Harshen Tapayuna

Harshen Tapayuna
'Yan asalin magana	97 (2011)
Dangin harshen	abu; abstract entity (en) ; languoid (en) ; language (en) ; human language (en) ; indigenous language (en) ; Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) ; indigenous language of South America (en) ; Macro-Jê (en) ; Jê (en) ; Northern Jê (en) ; Tapajós (en) ; Harshen Tapayuna; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	no value
Glottolog	beic1238

Tapayúna ( Kajkwakhrattxi ko Kajkwakhratxi,  kuma ya rubuta Tapajúna, Tapayúna: Kajkwakhrattxi kawẽrẽ [kajkʰwakʰʀ̥atˈtʃi kaˈw̃ẽɾẽ]</link> ) harshe ne na Arewacin Jê ( Jê, Macro-Jê ) wanda mutanen Tapayúna (Kajkwakhrattxi) ke magana a cikin Mato Grosso, Brazil.
==Tarihi==

Tapayuna ta tarihi ta rayu akan kogin Arinos, a cikin kwarin Tapajós, tsakanin Juruena da Aripuanã . ^:34–5An lalata su a tsakiyar karni na 20 a sakamakon rikice-rikice da yawa da mazauna Brazil, masu busa roba, da makiyaya; an kiyasta cewa yawansu ya ragu da kashi 90% har sai da suka kai mutane 41 a 1969, ^[2] ^:36–40 ^:9wanda aka siffanta a matsayin kabilanci . ^[2] ^:37–38Daga nan sai aka tura Tapayúna da suka tsira zuwa wurin shakatawa na Xingu a wani lokaci tsakanin 1969 zuwa 1970, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin mutuwar mutane 10. ^[3] Da farko, sun zauna tare da Kĩsêdjê, masu magana da yare na kud da kud . ^[2] ^:41–2Daga baya, yawancin Tapayúna sun ƙaura zuwa Terra Indígena Capoto-Jarina, inda suka ci gaba da zama tare da ƙungiyar Mẽtyktire na mutanen Kayapó, masu magana da wani yaren Arewacin Jê, Mẽbêngôkre . ^[2] ^:42–3An ɗauka cewa Kĩsêdjê da Mẽbêngôkre sun yi tasiri a yaren Tapayúna. ^[2] ^:51–5A cikin 2010, an ba da rahoton masu magana 97 a ƙauyen Kawêrêtxikô ( Capoto-Jarina ). Akasin haka, dattawa kaɗan ne kawai ke yin yaren a ƙauyen Ngôsôkô ( Wawi ), inda Kĩsêdjê ke da rinjaye. Ba a san adadin masu magana a ƙauyen Ngôjhwêrê ( Wawi ) ba. ^[3]

Tapayún yana da alaƙa da Kĩsêdjê ; ^[4] tare, sun kafa reshen Tapajós na Arewacin Jê. ^:7Abubuwan da suka faru a kogin Tapajós, waɗanda Tapayúna da Kĩsêdjê suka raba, har yanzu wani ɓangare ne na tarihin baka. ^[5] ^:9Bambance-bambancen sauti tsakanin harsunan sun haɗa da ra'ayoyin Proto-Northern Jê *m/*mb, *mr/*mbr, *c (a cikin farawa), *ñ (a codas), da * b (a cikin maɗaukakiyar syllables). A cikin Tapayúna, waɗannan baƙaƙe suna nunawa kamar w ([w̃]), nr ([ɾ̃]), t ([t̪]), j ([j]), da w ([w]), bi da bi, yayin da Kĩsêdjê yana da m. /mb, mr/mbr, s, n, da p a cikin kalmomi iri ɗaya. ^[5] ^{:85, 91}

Fassarar sauti

Consonants

Tapayún ya ƙirƙira tare da girmamawa ga Proto-Tapajós ta canje-canjen sauti masu zuwa:

hadewar *t̪ʰ da *t̪ kamar yadda t /t̪ʰ/; ^[6] ^:560
*p > w /w/; ^[6] ^:560
*m(b), *m(b)r > w /w̃/, nr /ɾ̃/; ^:85
*kʰj, *mbj > x /tʃ/, j /j/; ^[7] ^:85
*-m, *-n, -ñ > /-p/, /-t/, /-j/. ^[7] ^:91

Wasula

Ƙirar wasalin Tapayuna tana nunawa a ƙasa (ana ba da wakilcin rubutun a cikin rubutun; haruffan da ke cikin slash suna tsaye ga ƙimar IPA na kowane wasali). ^:64

Baki			Nasal
ina /i/	y /ɨ/	ku / ku/	ina / ĩ/	ỹ /ɨ̃/	ũ /ũ/
da /e/	â /ə/	ku /o/	ẽ /ẽ/		ku /õ/
e /e/	da /ʌ/	o /o/		ã /ɐ̃/
	a /a/

Echo wasulan

Tapayúna yana da wani abin al'ajabi wanda ake saka wasalin echo a cikin kalmomi waɗanda asalinsu ya ƙare a cikin baƙar fata. ^:100Wasan wasalan da ba a danne su ba, kamar a cikin rowo [ˈɾɔwɔ] 'jaguar', tàgà [ˈtʌgʌ] 'tsuntsaye', khôgô [ˈkʰogo] 'iska'.

Ilimin Halitta

Kwayoyin halittar jiki

Ƙarshe

Kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran harsunan Arewacin Jê, fi'ili suna yin tasiri don ƙarewa don haka suna da adawa ta asali tsakanin nau'i mai iyaka (kuma Short Form da babban siffa ^:123) da nau'i mara iyaka (kuma Dogon Form ^[2] ^:123). Ana amfani da ƙayyadaddun siffofin matrix kawai, yayin da siffofin da ba su da iyaka ana amfani da su a cikin kowane nau'in juzu'i na ƙasa da kuma a cikin wasu sassan matrix (ciki har da soket, gaba, da sashe na ci gaba ^[2] ^:123). Siffofin da ba su da iyaka galibi ana yin su ta hanyar suffixation da/ko musanya prefix. Wasu fi'ili (ciki har da duk bayanin ban da katho 'don barin'), wanda sigar sa mara iyaka shine katho ro ) ba su da bambanci sarai.

Abubuwan da ba su da iyaka da ke akwai su ne /-ɾ/ (zaɓi na yau da kullun, ana samun su a cikin fi'ili masu wucewa da yawa), /-j/ (ana samun su a cikin fi'ili masu canzawa da kuma a cikin wasu ma'auni waɗanda tushensu ya ƙare a cikin wasali /a/ ), haka nan. kamar yadda /-k/ da /-p/ (an samo su a cikin ɗimbin kalmomin fi'ili waɗanda ke ɗaukar batun zaɓi lokacin da ya ƙare), kamar yadda aka nuna a teburin da ke ƙasa. ^{:Appendix D}

Ƙirar da ba ta da iyaka a cikin Tapayúna
iyaka	mara iyaka	sheki
kari /-ɾ/ ( /-j/ bayan /a/ )
wõ	ku rõ	tafi (jam'i)
wĩ	wĩ rĩ	kashe (mufuradi)
zo	irin ra	yin iyo
wy	wata ry	dauka (mufuradi)
twa	ta râ	yin wanka
nghre	ina re	rawa
khrẽ	khẽ rẽ	cin abinci (na daya)
khu	ku ru	ci (jam'i)
ikwâ	kwâ râ	don yin bayan gida
ithu	ku ru	yin fitsari
awi	tawi ri	zuwa sama
kari /-j/
ku	wani j	zuwa karce
wa	wata j	a ji, a fahimta
kawa	kowa j	don cirewa (na ɗaya)
ta	ina j	cizo
wu	ku j	a gani
jarẽ	jar j	in ce
wẽ	w da j	jifa ( guda ɗaya)
kahõ	kayi j	don wankewa
kuhw	ku j	don sharewa
ru	ru j	zubewa
kari /-p/
ta	da w	zuwa (mufuradi)
ikõ	kyau w	a sha
ta	ta w	zama, tsayawa (maɗaukaki)
kari /-k/
ka	ku k	a mutu

A cikin Proto-Northern Jê, fi'ili da yawa sun samo ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan su ta hanyar ba da izinin baƙar magana ta ƙarshe ( *-t, * -c, * -k → * -r, * -j, * -r ). ^[6] ^:544A cikin Tapayúna, aƙalla kalmomi guda biyu suna riƙe da wannan tsari, kodayake alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙayyadaddun sifofin da ba iyaka ba ta lalace ta jerin sauye-sauyen sauti na yau da kullun, gami da *-ôj > -wâj ( -âj bayan labial), * -c > -t .

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Tapayuna". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
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[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Tapayuna". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Camargo-thesis-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Camargo-thesis

[ISA-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ISA

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[Nikulin-Salanova-2019-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Nikulin-Salanova-2019" defined multiple times with different content

[Nikulin-Macro-Je-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Nikulin-Macro-Je

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