Harshen Timbisha
Timbisha (Tümpisa) ko Panamint (wanda kuma ake kira Koso) harshe ne na ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka waɗanda suka zauna a yankin a ciki da wajen kwarin Mutuwa, California, da kuma kudancin Owens Valley tun daga ƙarshen zamanin da. Akwai ƴan tsofaffi waɗanda za su iya magana da yaren a California da Nevada, amma babu mai magana ɗaya, kuma duk suna amfani da Ingilishi akai-akai a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, mutane suna kiran kansu da harshensu "Shoshone." Kabilar ta sami karbuwa na tarayya a ƙarƙashin sunan Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone Band na California. Wannan rubutun Ingilishi ne na asalin sunan Kwarin Mutuwa, tümpisa, mai suna [tɨmbiʃa], wanda ke nufin "Paint dutse" kuma yana nufin wadataccen tushen jan ocher a cikin kwari. Har ila yau, Timbisha harshe ne na ƙungiyoyin da ake kira "Shoshone" a Bishop, Big Pine, Darwin, Independence, da Lone Pine a California da kuma Beatty a Nevada. Har ila yau, yaren da ake magana a tsohon wurin ajiyar Ranch na Indiya a cikin Panamint Valley.[1][2]
Rabewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Timbisha ɗaya ne daga cikin yarukan Numic na tsakiya na reshen Numic na Uto-Aztecan. Yana da alaƙa da Shoshoni da Comanche.
Rarraba yanki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Timbisha a da ana magana ne a yankin da ke tsakanin tsaunukan Saliyo Nevada na gabashin California da yankin da ke gabas da kwarin Mutuwa a Nevada[2]. Manyan kwari inda ƙauyuka suke (daga yamma zuwa gabas) Valley Owens, Indian Wells Valley, Saline Valley, Panamint Valley, da Death Valley. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙauyuka tare da gangaren kudancin Kawich Range a Nevada.
Yaruka
Kowane kwari yana da nau'ikan Timbisha iri-iri da galibin bambance-bambancen kalmomi a tsakaninsu. Duk da haka, an sami asarar gabaɗaya na h yayin da mutum ya ƙaura zuwa yamma zuwa yankin Timbisha tare da kusan ba a cikin nau'ikan Owens Valley. Nahawu na McLaughlin ya dogara ne akan nau'in gabas mai nisa daga Beatty, Nevada, [2] yayin da Dayley's ya dogara ne akan nau'in tsakiya daga kwarin Mutuwa.[3]
Fassarar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wasula
Timbisha kuma tana da nau'in nau'in wasali na Lamba na yau da kullun na wasula biyar. Bugu da kari, akwai diphthong ai gama-gari, wanda ya bambanta da yardar rai tare da e, kodayake wasu morpheme koyaushe suna ɗauke da ai wasu kuma koyaushe suna ɗauke da e. (An nuna rubutun ƙaƙƙarfan hukuma a cikin baƙaƙe.
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink Samfuri:Grapheme | Samfuri:IPAlink |
| Non-High | Samfuri:IPAlink | Samfuri:IPAlink | |
| Diphthong | ai Samfuri:Grapheme |
Consonants[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Timbisha has a typical Numic consonant inventory. (The official orthography is shown in parentheses.):
Wasan kwaikwayo[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Timbisha yana tsayawa (ciki har da africate) kuma ana yin sautin hanci da lanƙwasa a tsakanin wasula, ana yin su cikin gungu na dakatar da hanci, kuma ana yin lamuni (amma ba a faɗa ba) suna biye da su.h. Tsarin rubutu Harafin Timbisha ya dogara ne akan Dayley[3][4] [5]kuma yana amfani da haruffan Roman. Ana amfani da Ü don ɨ da ng don ŋ.
Nahawu Jon Dayley da John McLaughlin ne suka ci gaba da nazarin Timbisha, dukansu sun rubuta bayanin nahawu[2][3][5] Dayley ya buga ƙamus.[4]
Tsarin kalma da alamar harka Tsarin Kalma na Timbisha yawanci SOV ne kamar a:
taipo
farin-mutum
kinni'a
falcon
punittai
gani
"Bature yaga fulcon"
An yi wa shari’ar tuhumar da abin mallaka alama da kari. Alamun shaci-fadi ana yiwa alama alama tare da matsayi a kan sunaye da kuma maganganun maganganu na gaskiya. Misali:
kahni-pa'a
gida-a
"a gida"
Yawanci ana sanya maƙasudi ga sunayen da suke gyarawa, sai dai idan dangantakar ta kasance na ɗan lokaci lokacin da kalmomi ne masu zaman kansu tare da kari na musamman. Kwatanta tosa-kapayu, 'fararen doki', "palomino ko wani nau'in launi mai launi" da tosapihtü kapayu, 'fararen doki/kodadden doki', "fararen doki ko farar fata" (wanda ya faru da fari ko kodadde, amma wanda 'yan'uwansa zasu iya. zama kowane launi).
Kalmomi Ana yiwa fi'ili alama don fannin nahawu tare da kari. Ana yiwa Valence alama da duka prefixes da ƙari. Wasu fi'ili na gama-gari suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan jigogi guda ɗaya ko jam'i kuma wasu fi'ilai na gama-gari suna da ƙarin siffofi don abubuwa guda ɗaya ko jam'i. In ba haka ba, babu wata yarjejeniya ta nahawu da aka yiwa alama ta fi'ili.
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbisha_language#cite_ref-panamint_2-0
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbisha_language#cite_ref-1989a_3-1
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbisha_language#cite_ref-1989b_4-1
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbisha_language#cite_ref-5