haɗin kai | C / t͡s / | c / c͡ç /, z / ɟ͡ʝ / | ||||||||||||
| Na gefe | l / l / | N / ʎ / | ||||||||||||
| Trill | r / r | R / ʀ / | ||||||||||||
| Kusanci | w / w / | y / j / | ||||||||||||
* D kawai yana bayyana a matsayi na ƙarshe, * z / * c / * ñ kawai a farkon da matsayi na tsakiya, yayin da * j aka iyakance zuwa matsakaici da matsayi na ƙarshe.
Wasulan Proto-Austronesia sune a, i, u, da ə.
| Tsayi | Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kusa | ina / i / | ku / u / | |||||
| Tsakar | da / ə / | ||||||
| Bude | a / a / |