Duba tsatso na Harsuna na Turai

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[[Fayil:Image depicting competing theories of the development of the Proto-Indo-European language's voiced aspirates.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Languages of Europe.svg|alt=color-coded map of languages used throughout Europe|thumb|500x500px|A color-coded map of languages used throughout Europe.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

Akwai harsuna sama da 250 na asali na Turai, kuma galibi suna cikin dangin harshen Indo-Turai. Daga cikin jimillar yawan jama'ar Turai miliyan 744 kamar na 2018, wasu 94% 'yan asalin harshen 0Indo-Turai ne. Manyan phyla uku mafi girma na dangin harshen Indo-Turai a Turai sune Romance, Jamusanci, da Slavic; suna da masu magana sama da miliyan 200 kowanne, kuma tare da kusan kashi 90% na mutanen Turai. 

Ƙananan phyla na Indo-Turai da aka samu a Turai sun hada da Hellenic (Girkanci, c. 13 miliyan), Baltic (kimanin miliyan 7), Albaniya (kimanin miliyan 5), Celtic (kimanin miliyan 4), da Armeniya (c. 4). miliyan). Indo-Aryan, ko da yake babban dangi ne na Indo-Turai, yana da ƙananan adadin harsuna a Turai, da ƙananan adadin masu magana (Romani, c. 1.5 miliyan). Koyaya, yawancin harsunan Indo-Aryan waɗanda ba na asali ba a Turai ana magana da su a Turai a yau.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=European Day of Languages > Facts > Language Facts|url=https://edl.ecml.at/Facts/LanguageFacts/tabid/1859/language/en-GB/Default.aspx|access-date=2023-12-23|website=edl.ecml.at}}</ref>

Daga cikin kusan turawa miliyan 45 da ke magana da yarukan da ba na Indo-Turai ba, yawancinsu suna magana da yarukan cikin dangin Uralic ko Turkawa. Har yanzu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi - irin su Basque (keɓanta harshe), harsunan Semitic (Maltese, miliyan 0.5), da harsuna daban-daban na Caucasus - suna da ƙasa da 1% na yawan jama'ar Turai a cikinsu. Shige da fice ya kara yawan al'ummomin masu magana da harsunan Afirka da Asiya, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 4% na yawan jama'a.,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=International migrant stock: By destination and origin|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimatesorigin.shtml|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> tare da Larabci da aka fi magana da su.

Harsuna biyar suna da fiye da masu magana da yaren asali miliyan 50 a Turai: Rashanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Italiyanci, da Jamusanci. Rashanci shine yaren asali da aka fi magana a Turai,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emery |first=Chad |date=2022-12-15 |title=34 of the Most Spoken Languages in Europe: Key Facts and Figures |url=https://www.langoly.com/most-spoken-languages-in-europe/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Langoly |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma Turanci yana da mafi yawan adadin masu magana a cikin duka, ciki har da wasu masu magana da Ingilishi miliyan 200 a matsayin harshe na biyu ko na waje. (Duba harshen Ingilishi a Turai.)

== Harsunan Indo-Turai ==
{{See also|Indo-European languages|List of Indo-European languages}}

Iyalin harshen Indo-Turai sun fito ne daga Proto-Indo-Turai, wanda aka yi imanin an yi magana da shi shekaru dubbai da suka wuce. Masu iya magana na farko na yaren Indo-Turai da alama sun faɗaɗa cikin Turai tare da farkon shekarun Bronze, kusan shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata (al'adun Bell-Beaker).

=== Germanic ===
[[File:Germanic languages in Europe.png|300px|thumb|right|
The present-day distribution of the Germanic languages in Europe:{{parabreak}}
North Germanic languages
{{legend|#02FDFF|[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]}}
{{legend|#1FC5FC|[[Faroese language|Faroese]]}}
{{legend|#0080FF|[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]}}
{{legend|#003F80|[[Swedish language|Swedish]]}}
{{legend|#0433FF|[[Danish language|Danish]]}}
West Germanic Languages
{{legend|#FCA502|[[English language|English]]}}
{{legend|#FD7B24|[[Scots language|Scots]]}}
{{legend|#E2BD00|[[Frisian languages|Frisian]]}}
{{legend|#FFF435|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]}}
{{legend|#ADFF2F|[[Low German]]}}
{{legend|#018000|[[High German]]}}
Dots indicate areas where [[multilingualism]] is common.]]

The [[Germanic languages]] make up the predominant language family in Western, [[Northern Europe|Northern]] and [[Central Europe]]. It is estimated that over 500 million Europeans are speakers of Germanic languages{{fact|date=January 2024}}, the largest groups being [[German-speaking Europe|German]] ({{circa}} 95 million), [[English language in Europe|English]] ({{circa}} 400 million){{fact|date=January 2024}}, [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ({{circa}} 24 million), [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ({{circa}} 10 million), [[Danish language|Danish]] ({{circa}} 6 million), [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ({{circa}} 5 million)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sipka |first=Danko |date=2022 |title=The Geography of Words |url=https://assets.cambridge.org/97811088/41658/index/9781108841658_index.pdf |access-date=December 23, 2023 |website=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> and [[Limburgish]] (c. 1.3 million).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

There are two extant major sub-divisions: ''[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]'' and ''[[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]]''. A third group, [[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]], is now extinct; the only known surviving East Germanic texts are written in the [[Gothic language]]. West Germanic is divided into [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]] (including [[English language|English]]), [[Low German]], [[Low Franconian languages|Low Franconian]] (including [[Dutch language|Dutch]]) and [[High German]] (including [[Standard German]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Versloot |first1=Arjen |last2=Adamczyk |first2=Elzbieta |date=2017-01-01 |title=The Geography and Dialects of Old Saxon: River-basin communication networks and the distributional patterns of North Sea Germanic features in Old Saxon |url=https://www.academia.edu/19757571 |journal=Frisians and Their North Sea Neighbours |pages=125}}</ref>

====Anglo-Frisian====
{{Main|Anglo-Frisian languages|English language in Europe}}

The [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian language family]] is now mostly represented by [[Anglic languages|English (Anglic)]], descended from the [[Old English language]] spoken by the [[Anglo-Saxons]]:

* [[English language|English]], the main language of the [[United Kingdom]] and the most widespread language in the [[Republic of Ireland]], also spoken as a [[European English|second or third language by many Europeans]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of English: Contribution of European Languages |url=https://www.98thpercentile.com/blog/the-evolution-of-english-contributions-of-european-languages/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.98thpercentile.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Scots language|Scots]], spoken in [[Scotland]] and [[Ulster]], recognized by some as a language and by others as a dialect of English.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Scots language {{!}} History, Examples, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Scots-language |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> (Not to be confused with [[Scottish Gaelic|Scots-Gaelic]] of the [[Languages of Europe#Others|Celtic language family]].)
The [[Frisian languages]] are spoken by about 400,000 ({{as of|2015|lc=y}}) [[Frisians]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Kuipers-Zandberg |first1=Helga |last2=Kircher |first2=Ruth |date=2020-11-01 |title=The Objective and Subjective Ethnolinguistic Vitality of West Frisian: Promotion and Perception of a Minority Language in the Netherlands |journal=Sustainable Multilingualism |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.2478/sm-2020-0011|s2cid=227129146 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Winter |first=Christoph |title=Frisian |date=2022-12-21 |url=https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-938 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |access-date=2023-05-21 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.938 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5}}</ref> who live on the southern coast of the [[North Sea]] in the [[Netherlands]] and [[Germany]]. These languages include [[West Frisian languages|West Frisian]], [[East Frisian language|East Frisian]] (of which the only surviving dialect is [[Saterlandic]]) and [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]].<ref name=":0" />

====Dutch====
{{Main|Dutch language#Europe{{!}}Dutch-speaking Europe|Dutch language|Low Franconian}}

[[Dutch language|Dutch]] is spoken throughout the [[Netherlands]], the northern half of [[Belgium]], as well as the [[Nord-Pas de Calais]] region of [[France]]. The traditional dialects of the [[Lower Rhine region|Lower Rhine]] region of Germany are linguistically more closely related to Dutch than to modern German. In Belgian and French contexts, Dutch is sometimes referred to as [[Flemish dialects|Flemish]]. [[Dutch dialects]] are numerous and varied.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Dutch language {{!}} Definition, Origin, History, Countries, Examples, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dutch-language |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

====German====
{{Main|German language|Geographical distribution of German speakers}}

[[German language|German]] is spoken throughout [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Liechtenstein]], much of [[Switzerland]] (including the northeast areas bordering on Germany and Austria), northern [[Italy]] ([[South Tyrol]]), [[Luxembourg]], the [[East Cantons of Belgium]] and the [[Alsace]] and [[Lorraine]] regions of [[France]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=German, Standard {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/deu/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>

There are several groups of German dialects:

* [[High German]] includes several dialect families:
** [[Standard German]]
** [[Central German]] dialects, spoken in central Germany and including [[Luxembourgish]]
** [[High Franconian]], a family of transitional dialects between Central and Upper High German
** [[Upper German]], including [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] and [[Swiss German]]
** [[Yiddish]] is a [[Jewish languages|Jewish language]] developed in Germany and Eastern Europe. It shares many features of High German dialects and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of Yiddish |url=https://sites.santafe.edu/~johnson/articles.yiddish.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=sites.santafe.edu}}</ref>

====[[Low German]]==== 
Low German is spoken in various regions throughout Northern Germany and the northern and eastern parts of the Netherlands. It is an official language in Germany. It may be separated into [[West Low German]] and [[East Low German]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russ |first=Charles |date=2013-09-13 |title=The Dialects of Modern German |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315001777 |doi=10.4324/9781315001777|isbn=9781315001777 }}</ref>

====North Germanic (Scandinavian)====
The ''[[North Germanic languages]]'' are spoken in [[Nordic countries]] and include 
[[Swedish language|Swedish]] ([[Sweden]] and parts of [[Finland]]), 
[[Danish language|Danish]] ([[Denmark]]), 
[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[Norway]]), 
[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] ([[Iceland]]),
[[Faroese language|Faroese]] ([[Faroe Islands]]), 
and [[Elfdalian]] (in a small part of central Sweden).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

English has a long history of contact with Scandinavian languages, given the immigration of Scandinavians early in the history of Britain, and shares various features with the Scandinavian languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121127094111.htm|title=Linguist makes sensational claim: English is a Scandinavian language|website=ScienceDaily|access-date=2016-03-06}}</ref> Even so, especially Dutch and Swedish, but also Danish and Norwegian, have strong vocabulary connections to the [[German language]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=Linguistic variety in the Nordics |url=https://nordics.info/show/artikel/linguistic-variety-in-the-nordic-region |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=nordics.info |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gooskens |first1=Charlotte |last2=Kürschner |first2=Sebastian |last3=Heuven |first3=Vincent J. van |date=August 4, 2021 |title=The role of loanwords in the intelligibility of written Danish among Swedes |journal=[[Nordic Journal of Linguistics]] |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=4–29 |doi=10.1017/S0332586521000111 |issn=0332-5865|doi-access=free |hdl=1887/3205273 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gooskens |first1=Charlotte |last2=van Heuven |first2=Vincent J. |last3=Golubović |first3=Jelena |last4=Schüppert |first4=Anja |last5=Swarte |first5=Femke |last6=Voigt |first6=Stefanie |date=2018-04-03 |title=Mutual intelligibility between closely related languages in Europe |journal=International Journal of Multilingualism |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=169–193 |doi=10.1080/14790718.2017.1350185 |issn=1479-0718|doi-access=free |hdl=1887/79190 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

====Limburgish====
[[Limburgish]] (also called Limburgan, Limburgian, or Limburgic) Is a [[West Germanic]] language spoken in the province of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] in the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]] and neighboring regions of [[Germany]]. It is distinct from German and Dutch, but originates from areas near where both are spoken.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Limburgish- Limburgse taal & Limburgs dialect {{!}} Limburgs.org |url=https://limburgs.org/en/limburgish/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Limbörgse Academie |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Romance ===
{{Further|Romance languages|Italic languages}}

[[File:Romance 20c en.png|thumb|300px|The Distribution of the Romance languages, 20th century.]]

Roughly 215 million Europeans (primarily in [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Western Europe|Western]] Europe) are native speakers of [[Romance languages]], the largest groups including:{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

[[French language|French]] ({{circa}} 72 million),
[[Italian language|Italian]] ({{circa}} 65 million),
[[Spanish language|Spanish]] ({{circa}} 40 million), 
[[Romanian language|Romanian]] ({{circa}} 24 million),
[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ({{circa}} 10 million),
[[Catalan language|Catalan]] ({{circa}} 7 million),
[[Sicilian language|Sicilian]] ({{circa}} 5 million, also subsumed under Italian), 
[[Venetian language|Venetian]] ({{circa}} 4 million),
[[Galician language|Galician]] ({{circa}} 2 million),
[[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] ({{circa}} 1 million),<ref>{{cite book |author=Ti Alkire |title=Romance languages: a Historical Introduction |author2=Carol Rosen |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |location=New York |page=3}}</ref><ref name="Lubello">{{cite book |author=Sergio Lubello |title=Manuale Di Linguistica Italiana, Manuals of Romance linguistics |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2016 |page=499}}</ref><ref>This includes all of the varieties of Sardinian, written with any [[orthography]] (the [[Limba Sarda Comuna|LSC]], used for all of Sardinian, or the [[Logudorese Sardinian|Logudorese]], Nugorese and [[Campidanese Sardinian|Campidanese]] orthographies, only used for some dialects of it) but does not include [[Gallurese]] and [[Sassarese language|Sassarese]], that even though they have sometimes been included in a supposed Sardinian "macro-language" are actually considered by all Sardinian linguists two different transitional languages between Sardinian and [[Corsican language|Corsican]] (or, in the case of Gallurese, are sometimes classified as a variant of Corsican). For Gallurese: [http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/medias/files/atti-def-2015.compressed.pdf ATTI DEL II CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI Ciurrata di la Linga Gadduresa, 2014] , for Sassarese: {{cite book|last=Maxia|first=Mauro|title=Studi sardo-corsi. Dialettologia e storia della lingua tra le due isole|year=2010|location=Sassari|publisher=Taphros|page=58|language=it|quote=La tesi che individua nel sassarese una base essenzialmente toscana deve essere riesaminata alla luce delle cospicue migrazioni corse che fin dall'età giudicale interessarono soprattutto il nord della Sardegna. In effetti, che il settentrione della Sardegna, almeno dalla metà del Quattrocento, fosse interessato da un forte presenza corsa si può desumere da diversi punti di osservazione. Una delle prove più evidenti è costituita dall'espressa citazione che di questo fenomeno fa il cap. 42 del secondo libro degli Statuti del comune di Sassari, il quale fu aggiunto nel 1435 o subito dopo. Se si tiene conto di questa massiccia presenza corsa e del fatto che la presenza pisana nel regno di Logudoro cessò definitivamente entro il Duecento, l'origine del fondo toscano non andrà attribuita a un influsso diretto del pisano antico ma del corso che rappresenta, esso stesso, una conseguenza dell'antica toscanizzazione della Corsica}}). They are legally considered two different languages by the Sardinian Regional Government too ({{cite web |author=Autonomous Region of Sardinia |date=1997-10-15 |title=Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26 |url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301195804/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=2008-06-16 |pages=Art. 2, paragraph 4 |language=it}}).</ref>
[[Occitan language|Occitan]] ({{circa}} 500,000), besides numerous smaller communities.

The Romance languages evolved from varieties of [[Vulgar Latin]] spoken in the various parts of the [[Roman Empire]] in [[Late Antiquity]]. [[Latin]] was itself part of the (otherwise extinct) [[Italic languages|Italic]] branch of Indo-European.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
Romance languages are divided phylogenetically into ''[[Italo-Western]]'', ''[[Eastern Romance]]'' (including [[Romanian language|Romanian]]) and ''[[Sardinian language|Sardinian]]''. The Romance-speaking area of Europe is occasionally referred to as ''[[Latin Europe]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Lawrence |last2=Perez-Perdomo |first2=Rogelio |date=2003 |title=Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEMUKyPTE9AC&q=%22latin+europe%22 |publisher=Stanford University Press |page=1 |isbn=0-8047-6695-9 |author-link1=Lawrence M. Friedman }}</ref>

Italo-Western can be further broken down into the ''[[Italo-Dalmatian languages]]'' (sometimes grouped with Eastern Romance), including the Tuscan-derived [[Italian language|Italian]] and numerous [[Languages of Italy|local Romance languages in Italy]] as well as [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]], and the ''[[Western Romance languages]]''. The Western Romance languages in turn separate into the [[Gallo-Romance languages]], including [[Langues d'oïl]] such as [[French language|French]], the Francoprovencalic languages [[Franco-Provençal|Arpitan]] and [[Faetar language|Faetar]], the [[Rhaeto-Romance languages]], and the [[Gallo-Italic languages]]; the [[Occitano-Romance languages]], grouped with either Gallo-Romance or East Iberian, including Occitanic languages such as [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[Vivaro-Alpine dialect|Gardiol]], and [[Catalan language|Catalan]]; [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], grouped in with either Occitano-Romance or West Iberian, and finally the [[West Iberian languages]], including the [[Astur-Leonese languages]], the [[Galician-Portuguese|Galician-Portuguese languages]], and the [[Castilian languages]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Slavic ===
{{See also|Slavic languages|Slavs}}

[[File:Slavic europe.svg|thumb|300px|Political map of Europe with countries where the national language is Slavic:
{{legend|#7cdc87|West Slavic languages}}
{{legend|#008000|East Slavic languages}}
{{legend|#004040|South Slavic languages}}]]

[[Slavic languages]] are spoken in large areas of Southern, Central and [[Eastern Europe]]. An estimated 315 million people speak of Slavic languages,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=Slavic languages {{!}} List, Definition, Origin, Map, Tree, History, & Number of Speakers {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slavic-languages |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> the largest groups being 
[[Russian language|Russian]] ({{circa}} 110 million in [[European Russia]] and adjacent parts of Eastern Europe, Russian forming the largest linguistic community in Europe),
[[Polish language|Polish]] ({{circa}} 40.6 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polish {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pol/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>),
[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] ({{circa}} 33 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukrainian {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ukr/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>), 
[[Serbo-Croatian]] ({{circa}} 21 million),<!--includes Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin-->
[[Czech language|Czech]] ({{circa}} 12 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Czech {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ces/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>),
[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] ({{circa}} 7.7 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulgarian {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bul/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>), 
[[Slovak language|Slovak]] ({{circa}} 5 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slovak {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/slk/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>)
[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] (c. 3.7 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Belarusian {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bel/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>) and [[Slovene language|Slovene]] ({{circa}} 2.3 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slovene {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/slv/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>)
and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] ({{circa}} 2 million).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Phylogenetically, Slavic is divided into three subgroups:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slavic {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/4249/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>

* ''[[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]'' includes [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Polabian language|Polabian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Knaanic language|Knaanic]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]], [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]], [[Silesian language|Silesian]] and [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]].
* ''[[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]]'' includes [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]], and [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]].
* ''[[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]'' includes [[Slovene language|Slovene]] and [[Serbo-Croatian]] in the southwest and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Church Slavonic]] (a [[liturgical language]]) in the southeast, each with numerous distinctive dialects. South Slavic languages constitute a [[Dialect continuum#South Slavic continuum|dialect continuum]] where standard Slovene, Macedonian and Bulgarian are each based on a distinct dialect, whereas [[pluricentric language|pluricentric]] Serbo-Croatian boasts four [[mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] [[Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian|national standard varieties]] all based on a single dialect, [[Shtokavian dialect|Shtokavian]].

=== Wasu ===
* [[Greek language|Greek]] ({{circa}} 13 million) is the official language of [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]], and there are Greek-speaking enclaves in [[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Italy]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Romania]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Lebanon]], [[Egypt]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], and [[Turkey]], and in [[Greek diaspora|Greek communities]] around the world. Dialects of modern Greek that originate from [[Attic Greek]] (through [[Koine Greek|Koine]] and then [[Medieval Greek]]) are [[Cappadocian Greek|Cappadocian]], [[Pontic Greek|Pontic]], [[Cretan Greek|Cretan]], [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]], [[Katharevousa]], and [[Yevanic]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
** [[Greek-Bovesian|Italiot Greek]] is, debatably, a [[Doric Greek|Doric]] dialect of Greek. It is spoken in southern Italy only, in the [[Province of Reggio Calabria|southern Calabria]] region (as [[Greek-Bovesian|Grecanic]])<ref>F. Violi, ''Lessico Grecanico-Italiano-Grecanico'', Apodiafàzzi, [[Reggio Calabria]], 1997.</ref><ref>Paolo Martino, ''L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici'', 1980. Risultati di un'inchiesta del 1977</ref><ref>Filippo Violi, ''Storia degli studi e della letteratura popolare grecanica'', C.S.E. Bova ([[Province of Reggio Calabria|RC]]), 1992</ref><ref>Filippo Condemi, ''Grammatica Grecanica'', Coop. Contezza, [[Reggio Calabria]], 1987;</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/magazine/lingua_italiana/speciali/minoranze/Romano.html|title=In Salento e Calabria le voci della minoranza linguistica greca|website=Treccani, l'Enciclopedia italiana}}</ref> and in the [[Salento]] region (as [[Griko]]). It was studied by the German linguist [[Gerhard Rohlfs]] during the 1930s and 1950s.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
** [[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]] is a Doric dialect of the Greek language spoken in the lower [[Arcadia (regional unit)|Arcadia]] region of the [[Peloponnese]] around the village of [[Leonidio]]<ref name="Dansby 2020 f130">{{cite web | last=Dansby | first=Angela | title=The last speakers of ancient Sparta | website=BBC Home | date=December 16, 2020 | url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20201215-the-last-speakers-of-ancient-sparta | access-date=February 6, 2024}}</ref>
 
[[File:Baltic languages.png|thumb|200px|Historic distribution of the Baltic languages in the Baltic (simplified).]]

* The [[Baltic languages]] are spoken in [[Lithuania]] ([[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] ({{circa}} 3 million), [[Samogitian language|Samogitian]]) and [[Latvia]] ([[Latvian language|Latvian]] ({{circa}} 2 million), [[Latgalian language|Latgalian]]). Samogitian and Latgalian used to be considered dialects of Lithuanian and Latvian respectively.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
** There are also several extinct Baltic languages, including: [[Curonian language|Curonian]],<ref name="Pronk_2017">{{cite book |last=Pronk |first=Tijmen |date=2017 |title=USQUE AD RADICES Indo-European studies in honour of Birgit Anette Olsen: Curonian accentuation |url=https://www.academia.edu/35480576/Curonian_accentuation |location=Copenhagen, Denmark  |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |page=659 |isbn=9788763545761}}</ref><ref name="Vaba_2014">{{cite journal |last1=Vaba |first1=Lembit |date=July 2014 |title=Curonian linguistic elements in Livonian |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286371765_Curonian_linguistic_elements_in_Livonian |journal=Eesti ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=173 |doi=10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.09 |access-date=2024-02-18}}</ref> [[Galindian language|Galindian]],  Jatvingian,  [[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]],<ref name="Nomachi_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Nomachi |first1=Motoki |date=2019 |title=Placing Kashubian in the Circum-Baltic (CB) area |url=https://www.journals.polon.uw.edu.pl/index.php/pf/article/view/470 |journal=Prace Filologiczne |volume=LXXIV |issue=2019 |pages=315-328 |doi=10.32798/pf.470 |access-date=2024-02-18}}</ref> [[Selonian language|Selonian]], [[Semigallian language|Semigallian]],<ref name="Mažiulis 1999 w528">{{cite web | last=Mažiulis | first=Vytautas J. | title=Baltic Languages | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=July 26, 1999 | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baltic-languages | access-date=February 18, 2024}}</ref> and [[Sudovian language|Sudovian]].<ref name="Szatkowski_2022">{{cite journal |last1=Szatkowski |first1=Piotr |date=January 2022 |title=Language Practices in a Family of Prussian Language Revivalists: Conclusions Based on Short-Term Participant Observation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358448619_Language_Practices_in_a_Family_of_Prussian_Language_Revivalists_Conclusions_Based_on_Short-Term_Participant_Observation |journal=Adeptus |issue=2626 |pages=173 |doi=10.11649/a.2626 |access-date=2024-02-18}}</ref>
* [[Albanian language|Albanian]] ({{circa}} 5 million) has two major dialects, [[Tosk Albanian]] and [[Gheg Albanian]]. It is spoken in [[Albania]] and [[Kosovo]], neighboring [[North Macedonia]], [[Serbia]], [[Italy]], and [[Montenegro]]. It is also widely spoken in the [[Albanian diaspora]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Armenian language|Armenian]] ({{circa}} 7 million) has two major forms, [[Western Armenian]] and [[Eastern Armenian]]. It is spoken in [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] ([[Samtskhe-Javakheti]]) and [[Abkhazia]], also [[Russia]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Turkey]], [[Greece]], and [[Cyprus]]. It is also widely spoken in the [[Armenian Diaspora]]. {{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* There are six living [[Celtic languages]], spoken in areas of northwestern Europe dubbed the "[[Celtic nations]]". All six are members of the [[Insular Celtic languages|Insular Celtic]] family, which in turn is divided into:
** [[Brittonic languages|Brittonic family]]: [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ([[Wales]], {{circa}} 462,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welsh {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cym/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>), [[Cornish language|Cornish]] ([[Cornwall]], {{circa}} 500<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornish {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cor/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>) and [[Breton language|Breton]] ([[Brittany]], {{circa}} 206,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breton {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bre/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>)
** [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic family]]: [[Irish language|Irish]] ([[Ireland]], {{circa}} 1.7 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irish {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gle/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>), [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] ([[Scotland]], {{circa}} 57,400<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish Gaelic {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gla/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>), and [[Manx language|Manx]] ([[Isle of Man]], 1,660<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manx {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/glv/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>)
: [[Continental Celtic languages]] had previously been spoken across Europe from Iberia and Gaul to Asia Minor, but became extinct in the first millennium CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic |url=https://www.asnc.cam.ac.uk/spokenword/texts_cc.php |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.asnc.cam.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=Celtic languages {{!}} History, Features, Origin, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Celtic-languages |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Indo-Aryan languages]] have one major representative: [[Romani language|Romani]] ({{circa}} 1.5 million speakers), introduced in Europe during the late medieval period. Lacking a nation state, Romani is spoken as a minority language throughout Europe.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* The [[Iranian languages]] in Europe are natively represented in the North Caucasus, notably with [[Ossetic language|Ossetian]] ({{circa}} 600,000).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== Harsunan da ba Indo-Turai ba ==

=== Turkic ===
{{Main|Turkic languages}}

[[File:Carte peuples turcs.png|thumb|right|340px|Distribution of Turkic languages in Eurasia]]

* [[Oghuz languages]] in Europe include [[Turkish language|Turkish]], spoken in [[East Thrace]] and by immigrant communities; [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] is spoken in [[Azerbaijan|Northeast Azerbaijan]] and parts of [[Southern Russia]] and [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] is spoken in [[Gagauzia]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Kipchak languages]] in Europe include [[Karaim language|Karaim]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] and [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]], which is spoken mainly in [[Crimea]]; [[Tatar language|Tatar]], which is spoken in [[Tatarstan]]; [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]], which is spoken in [[Bashkortostan]]; [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]], which is spoken in the [[North Caucasus]], and [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], which is spoken in [[Kazakhstan|Northwest Kazakhstan]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Oghur languages]] were historically indigenous to much of Eastern Europe; however, most of them are extinct today, with the exception of [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]], which is spoken in [[Chuvashia]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Uralic ===
{{Main|Uralic languages}}

[[File:Uralic languages ( ALL LANGUAGES ).png|alt=|thumb|271x271px|Distribution of Uralic languages in Eurasia]]

Uralic language family is native to northern Eurasia.
[[Finnic languages]] include [[Finnish language|Finnish]] ({{circa}} 5 million) and [[Estonian language|Estonian]] ({{circa}} 1 million), as well as smaller languages such as [[Kven language|Kven]] ({{circa}} 8,000). Other languages of the [[Finno-Permic]] branch of the family include e.g. [[Mari language|Mari]] (c. 400,000), and the [[Sami languages]] ({{circa}} 30,000).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The [[Ugric]] branch of the language family is represented in Europe by the [[Hungarian language]] ({{circa}} 13 million), historically introduced with the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] of the 9th century.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
The Samoyedic [[Nenets language]] is spoken in [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] of Russia, located in the far northeastern corner of Europe (as [[Extreme points of Europe#Mainland Europe|delimited]] by the [[Ural Mountains]]).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Wasu ===
* The [[Basque language]] (or ''Euskara'', {{circa}} 750,000) is a [[language isolate]] and the ancestral language of the [[Basque people]] who inhabit the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]], a region in the western [[Pyrenees]] mountains mostly in northeastern [[Spain]] and partly in southwestern [[France]] of about 3&nbsp;million inhabitants, where it is spoken fluently by about 750,000 and understood by more than 1.5&nbsp;million people. Basque is directly related to [[Aquitanian language|ancient Aquitanian]], and it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in Western Europe before the arrival of the Indo-European languages in the area in the [[Bronze Age Europe|Bronze Age]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[North Caucasian languages]] is a geographical blanket term for two unrelated [[Language family|language families]] spoken chiefly in the north [[Caucasus]] and [[Turkey]]—the [[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]] family (including [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] and [[Adyghe language|Circassian]]) and the [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] family, spoken mainly in the border area of the southern [[Russian Federation]] (including [[Dagestan]], [[Chechnya]], and [[Ingushetia]]).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Kalmyk language|Kalmyk]] is a [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic language]], spoken in the [[Republic of Kalmykia]], part of the [[Russian Federation]]. Its speakers entered the Volga region in the early 17th century.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Kartvelian languages]] (also known as Southwest Caucasian languages), the most common of which is [[Georgian language|Georgian]] ({{circa}} 3.5 million), others being [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] and [[Svan language|Svan]], spoken mainly in the Caucasus and Anatolia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kartvelian languages {{!}} Kartvelian, Georgian, Svan & Laz |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kartvelian-languages |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Britannica  |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Maltese language|Maltese]] ({{circa}} 500,000) is a [[Semitic language]] with [[Romance language|Romance]] and [[Germanic language|Germanic]] influences, spoken in [[Malta]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Marie |title=2nd International Conference of Maltese Linguistics: Saturday, September 19&nbsp;– Monday, September 21, 2009 |url=http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/maltese/abstracts.aspx |year=2009 |publisher=International Association of Maltese Linguistics |access-date=2 November 2009 |display-authors=etal |archive-date=23 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623195959/http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/maltese/abstracts.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=J. |last=Aquilina |title=Maltese as a Mixed Language |journal=Journal of Semitic Studies |year=1958 |volume=3 |number=1 |pages=58–79 |doi=10.1093/jss/3.1.58}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Structure of Maltese |first=Joseph |last=Aquilina |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=80 |number=3 |date=July–September 1960 |pages=267–68 |doi=10.2307/596187|jstor=596187 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Europe's New Arabic Connection |first1=Louis |last1=Werner |first2=Alan |last2=Calleja |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200406/europe.s.new.arabic.connection.htm |journal=Saudi Aramco World |date=November–December 2004 |access-date=2016-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929195459/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200406/europe.s.new.arabic.connection.htm |archive-date=2012-09-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is based on [[Sicilian Arabic]], with influences from [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[French language|French]] and, more recently, [[English language|English]]. It is the only Semitic language whose [[standard language|standard form]] is written in [[Latin script]]. It is also the second smallest official language of the [[European Union|EU]] in terms of speakers (after Irish), and the only official Semitic language within the EU.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Cypriot Maronite Arabic]] (also known as Cypriot Arabic) is a [[varieties of Arabic|variety of Arabic]] spoken by [[Maronite]]s in [[Cyprus]]. Most speakers live in [[Nicosia]], but others are in the communities of [[Kormakiti]] and [[Limassol|Lemesos]]. Brought to the island by Maronites fleeing [[Lebanon]] over 700 years ago, this variety of Arabic has been influenced by [[Greek language|Greek]] in both [[phonology]] and [[vocabulary]], while retaining certain unusually archaic features in other respects. 
* Dialects of [[Eastern Aramaic]] are spoken by [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] communities in the Caucasus and southern Russia who fled the Assyrian Genocide during World War I.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assyrian Neo-Aramaic {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/aii/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>

=== Harsunan alamar ===
{{Main|List of sign languages#Europe}}

Harsunan hannu dozin da yawa sun wanzu a duk faɗin Turai, tare da dangin yaren kurame mafi yaɗuwa shine harsunan Francosign, tare da harsunan da ake samu a ƙasashe daga Iberia zuwa Balkans da Baltic. Ingantattun bayanai na tarihi na yarukan alamomi da na tactile yana da wahala a samu, tare da tarihin al'umma da ke lura da wanzuwar al'ummomin da ke sanya hannu a cikin Turai ɗaruruwan shekaru da suka wuce. Harshen Alamar Biritaniya (BSL) da Harshen Alamar Faransanci (LSF) tabbas sune mafi dadewa da aka tabbatar, ana ci gaba da amfani da yarukan kurame. Tare da Harshen Alamar Jamus (DGS) bisa ga Ethnologue, waɗannan ukun suna da mafi yawan adadin masu sa hannun, kodayake ƙananan cibiyoyi kaɗan ne ke ɗaukar ƙididdiga masu dacewa kan yawan sa hannu na zamani, suna sa ingantattun bayanai da wuya a samu. [Ana bukatan hujja]

Musamman ma, ƙananan harsunan alamar turai suna da alaƙa kai tsaye tare da yawancin yarukan gida/na baka, baya ga daidaitaccen tuntuɓar harshe da aro, ma'ana a nahawu da harsunan kurame da na baka na Turai sun bambanta da juna. Saboda bambance-bambancen yanayi (na gani/ji), yawancin harsunan alamar suna suna don babbar ƙabila da ake magana da su, tare da kalmomin "harshen alamar", suna mai da abin da ake magana a yawancin Faransanci, Wallonia da Romandy a matsayin Harshen Alamar Faransanci. ko LSF don: langue des alamun française.

Gane harsunan da ba na baka ba ya bambanta sosai daga yanki zuwa yanki. Wasu ƙasashe suna ba da izini na doka, har ma da hukuma a matakin jiha, yayin da wasu ke ci gaba da danne su.

Ko da yake "akwai imani da yawa - a tsakanin Kurma da masu ilimin harshe - cewa akwai iyalai na harshe," ainihin dangantakar da ke tsakanin harsunan kurame yana da wuyar ganewa. Ka'idoji da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ilimin harshe na tarihi don kwatanta iyalai na harshe don rubuce-rubuce da harsunan magana ba su da sauƙi a tsara su zuwa harsunan sa hannu. Wasu daga cikin fahimtar dangantakar harshen kurame na yanzu, duk da haka, suna ba da wasu ƙididdiga masu ma'ana game da yuwuwar iyalai na yaren kurame:

Harshen Francosign, kamar LSF, ASL, Harshen Alamar Holland, Harshen Alamar Flemish, da Harshen Alamar Italiyanci.

Harshen BANZSL, gami da Harshen Alamar Biritaniya (BSL), Harshen Alamar New Zealand (NZSL), Harshen Alamar Australiya (Auslan), da Harshen Kura na Sweden.

Yaren da ke ware, irin su Harshen Alamar Albaniya, Harshen Kurman Armeniya, Harshen Kurame na Caucasian, Harshen Alamar Sipaniya (LSE), Harshen Alamar Turkiyya (TİD), da wataƙila Harshen Kura na Ghardaia.

Yawancin sauran harsunan alamar, kamar Harshen Alamar Irish (ISL), ba su da tushe
* .<ref>{{Citation |chapter=Chapter 2. The Linguistic Setup of Sign Languages – The Case of Irish Sign Language (ISL) |date=2014-07-28 |pages=4–30 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |language=de |doi=10.1515/9781614514978.4 |isbn=978-1-61451-497-8 |title=Mouth Actions in Sign Languages |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Tarihin daidaitawa ==
{{further|Ethnic groups in Europe#History|Vernacular|De vulgari eloquentia}}

=== Harshe da ainihi, matakan daidaitawa ===
In the Middle Ages the two most important defining elements of Europe were ''Christianitas'' and ''Latinitas''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Joshua |date=28 June 2019 |title=Religion in the Middle Ages |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1411/religion-in-the-middle-ages/ |access-date=15 December 2023 |website=World History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

The earliest dictionaries were glossaries: more or less structured lists of lexical pairs (in alphabetical order or according to conceptual fields). The Latin-German (Latin-Bavarian) ''[[Abrogans]]'' was among the first. A new wave of [[lexicography]] can be seen from the late 15th century onwards (after the introduction of the printing press, with the growing interest in standardisation of languages).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The concept of the [[nation state]] began to emerge in the [[early modern period]]. Nations adopted particular dialects as their national language. This, together with improved communications, led to official efforts to standardise the [[national language]], and a number of language academies were established: 1582 ''[[Accademia della Crusca]]'' in Florence, 1617 ''[[Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft]]'' in Weimar, 1635 ''[[Académie française]]'' in Paris, 1713 ''[[Real Academia Española]]'' in Madrid. Language became increasingly linked to nation as opposed to culture, and was also used to promote religious and ethnic identity: e.g. different [[Bible translations]] in the same language for Catholics and Protestants.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The first languages whose standardisation was promoted included Italian (''[[questione della lingua]]'': Modern Tuscan/Florentine vs. Old Tuscan/Florentine vs. Venetian → Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian), French (the standard is based on Parisian), English (the standard is based on the London dialect) and (High) German (based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German, and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia ("Common German")). But several other nations also began to develop a standard variety in the 16th century.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Lingua franca ===
Europe has had a number of languages that were considered [[linguae francae]] over some ranges for some periods according to some historians. Typically in the rise of a national language the new language becomes a lingua franca to peoples in the range of the future nation until the consolidation and unification phases. If the nation becomes internationally influential, its language may become a lingua franca among nations that speak their own national languages. Europe has had no lingua franca ranging over its entire territory spoken by all or most of its populations during any historical period. Some linguae francae of past and present over some of its regions for some of its populations are:
<!-- in national and chronological order -->
* [[Ancient Greek language|Classical Greek]] and then [[Koine Greek]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean Basin]] from the [[Athenian Empire]] to the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], being replaced by [[Modern Greek]].
* [[Koine Greek]] and [[Modern Greek]], in the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire]] and other parts of the Balkans south of the [[Jireček Line]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Review [untitled] of Ariadna Camariano-Cioran, Les Academies Princieres de Bucarest et de Jassy et leur Professeurs |journal=Church History |volume=45 |number=1 |date = March 1976|pages=115–116 |quote=...Greek, the ''lingua franca'' of commerce and religion, provided a cultural unity to the Balkans...Greek penetrated Moldavian and Wallachian territories as early as the fourteenth century.... The heavy influence of Greek culture upon the intellectual and academic life of Bucharest and [[Iaşi|Jassy]] was longer termed than historians once believed. |first=James Steve |last=Counelis |doi=10.2307/3164593|jstor=3164593 |s2cid=162293323 }}</ref>
* [[Vulgar Latin]] and [[Late Latin]] among the uneducated and educated populations respectively of the [[Roman Empire]] and the states that followed it in the same range no later than 900&nbsp;AD; [[Medieval Latin]] and [[Renaissance Latin]] among the educated populations of western, northern, central and part of eastern Europe until the rise of the national languages in that range, beginning with the first language academy in Italy in 1582/83; [[Neo-Latin]] written only in scholarly and scientific contexts by a small minority of the educated population at scattered locations over all of Europe; [[ecclesiastical Latin]], in spoken and written contexts of liturgy and church administration only, over the range of the [[Roman Catholic Church]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Mediterranean Lingua Franca|Lingua Franca]] or Sabir, the original of the name, an Italian-based [[pidgin]] language of mixed origins used by maritime commercial interests around the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages and early Modern Age.<ref>{{cite book |title=Lingua Franca in the Mediterranean |first=John E. |last=Wansbrough |chapter=Chapter&nbsp;3: Lingua Franca |year=1996 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref>
* [[Old French]] in continental western European countries and in the [[Crusader states]].<ref name=calvet175-176>{{cite book |title=Language wars and linguistic politics |first=Louis Jean |last=Calvet |location=Oxford [England]; New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |pages=175–76}}</ref>
* [[Czech language|Czech]], mainly during the reign of [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles&nbsp;IV]] (14th century) but also during other periods of Bohemian control over the Holy Roman Empire.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Middle Low German]], around the 14th–16th century, during the heyday of the [[Hanseatic League]], mainly in Northeastern Europe across the Baltic Sea.
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as Castilian in Spain and [[New Spain]] from the times of [[the Catholic Monarchs]] and [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]], c.&nbsp;1492; that is, after the [[Reconquista]], until established as a national language in the times of [[Louis XIV]], c.&nbsp;1648; subsequently multinational in all nations in or formerly in the [[Spanish Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/decolonizinginte00jone/page/n55 98] |title=Decolonizing international relations |url=https://archive.org/details/decolonizinginte00jone |url-access=limited |first=Branwen Gruffydd |last=Jones |location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2006}}</ref>
* [[Polish language|Polish]], due to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] (16th–18th centuries).{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Italian language|Italian]] due to the [[Renaissance]], the [[opera]], the [[Italian Empire]], the [[Italian fashion|fashion industry]] and the influence of the [[Roman Catholic church]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kahane |first=Henry |date=September 1986 |title=A Typology of the Prestige Language |journal=Language |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=495–508 |doi=10.2307/415474 |jstor=415474}}</ref>
* [[French language|French]] from the golden age under [[Cardinal Richelieu]] and [[Louis&nbsp;XIV]] c.&nbsp;1648; i.e.,&nbsp;after the [[Thirty Years' War]], in France and the [[French colonial empire]], until established as the national language during the [[French Revolution]] of 1789 and subsequently multinational in all nations in or formerly in the various [[French colonial empire|French Empires]].<ref name=calvet175-176/>
* [[German language|German]] in Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Jeroen |last1=Darquennes |first2=Peter |last2=Nelde |title=German as a Lingua Franca |journal=Annual Review of Applied Linguistics |volume=26 |pages=61–77 |year=2006 |doi=10.1017/s0267190506000043|s2cid=61449212 }}</ref>
* [[English language|English]] in [[Great Britain]] until its consolidation as a national language in the [[Renaissance]] and the rise of [[Modern English]]; subsequently internationally under the various states in or formerly in the [[British Empire]]; globally since the victories of the predominantly English speaking countries ([[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and others) and their allies in the two world wars ending in 1918 ([[World War&nbsp;I]]) and 1945 ([[World War&nbsp;II]]) and the subsequent rise of the United States as a [[superpower]] and major [[United States#Culture|cultural influence]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* [[Russian language|Russian]] in the former [[Soviet Union]] and [[Russian Empire]] including [[Northern Asia|Northern]] and [[Central Asia]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Yan tsirarun harshe ===
Historical attitudes towards linguistic diversity are illustrated by two French laws: the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts]] (1539), which said that every document in France should be written in French (neither in Latin nor in Occitan) and the [[Toubon Law|Loi Toubon]] (1994), which aimed to eliminate anglicisms from official documents. States and populations within a state have often resorted to war to settle their differences. There have been attempts to prevent such hostilities: two such initiatives were promoted by the [[Council of Europe]], founded in 1949, which affirms the right of minority language speakers to use their language fully and freely.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Strasbourg, 5.XI.1992|url=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/148.htm|publisher=Council of Europe|year=1992}}</ref> The Council of Europe is committed to protecting linguistic diversity. Currently all European countries except [[France]], [[Andorra]] and [[Turkey]] have signed the [[Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities]], while [[Greece]], [[Iceland]] and [[Luxembourg]] have signed it, but have not ratified it; this framework entered into force in 1998. Another European treaty, the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]], was adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the [[Council of Europe]]: it entered into force in 1998, and while it is legally binding for 24 countries, [[France]], [[Iceland]], [[Italy]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Moldova]] and [[Russia]] have chosen to sign without ratifying the convention.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== Scripts ===
[[File:Scripts of European national languages.png|thumb|320px|Alphabets used in European national languages:
{{legend|#008000|[[Greek alphabet|Greek]]}}
{{legend|#008080|[[Greek alphabet|Greek]] & [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]}}
{{legend|#000080|[[Latin alphabet|Latin]]}}
{{legend|#800080|[[Latin alphabet|Latin]] & [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]}}
{{legend|#FF0000|[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]}}
{{legend|#FF6600|[[Georgian script|Georgian]]}}
{{legend|#FFCC00|[[Armenian script|Armenian]]}}]]
<!--[[File:Scripts in Europe (1901).jpg|thumb|250px|Main alphabets used in Europe around 1900:
{{legend|#84CFEE|outline=#ccc|[[Latin script]]: [[Fraktur (script)|Fraktur]] variant}}
{{legend|#F8D2D1|outline=#ccc|Latin script: [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] variant}}
{{legend|#DAF6D0|outline=#ccc|[[Cyrillic script]]}}
{{legend|#D4CAA7|outline=#ccc|[[Greek alphabet]]}}
{{legend|#FEFF88|outline=#ccc|[[Arabic script]]}}
{{legend|#ffffff|outline=#ccc|[[Clear script|Kalmyk]]–[[Mongolian script]]}}
]]-->

The main scripts used in Europe today are the [[Latin script|Latin]] and [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dimitrov |first=Bogoya |date=2023-05-19 |title=Book Exhibition Dedicated to the Day of the Cyrillic Alphabet |url=https://blogs.eui.eu/library/cyrillic-alphabet/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=The EUI Library Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Greek alphabet]] was derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet]], and Latin was derived from the Greek via the [[Old Italic alphabet]]. In the Early Middle Ages, [[Ogham]] was used in Ireland and [[runes]] (derived from Old Italic script) in Scandinavia. Both were replaced in general use by the Latin alphabet by the Late Middle Ages. The Cyrillic script was derived from the Greek with the first texts appearing around 940&nbsp;AD.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

{{See also|Antiqua–Fraktur dispute}}
Around 1900 there were mainly two typeface variants of the [[Latin alphabet]] used in Europe: [[Antiqua (typeface class)|Antiqua]] and [[Fraktur]]. Fraktur was used most for German, Estonian, Latvian, Norwegian and Danish whereas Antiqua was used for Italian, Spanish, French, Polish, Portuguese, English, Romanian, Swedish and Finnish. The Fraktur variant was banned by [[Hitler]] in 1941, having been described as "[[Schwabacher]] Jewish letters".<ref>[http://www.ligaturix.de/bormann.htm Facsimile of Bormann's Memorandum (in German)]<br />
The memorandum itself is typed in Antiqua, but the [[NSDAP]] [[letterhead]] is printed in Fraktur.<br />"For general attention, on behalf of the Führer, I make the following announcement:<br />It is wrong to regard or to describe the so‑called Gothic script as a German script. In reality, the so‑called Gothic script consists of Schwabach Jew letters. Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced.<br />Today the Führer, talking with Herr Reichsleiter Amann and Herr Book Publisher Adolf Müller, has decided that in the future the Antiqua script is to be described as normal script. All printed materials are to be gradually converted to this normal script. As soon as is feasible in terms of textbooks, only the normal script will be taught in village and state schools.<br />The use of the Schwabach Jew letters by officials will in future cease; appointment certifications for functionaries, street signs, and so forth will in future be produced only in normal script.<br />On behalf of the Führer, Herr Reichsleiter Amann will in future convert those newspapers and periodicals that already have foreign distribution, or whose foreign distribution is desired, to normal script".</ref> Other scripts have historically been in use in Europe, including Phoenician, from which modern Latin letters descend, Ancient [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] on Egyptian artefacts traded during Antiquity, various runic systems used in Northern Europe preceding Christianisation, and Arabic during the era of the Ottoman Empire.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

[[Old Hungarian alphabet|Hungarian rovás]] was used by the Hungarian people in the early Middle Ages, but it was gradually replaced with the Latin-based Hungarian alphabet when Hungary became a kingdom, though it was revived in the 20th century and has certain marginal, but growing area of usage since then.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

=== European Union ===
{{main|Languages of the European Union}}
The [[European Union]](ya zuwa 2021) yana da ƙasashe mambobi 27 waɗanda ke lissafin yawan jama'a miliyan 447, ko kusan kashi 60% na yawan mutanen Turai. [Ana bukatan hujja]

Tarayyar Turai ta ayyana ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da kasashe membobin yaruka 24 a matsayin "hukumance da aiki": Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estoniya, Finnish, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Girkanci, Hungarian, Irish, Italiyanci, Latvia, Lithuanian, Maltese, Yaren mutanen Poland, Fotigal, Romanian, Slovak, Sloveniya, Sifen da Yaren mutanen Sweden. Wannan nadi yana ba ƙasashe membobi “hakkoki” guda biyu: ƙasa memba na iya sadarwa da EU a cikin kowane yaren da aka keɓe, kuma su duba “dokokin EU da sauran takaddun dokoki” a cikin wannan yaren.

Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar Turai sun kasance suna haɗin gwiwa a cikin ilimin jama'a a cikin harsuna don "ingancin ilimin harsuna" a tsakanin ƙasashe membobin EU. Daftarin hadin gwiwa, "Tsarin Magana na gama-gari na Turai don Harsuna: Koyo, Koyarwa, Ƙimar (CEFR)", ƙa'idar ilimi ce da ke bayyana "ƙwararrun da ake buƙata don sadarwa" da ilimin da ke da alaƙa don fa'idar malamai wajen kafa shirye-shiryen ilimi. A cikin wani bincike mai zaman kansa na shekara ta 2005 wanda Babban Darakta Janar na Ilimi da Al'adu na EU ya nema dangane da yadda ake magana da manyan harsunan Turai a cikin ƙasashe mambobi. An buga sakamakon a cikin takardar 2006, "Turawa da Harsunansu", ko "Eurobarometer 243". A cikin wannan binciken, ƙididdiga dacewaTemplate:Clarify[Shin kuna nufin "mahimmanci"?] samfurori na yawan jama'a a kowace ƙasa an nemi su cika fom na bincike game da harsunan da suke magana da isassun ƙwarewa "don samun damar yin magana".<ref>{{cite web|title=Europeans and Their Languages|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf|publisher=European Commission|year=2006|access-date=5 November 2009|page=8}}</ref>

== Jerin Harsuna ==
{{Further|List of European languages by number of speakers|List of endangered languages in Europe|List of extinct languages of Europe}}

The following is a table of European languages. The number of speakers as a first or second language (L1 and L2 speakers) listed are speakers in Europe only;{{refn|"Europe" is taken as a geographical term, [[Definition of Europe|defined]] by the conventional [[Europe-Asia boundary]] along the Caucasus and the Urals. Estimates for populations geographically in Europe are given for [[transcontinental countries]].|group=nb}} see [[list of languages by number of native speakers]] and [[list of languages by total number of speakers]] for global estimates on numbers of speakers.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The list is intended to include any language variety with an [[ISO 639]] code. However, it omits sign languages. Because the ISO-639-2 and ISO-639-3 codes have different definitions, this means that some communities of speakers may be listed more than once. For instance, speakers of [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] are listed both under "Bavarian" (ISO-639-3 code ''bar'') as well as under "German" (ISO-639-2 code ''de'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Relationships to other parts of ISO 639 {{!}} ISO 639-3 |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/about/relationships |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=iso639-3.sil.org}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=2|Name
! rowspan=2|[[ISO-639|ISO-<br />639]]
! rowspan=2|Classification
! colspan=2|Speakers in Europe
! colspan=2|Official status
|-
!data-sort-type="number" style="width:90pt;"|Native
!data-sort-type="number"|Total
!National{{refn|[[List of sovereign states|Sovereign states]], defined as [[United Nations]] member states and observer states. 'Recognised minority language' status is not included.|group=nb}}
!Regional
|-
| [[Abaza language|Abaza]] || abq || Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi || 49,800<ref>{{e18|abq|Abaza}}</ref> || || || [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || ady || Northwest Caucasian, Circassian || 117,500<ref>{{e18|ady|Adyghe }}</ref> || || || [[Adygea]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Aghul language|Aghul]] || agx || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 29,300<ref>{{e18|agx|Aghul}}</ref> || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Akhvakh language|Akhvakh]] || akv || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 210<ref>{{e18|akv|Akhvakh}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] (Shqip)<br />[[Arbëresh]]<br />[[Arvanitika]]<br /> || sq || Indo-European || {{sort|5,367,000|5,367,000<ref>{{e18|sqi|Albanian}}</ref><br />5,877,100<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sqi|title=Albanian|website=[[Ethnologue]]|access-date=12 December 2018}} Population total of all languages of the Albanian [[ISO 639 macrolanguage|macrolanguage]].</ref> (Balkans)}} || || [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]]{{refn|The [[Republic of Kosovo]] is a [[International recognition of Kosovo|partially recognized state]] (recognized by 111 out of 193 UN member states as of 2017).|group=nb|name=Kosovo}}, [[North Macedonia]] || [[Italy]], Arbëresh dialect: [[Sicily]], [[Calabria]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/upload/testicoordinati/LR%2015-2003%28TC%29.doc |title=Norme per la tutela e la valorizzazione della lingua e del patrimonio culturale delle minoranze linguistiche e storiche di Calabria |access-date=2020-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806193843/http://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/upload/testicoordinati/LR%2015-2003%28TC%29.doc |archive-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Apulia]], [[Molise]], [[Basilicata]], [[Abruzzo]], [[Campania]] <br /> [[Montenegro]] ([[Ulcinj Municipality|Ulcinj]], [[Tuzi Municipality|Tuzi]])
|-
| [[Andi language|Andi]] || ani || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 5,800<ref>{{e18|ani|Andi}}</ref> || || ||  
|-
| [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || an || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 25,000<ref>https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/60448 Report about Census of population 2011 of Aragonese Sociolinguistics Seminar and University of Zaragoza</ref> || 55,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historico.aragondigital.es/noticia.asp?notid=126286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101002219/http://www.aragondigital.es/noticia.asp?notid=126286|url-status=dead|title=Más de 50.000 personas hablan aragonés|archive-date=1 January 2015|website=Aragón Digital}}</ref>||  || Northern [[Aragon]] (Spain){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}  
|-
| [[Archi language|Archi]] || acq || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 970<ref>{{e18|acq|Archi}}</ref> || || ||  
|-
| [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] || rup || Indo-European, Romance, Eastern || 114,000<ref>{{e18|rup|Aromanian }}</ref> ||  || || [[North Macedonia]] ([[Kruševo]])
|-
| [[Asturian language|Asturian]] ([[Astur-Leonese languages|Astur-Leonese]]) || ast || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 351,791<ref name="ehu.eus">[https://www.ehu.eus/documents/1457190/1547454/Avance+III+Encuesta+Sociolling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+Asturias.pdf/aba19c6f-4dab-470c-8a33-157248373072 III Sociolinguistic Study of Asturias (2017)]. Euskobarometro.</ref> || 641,502<ref name="ehu.eus"/> ||  || [[Asturias]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Avar language|Avar]] || av || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 760,000 || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || az || Turkic, Oghuz || 500,000<ref>c. 130,000 in Dagestan<!--, c. 400,000 in Azerbaijan's [[Quba-Khachmaz economic region|Quba-Khachmaz Region]] region, technically in Europe (being north of the [[Caucasus]] watershed)-->. In addition, there are about 0.5 million speakers in immigrant communities in Russia, see [[#Immigrant communities]]. {{e18|aze|Azerbaijani }}</ref> || || [[Azerbaijan]] || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Bagvalal language|Bagvalal]] || kva || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 1,500<ref>{{e18|kva|Bagvalal}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] || ba || Turkic, Kipchak || 1,221,000<ref>{{e18|bak|Bashkort }}</ref>||  || || [[Bashkortostan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Basque language|Basque]] || eu || Basque || 750,000<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.mintzaira.fr/fileadmin/documents/Aktualitateak/015_VI_ENQUETE_PB__Fr.pdf VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821114111/http://www.mintzaira.fr/fileadmin/documents/Aktualitateak/015_VI_ENQUETE_PB__Fr.pdf |date=21 August 2018 }} (2016).</ref> ||  || || [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]]: [[Basque Autonomous Community]], [[Navarre]] (Spain), [[Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque|French Basque Country]] (France){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}} 
|-
| [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]]||bar|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian ||14,000,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|bar|Bavarian}}</ref>|| || [[Austria]] (as [[German language|German]]) || [[South Tyrol]]
|-
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || be || Indo-European, Slavic, East || 3,300,000<ref>{{e18|bel|Belarusian }}</ref> || || [[Belarus]] ||
|-
| [[Bezhta language|Bezhta]] || kap || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 6,800<ref>{{e18|kap|Bezhta}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] || bs || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian|| 2,500,000<ref>{{e18|bos|Bosnian}}</ref> || || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] || ''[[Kosovo]]{{refn|The [[Republic of Kosovo]] is a [[International recognition of Kosovo|partially recognized state]] (recognized by 111 out of 193 UN member states as of 2017).|group=nb|name=Kosovo}}'', [[Montenegro]]
|-
| [[Botlikh language|Botlikh]] || bph || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 210<ref>{{e18|bph|Botlikh}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Breton language|Breton]] || br || Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic || 206,000<ref>{{e18|bre|Breton}}</ref>||  || || None, de facto status in [[Brittany]] (France)
|-
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]|| bg || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern || 7,800,000<ref>{{e18|bul|Bulgarian }}</ref> || || [[Bulgaria]] || [[Mount Athos]] (Greece)
|-
| [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || ca|| Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance || 4,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/cat/|title=Catalan|date=19 November 2019}}</ref> || 10,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.iec.cat/cruscat/publicacions/informe/|title=Informe sobre la Situació de la Llengua Catalana &#124; Xarxa CRUSCAT. Coneixements, usos i representacions del català.|website=blogs.iec.cat}}</ref> || [[Andorra]] || [[Balearic Islands]] (Spain), [[Catalonia]] (Spain), [[Valencian Community]] (Spain), easternmost [[Aragon]] (Spain){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Pyrénées-Orientales]] (France){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Alghero]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Chamalal language|Chamalal]] || cji || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 500<ref>{{e18|cji|Chamalal}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || ce || Northeast Caucasian, Nakh ||1,400,000<ref>{{e18|che|Chechen }}</ref>|| || || [[Chechnya]] & [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] || cv || Turkic, Oghur || 1,100,000<ref>{{e18|chv|Chuvash }}</ref> || || || [[Chuvashia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]]||cim|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Bavarian || 400<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|cim|Cimbrian}}</ref>|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Cornish language|Cornish]] || kw || Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic || 563<ref>{{cite web |title=Main language (detailed) |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS024/editions/2021/versions/3 |website=Office for National Statistics |access-date=31 July 2023}} (UK 2021 Census)</ref> || || || [[Cornwall]] (United Kingdom){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Corsican language|Corsican]] || co || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian || 30,000<ref name=Corsican>{{e18|cos|Corsican }}</ref>|| 125,000<ref name=Corsican/> || || [[Corsica]] (France), [[Sardinia]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] || crh || Turkic, Kipchak || 480,000<ref>{{e18|crh|Crimean Tatar }}</ref> || ||  || [[Crimea]] (Ukraine)
|-
| [[Croatian language|Croatian]] || hr || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian || 5,600,000<ref>{{e18|hrv|Croatian }}</ref>|| || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]] || [[Burgenland]] (Austria), [[Vojvodina]] ([[Serbia]])
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]] || cs || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak || 10,600,000<ref>{{e18|ces|Czech }}</ref> || || [[Czech Republic]] ||
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] ||da || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 5,500,000<ref>{{e18|dan|Danish }}</ref>|| || [[Denmark]] || [[Faroe Islands]] (Denmark), [[Schleswig-Holstein]] (Germany)<ref>recognized as official language in Nordfriesland, Schleswig-Flensburg, Flensburg and Rendsburg-Eckernförde ([http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381 § 82b LVwG])</ref>
|-
| [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] ||dar||Northeast Caucasian, Dargin||490,000<ref>{{e18|dar|Dargwa}}</ref>|| || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || nl|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian || 22,000,000<ref>{{e18|nld|Dutch }}</ref> || || [[Belgium]], [[Netherlands]] ||
|-
| [[Elfdalian]] || ovd || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 2000 || || || ||
|-
| [[Emilian dialects|Emilian]] || egl || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || || || 
|-
| [[English language|English]] || en || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic || 63,000,000<ref>{{e18|eng|English }}</ref>|| 260,000,000<ref name=EU2012>[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf Europeans and their Languages] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf |date=6 January 2016 }}, [http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf Data for EU27] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf |date=29 April 2013 }}, published in 2012.</ref> || [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Malta]], [[United Kingdom]] || 
|-
| [[Erzya language|Erzya]] || myv || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic || 120,000<ref>{{e18|myv|Erzya}}</ref>|| || || [[Mordovia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] || et || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 1,165,400<ref>{{e18|est|Estonian }}</ref>|| || [[Estonia]] ||
|-
| [[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]] || ext || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 200,000<ref>{{e18|ext|Extremaduran}}</ref>|| || ||
|-
| [[Fala language|Fala]] || fax || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 11,000<ref>{{e18|fax|Fala}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || fo || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 66,150<ref>{{e18|fao|Faroese }}</ref> || || || [[Faroe Islands]] (Denmark)
|-
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || fi || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 5,400,000<ref>{{e18|fin|Finnish }}</ref>|| || [[Finland]] || [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Republic of Karelia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Franco-Provençal language|Franco-Provençal (Arpitan)]] || frp || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance || 140,000<ref>{{e18|frp|Franco-Provençal}}</ref> ||  || || [[Aosta Valley]] (Italy)
|-
| [[French language|French]] || fr || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl || 81,000,000<ref>{{e18|fra|French }}</ref>|| 210,000,000<ref name=EU2012/> || [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Monaco]], [[Switzerland]], [[Jersey]]|| [[Aosta Valley]]<ref name=statut>{{cite book|title=Le Statut spécial de la Vallée d'Aoste, Article 38, Title VI |publisher=Region Vallée d'Aoste |url=http://www.regione.vda.it/amministrazione/autonomia/statutospeciale/titolo6_f.asp |access-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104223214/http://www.regione.vda.it/amministrazione/autonomia/statutospeciale/titolo6_f.asp |archive-date= 4 November 2011 }}</ref> (Italy
|-
| [[Frisian languages|Frisian]] || fry<br />frr<br /> stq || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian || 470,000<ref>{{e18|fry|Frisian}}</ref>||  || || [[Friesland]] (Netherlands), [[Schleswig-Holstein]] (Germany)<ref>recognized as official language in the Nordfriesland district and in Helgoland 
 ([http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381 § 82b LVwG]).</ref>
|-
| [[Friulan language|Friulan]] || fur || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || 600,000<ref>e18|fur|Friulan</ref> || || || [[Friuli]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] || gag || Turkic, Oghuz || 140,000<ref>{{e18|gag|Gagauz}}</ref>||  || || [[Gagauzia]] (Moldova)
|-
| [[Galician language|Galician]] || gl || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 2,400,000<ref>{{e18|glg|Galician }}</ref> ||  || || [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] (Spain), [[Eo-Navia (comarca)|Eo-Navia]] ([[Asturias]]){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Bierzo]] ([[Province of León]]){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}} and [[Sanabria (comarca)|Western Sanabria]] ([[Province of Zamora]]){{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[German language|German]] || de || Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German || 97,000,000<ref>
includes:
bar [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]],
cim [[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]],
ksh [[Colognian dialect|Kölsch]],
sli [[Silesian German|Lower Silesian]],
vmf [[East Franconian German|Mainfränkisch]],
pfl [[Palatine German language|Palatinate German]],
swg [[Swabian German]],
gsw [[Swiss German]],
sxu [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]],
wae [[Walser German]],
wep [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]],
wym [[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]],
yec [[Yenish language|Yenish]],
yid [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]];
see [[German dialects]].
</ref>|| 170,000,000<ref name=EU2012/> || [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Switzerland]] || [[South Tyrol]],<ref>[http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf Statuto Speciale Per Il Trentino-Alto Adige] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126033052/http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf |date=26 November 2018 }} (1972), Art. 99–101.</ref> [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]<ref name="regione.fvg.it">{{cite web| url = https://www.regione.fvg.it/rafvg/cms/RAFVG/cultura-sport/patrimonio-culturale/comunita-linguistiche/FOGLIA7/| title = Official website of the Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia}}</ref> (Italy)
|-
| [[Godoberi language|Godoberi]] || gin || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 130<ref>{{e18|gdo|Godoberi}}</ref>||  || || 
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || el || Indo-European, Hellenic || 13,500,000<ref>11 million in Greece, out of 13.4 million in total. {{e18|ell|Greek }}</ref>|| || [[Cyprus]], [[Greece]] || [[Albania]] (Himara, Finiq, Dervican and other southern townships)
|-
| [[Hinuq language|Hinuq]] || gin || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 350<ref>{{e18|gin|Hinuq}}</ref>||  || || 
|-
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || hu || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Ugric || 13,000,000<ref>{{e18|hun|Hungarian }}</ref> || || [[Hungary]] || [[Burgenland]] (Austria), [[Vojvodina]] (Serbia), [[Romania]], [[Slovakia]], [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Subcarpathia]] ([[Ukraine]]), [[Prekmurje]], ([[Slovenia]])
|-
| [[Hunzib language|Hunzib]] || bph || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 1,400<ref>{{e18|huz|Hunzib}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || is || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 330,000<ref>{{e18|isl|Icelandic }}</ref> || || [[Iceland]] ||
|-
| [[Ingrian language|Ingrian]] || izh || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 120<ref>{{e18|izh|Ingrian }}</ref>||  || || 
|-
| [[Ingush language|Ingush]] || inh || Northeast Caucasian, Nakh || 300,000<ref>{{e18|inh|Ingush }}</ref>||  || || [[Ingushetia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Irish language|Irish]] || ga || Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic || 240,000<ref>{{e18|gle|Irish }}</ref>|| 2,000,000 || [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]|| [[Northern Ireland]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Istriot language|Istriot]] || ist || Indo-European, Romance || 900<ref>{{e18|ist|Istriot }}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]] || ruo || Indo-European, Romance, Eastern || 1,100<ref>{{e18|ruo|Istro-Romanian }}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Italian language|Italian]] || it || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian || 65,000,000<ref>{{e18|ita|Italian }}</ref>|| 82,000,000<ref name=EU2012/> || [[Italy]], [[San Marino]], [[Switzerland]], [[Vatican City]] || [[Istria County]] (Croatia), [[Slovenian Istria]] (Slovenia)
|-
| [[Greek-Bovesian|Italiot Greek]] || mis || Indo-European, Hellenic, Greek, Attic-Ionic||20,000 native speakers in 1981<ref>N. Vincent, Italian, in B. Comrie (ed.) The world's major languages, London, Croom Helm, 1981. pp. 279–302.</ref> || 50,000 ||  || [[Calabria]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it/|title=Consiglio regionale della Calabria|website=www.consiglioregionale.calabria.it}}</ref> ([[Bovesia]]), [[Apulia]]{{CN|date=October 2023}} ([[Salento]]), (Italy)
|-
| [[Judeo-Italian languages|Judeo-Italian]] || itk || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian|| 250<ref>{{e18|itk|Judeo-Italian }}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Judaeo-Spanish|Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino)]] || lad || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 320,000<ref>{{e18|lad|Judaeo-Spanish}}</ref>|| few<ref>[[SIL Ethnologue]]:
"Not the dominant language for most. Formerly the main language of Sephardic Jewry. Used in literary and music contexts."
ca. 100k speakers in total, most of them in Israel, small communities in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and in Spain.</ref>|| || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[France]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || kbd ||Northwest Caucasian, Circassian || 530,000<ref>{{e18|kbd|Kabardian }}</ref>|| || || [[Kabardino-Balkaria]] & [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Kaitag language|Kaitag]] || xdq || Northeast Caucasian, Dargin || 30,000<ref>{{e18|xdq|Kaitag}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]] || xal || Mongolic || 80,500<ref>{{e18|xal|Oirat}}</ref>|| || || [[Kalmykia]] (Russia) 
|-
| [[Karata language|Karata]] || kpt || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 260<ref>{{e18|kpt|Karata}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Karelian language|Karelian]] || krl || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 36,000<ref>{{e18|krl|Karelian}}</ref>|| || || [[Republic of Karelia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]] || krc || Turkic, Kipchak || 300,000<ref>{{e18|krc|Karachay-Balkar}}</ref>|| || || [[Kabardino-Balkaria]] & [[Karachay-Cherkessia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]] || csb || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic || 50,000<ref>{{e18|csb|Kashubian }}</ref>|| || || [[Poland]]
|-
| [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || kk || Turkic, Kipchak || 1,000,000<ref>About 10 million in Kazakhstan. {{e18|kaz|Kazakh}}. [[Border between Europe and Asia|Technically]], the westernmost portions of Kazakhstan ([[Atyrau Region]], [[West Kazakhstan Region]]) are in Europe, with a total population of less than one million.</ref>|| || [[Kazakhstan]] || [[Astrakhan Oblast]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Khwarshi language|Khwarshi]] || khv || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 1,700<ref>{{e18|khv|Khwarshi}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Komi language|Komi]] || kv || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic || 220,000<ref>220,000 native speakers out of an ethnic population of 550,000. 
Combines Komi-Permyak (koi) with 65,000 speakers and Komi-Zyrian (kpv) with 156,000 speakers. {{e18|kom|Komi}}</ref> || || || [[Komi Republic]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Kubachi language|Kubachi]] || ugh || Northeast Caucasian, Dargin || 7,000<ref>{{e18|ugh|Kubachi}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] || kum || Turkic, Kipchak || 450,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab6.xls |title=2010 Russian Census |access-date=27 May 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006173252/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab6.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Kven language|Kven]] || fkv || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 2000-8000 || || || [[Norway]]
|-
| [[Lak language|Lak]] || lbe || Northeast Caucasian, Lak || 152,050<ref>{{e18|lbe|Lak}}</ref> || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Latin language|Latin]] || la || Indo-European, Italic, Latino-Faliscan|| extinct || few<ref>[[Contemporary Latin]]: People fluent in Latin as a second language are probably in the dozens, not hundreds. [[Reginald Foster (Latinist)|Reginald Foster]] (as of 2013) estimated "no more than 100" according to Robin Banerji, [https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21412604 Pope resignation: Who speaks Latin these days?], BBC News, 12 February 2013.</ref>|| [[Vatican City]] ||
|-
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]] || lv || Indo-European, Baltic || 1,750,000<ref>{{e18|lav|Latvian }}</ref>|| || [[Latvia]] ||
|-
| [[Lezgin language|Lezgin]] || lez || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 397,000<ref>{{e18|lez|Lezgic}}</ref> || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]] || lij || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || 500,000<ref>{{e18|lij|Ligurian}}</ref>|| || [[Monaco]] ([[Monégasque dialect]] is the "national language")|| [[Liguria]] (Italy), [[Carloforte]] and [[Calasetta]] ([[Sardinia]], Italy)<ref name="sardegna">{{cite web|title=Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026|publisher=Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226213750/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sardegna2">{{cite web|title=Legge Regionale 3 Luglio 2018, n. 22|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/2604?s=374982&v=2&c=93175&t=1&anno=|publisher=Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305131152/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/2604?s=374982&v=2&c=93175&t=1&anno=|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Limburgish]] || li<br />lim || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian || 1,300,000 (2001)<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-11-19|title=Redirected|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/archive-redirect|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Ethnologue|language=en}}</ref> || || || [[Limburg (Belgium)|Limburg]] (Belgium), [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]] (Netherlands)
|-
| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || lt || Indo-European, Baltic || 3,000,000<ref>{{e18|lit|Lithuanian }}</ref>|| || [[Lithuania]] ||
|-
| [[Livonian language|Livonian]] || liv || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 1<ref>{{cite web|title="Kūldaläpš. Zeltabērns" – izdota lībiešu valodas grāmata bērniem un vecākiem|url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/dzive--stils/vecaki-un-berni/kuldalaps-zeltaberns--izdota-libiesu-valodas-gramata-berniem-un-vecakiem.a478524/|date=2022-10-18|publisher=Latvijas Sabiedriskie Mediji (LSM.lv)|accessdate=2022-10-22}}</ref> || 210<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701 |title=LĪBIEŠU VALODAS SITUĀCIJA |access-date=2012-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202235047/http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701 |archive-date=2014-02-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ||[[Latvia]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}} || ||
|-
| [[Lombard language|Lombard]] || lmo || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || 3,600,000<ref>{{e18|lmo|Lombard }}</ref>|| || || [[Lombardy]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Low German|Low German (Low Saxon)]] || nds<br />wep|| Indo-European, Germanic, West || 1,000,000<ref name=nds>2.6 million cited as estimate of all Germans who speak Platt "well or very well" (including L2; 4.3 million cited as the number of all speakers including those with "moderate" knowledge) in 2009. [http://www.taz.de/1/archiv/print-archiv/printressorts/digi-artikel/?ressort=ra&dig=2009%2F02%2F21%2Fa0171&cHash=e05509f6d9/ Heute in Bremen. „Ohne Zweifel gefährdet"]. Frerk Möller im Interview, taz, 21.&nbsp;Februar 2009.
However, Wirrer (1998) described Low German as "moribund".Jan Wirrer: ''Zum Status des Niederdeutschen.'' In: ''Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik.'' 26, 1998, S.&nbsp;309. The number of native speakers is unknown, estimated at 1 million by SIL Ethnologue. {{e18|nds|Low German}}, {{e18|wep|Westphalian}}</ref>|| 2,600,000<ref name=nds/> || || [[Schleswig-Holstein]] (Germany)<ref>The question whether Low German should be considered as subsumed under "German" as the official language of Germany has a complicated legal history. In the wake of the ratification of the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] (1998), Schleswig-Holstein has explicitly recognized Low German as a regional language with official status ([http://www.lexsoft.de/cgi-bin/lexsoft/justizportal_nrw.cgi?xid=148815,381 § 82b LVwG]).</ref><!--allegedly also [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Niedersachsen]], but found no source-->

|-
| [[Ludic language|Ludic]] || lud || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 300<ref>{{e18|lud|Ludic}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Luxembourgish]] || lb || Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German || 336,000<ref name=ltz>{{e18|ltz|Luxembourgish }}</ref> || 386,000<ref name=ltz/> || [[Luxembourg]] || [[Wallonia]] (Belgium)
|-
| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] || mk || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Eastern || 1,400,000<ref>{{e18|mkd|Macedonian }}</ref> || || [[North Macedonia]] ||
|-
| [[East Franconian German|Mainfränkisch]]||vmf|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper || 4,900,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|vmf|Main-Franconian}}</ref>|| ||  ||
|-
| [[Maltese language|Maltese]] || mt || Semitic, Arabic || 520,000<ref>{{e18|mlt|Maltese }}</ref> ||  || [[Malta]] ||
|-
| [[Manx language|Manx]] || gv || Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic || 230<ref>{{e18|glv|Manx }}</ref> || 2,300<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/apr/02/how-manx-language-came-back-from-dead-isle-of-man |title=How the Manx language came back from the dead |last1=Whitehead |first1=Sarah |date=2 April 2015 |website=[[theguardian.com]]|access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref> ||  || [[Isle of Man]]
|-
| [[Mari language|Mari]] || chm<br />mhr<br />mrj || Uralic, Finno-Ugric || 500,000<ref>{{e18|chm|Mari }}</ref> || || || [[Mari El]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]] || ruq || Indo-European, Romance, Eastern || 3,000<ref>{{e18|ruq|Megleno-Romanian }}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Minderico language|Minderico]] || drc || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 500<ref>{{e18|drc|Minderico}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] || mwl || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 15,000<ref>{{e18|mwl|Mirandese }}</ref>|| || || [[Miranda do Douro]] (Portugal)
|-
| [[Moksha language|Moksha]] || mdf || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Mordvinic || 2,000<ref>{{e18|mdf|Moksha}}</ref>|| || || [[Mordovia]] (Russia)
|-
|[[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]] || cnr || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian || 240,700<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ME/languages|title=Montenegro|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-04-29|language=en}}</ref> || || [[Montenegro]] ||
|-
| [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] || nap || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian || 5,700,000<ref>{{e18|nap|Neapolitan }}</ref>|| ||  || [[Campania]] (Italy)<ref>In 2008, law was passed by the Region of Campania, stating that the Neapolitan language was to be legally protected. {{cite web |url=http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026 |title=Tutela del dialetto, primo via libera al Ddl campano |work=Il Denaro |date=15 October 2008 |access-date=22 June 2013 |language=it |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727043316/http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> 
|-
| [[Nenets language|Nenets]] || yrk || Uralic, Samoyedic || 4,000<ref>total 22,000 native speakers (2010 Russian census) out of an ethnic population of 44,000. Most of these are in Siberia, with about 8,000 ethnic Nenets in European Russia (2010 census, mostly in [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]])</ref>|| || || [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Nogai language|Nogai]] || nog || Turkic, Kipchak || 87,000<ref>{{e18|nog|Nogai}}</ref> || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Norman language|Norman]] || nrf || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl || 50,000<ref>{{e18|nrf|Jèrriais }}</ref>|| || || [[Guernsey]] (United Kingdom), [[Jersey]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || no || Indo-European, Germanic, North || 5,200,000<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nor|title=Norwegian|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-08-06|language=en}}</ref>||  || [[Norway]] ||
|-
| [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || oc || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Occitano-Romance|| 500,000<ref>{{e18|oci|Occitan}}.
Includes Auvergnat, Gascon, Languedocien, Limousin, Provençal, Vivaro-Alpine. Most native speakers are in France; their number is unknown, as varieties of Occitan are treated as French dialects with no official status.</ref> || || || [[Catalonia]] (Spain){{refn|The [[Aranese dialect]], in [[Val d'Aran]] county.|group=nb|name=Aranese}}
|-
| [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] || os || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern || 450,000<ref>Total 570,000, of which 450,000 in the Russian Federation. {{e18|oss|Ossetian}}</ref> ||  ||  || [[North Ossetia-Alania]] (Russia), [[South Ossetia]]
|-
| [[Palatine German language|Palatinate German]]||pfl|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central ||1,000,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|pfl|Palatinate German}}</ref>|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Picard language|Picard]] || pcd || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl || 200,000<ref>{{e18|pcd|Picard }}</ref>||  || || [[Wallonia]] (Belgium)
|-
| [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]] || pms || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || 1,600,000<ref>{{e18|pms|Piedmontese }}</ref>|| || || [[Piedmont]] (Italy)<ref>Piedmontese was recognised as Piedmont's regional language by the regional parliament in 1999. [http://www.consiglioregionale.piemonte.it/mzodgint/jsp/AttoSelezionato.jsp?ATTO=61118 Motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament, ''Approvazione da parte del Senato del Disegno di Legge che tutela le minoranze linguistiche sul territorio nazionale – Approfondimenti'', approved unanimously on 15 December 1999], [http://www.gioventurapiemonteisa.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/odg1118.pdf Text of motion 1118 in the Piedmontese Regional Parliament, ''Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte, Ordine del Giorno 1118''].</ref> 
|-
| [[Polish language|Polish]] || pl || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic || 38,500,000<ref>{{e18|pol|Polish }}</ref> || || [[Poland]] ||
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || pt || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian || 10,000,000<ref>{{e18|por|Portuguese }}</ref>|| || [[Portugal]] ||
|-
| [[Rhaeto-Romance languages|Rhaeto-Romance]] || fur<br />lld<br />roh || Indo-European, Romance, Western || 370,000<ref>Includes [[Friulian language|Friulian]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]], [[Ladin language|Ladin]]. {{e18|fur|Friulian}} {{e18|lld|Ladin}} {{e18|roh|Romansch}}</ref>|| || [[Switzerland]] || [[Veneto]] [[Province of Belluno|Belluno]], [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[South Tyrol]],<ref>[http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf Statuto Speciale Per Il Trentino-Alto Adige] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126033052/http://www.regione.taa.it/normativa/statuto_speciale.pdf |date=26 November 2018 }} (1972), Art. 102.</ref> & [[Trentino]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian (Platt)]] || ksh || Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central || 900,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|ksh|Kölsch}}</ref>|| ||  ||
|-
| [[Romagnol dialects|Romagnol]] || rgn || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Italic || || || ||
|-
| [[Romani language|Romani]] || rom || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Western || 1,500,000<ref>
{{e18|rmn|Romani, Balkan}}
{{e18|rml|Romani, Baltic}}
{{e18|rmc|Romani, Carpathian}}
{{e18|rmf|Romani, Finnish}}
{{e18|rmo|Romani, Sinte}}
{{e18|rmy|Romani, Vlax }}
{{e18|rmw|Romani, Welsh}}</ref> ||  || || [[Kosovo]]{{refn|group=nb|name=Kosovo}}<ref>[[Constitution of Kosovo]], [http://kushtetutakosoves.info/repository/docs/Constitution.of.the.Republic.of.Kosovo.pdf p. 8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113028/http://www.kushtetutakosoves.info/repository/docs/Constitution.of.the.Republic.of.Kosovo.pdf|date=11 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || ro || Indo-European, Romance, Eastern ||24,000,000<ref>{{e18|ron|Romanian }}</ref>|| 28,000,000<ref name="28mil">{{cite web|title=Româna|url=http://unilat.org/DPEL/Promotion/L_Odyssee_des_langues/Roumain/ro|website=unilat.org|publisher=[[Latin Union]]|access-date=2 April 2018|language=ro|archive-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029141605/http://unilat.org/DPEL/Promotion/L_Odyssee_des_langues/Roumain/ro|url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[Moldova]], [[Romania]] || [[Mount Athos]] (Greece), [[Vojvodina]] (Serbia)
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]] || ru || Indo-European, Slavic, East || 106,000,000<ref name="rus">L1: 119 million in the Russian Federation (of which c. 83 million in [[European Russia]]), 14.3 million in Ukraine, 6.67 million in Belarus, 0.67 million in Latvia, 0.38 million in Estonia, 0.38 million in Moldova. 
L1+L2: c. 100 million in European Russia, 39 million in Ukraine, 7 million in Belarus, 7 million in Poland, 2 million in Latvia, c. 2 million in the European portion of Kazakhstan, 1.8 million in Moldova, 1.1 million in Estonia. {{e18|rus|Russian}}.</ref>|| 160,000,000<ref name=rus/> || [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]] || [[Mount Athos]] (Greece), [[Gagauzia]] (Moldova), [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] (Moldova), [[Ukraine]]
|-
| [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] || rue || Indo-European, Slavic, East || 70,000<ref>{{e18|rue|Rusyn}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
|[[Rutul language|Rutul]] || rut || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 36,400<ref>{{e18|rut|Rutul}}</ref> || || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Sami languages|Sami]] || se || Uralic, Finno-Ugric || 23,000<ref>mostly [[Northern Sami]] (sma), ca. 20,000 speakers; smaller communities of [[Lule Sami]] (smj, c. 2,000 speakers) and other variants. {{e18|sme|Northern Sami}}, {{e18|smj|Lule Sami}}
{{e18|sma|Southern Sami}}, {{e18|sjd|Kildin Sami}}, {{e18|sms|Skolt Sami}}, {{e18|smn|Inari Sami}}.</ref>|| || [[Norway]] || [[Sweden]], [[Finland]]
|-
| [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]] || sc || Indo-European, Romance || 1,350,000<ref>AA. VV. ''Calendario Atlante De Agostini 2017'', Novara, Istituto Geografico De Agostini, 2016, p. 230</ref>||  || || [[Sardinia]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Scots language|Scots]] || sco || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Anglo-Frisian, Anglic ||110,000<ref>{{e18|sco|Scots }}</ref>|| || || [[Scotland]] (United Kingdom), [[County Donegal]] (Republic of Ireland), [[Northern Ireland]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Scottish Gaelic]] || gd || Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic ||57,000<ref>{{e18|gla|Gaelic, Scottish }}</ref>|| || || [[Scotland]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]] || sr || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western, Serbo-Croatian ||9,000,000<ref>{{e18|srp|Serbian }}</ref> || || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kosovo]]{{refn|group=nb|name=Kosovo}}, [[Serbia]] || [[Croatia]], [[Mount Athos]] (Greece), [[North Macedonia]], [[Montenegro]]
|-
| [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]] || scn || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian ||4,700,000<ref>{{e18|scn|Sicilian }}</ref> || || || [[Sicily]] (Italy)
|-
| [[Silesian language|Silesian]] || szl || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Lechitic ||522,000<ref>{{e19|szl|Silesian }}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Silesian German]]||sli|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central || 11,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|sli|Lower Silesian}}</ref>|| ||  ||
|-
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || sk || Indo-European, Slavic, West, Czech–Slovak ||5,200,000<ref>{{e18|slk|Slovak }}</ref> || || [[Slovakia]] || [[Vojvodina]] (Serbia), [[Czech Republic]]
|-
| [[Slovene language|Slovene]] || sl || Indo-European, Slavic, South, Western ||2,100,000<ref>{{e18|slv|Slovene }}</ref> || || [[Slovenia]] || [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]<ref name="regione.fvg.it"/> (Italy)
|-
| [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian (Wendish)]] || wen || Indo-European, Slavic, West||20,000<ref>{{e18|hsb|Sorbian, Upper }}</ref>|| || || [[Brandenburg]] & [[Sachsen]] (Germany)<ref>GVG § 184 Satz 2; VwVfGBbg § 23 Abs. 5; SächsSorbG § 9, right to use Sorbian in communication with the authorities guaranteed for the "Sorbian settlement area" (''Sorbisches Siedlungsgebiet'', [[Lusatia]]).</ref>
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || es || Indo-European, Romance, Western, West Iberian ||47,000,000<ref>{{e18|spa|Spanish }}</ref> ||76,000,000<ref name=EU2012/> || [[Spain]] || [[Gibraltar]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Swabian German]]||swg|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic || 820,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|swg|Swabian German}}</ref>|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || sv || Indo-European, Germanic, North ||11,100,000<ref name=sv>{{e18|swe|Swedish }}</ref>|| 13,280,000<ref name=sv/> || [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[Åland]] and [[Estonia]] ||
|-
| [[Swiss German]]||gsw|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic || 5,000,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|swg|Swiss German}}</ref>|| || [[Switzerland]] (as [[German-speaking Switzerland|German]]) || 
|-
| [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] || tab || Northeast Caucasian, Lezgic || 126,900<ref>{{e18|tab|Tabassaran }}</ref>|| || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] || ttt || Indo-European, Iranian, Western || 30,000<ref>
{{e18|ttt|Tat}}, {{e18|jdt|Judeo-Tat}}
2,000 speakers in the Russian Federation according to the 2010 census (including [[Judeo-Tat]]). About 28,000 speakers in Azerbaijan; most speakers live along or just north of the Caucasus ridge (and are thus technically in Europe), with some also settling just south of the Caucasus ridge, in the [[South Caucasus]].</ref>|| || || [[Dagestan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Tatar language|Tatar]] || tt || Turkic, Kipchak ||4,300,000<ref>{{e18|tat|Tatar}}</ref> || || || [[Tatarstan]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Tindi language|Tindi]] || tin || Northeast Caucasian, Avar–Andic || 2,200<ref>{{e18|tin|Tindi}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Tsez language|Tsez]] || ddo || Northeast Caucasian, Tsezic || 13,000<ref>{{e18|ddi|Tsez}}</ref>|| || || 
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || tr || Turkic, Oghuz||15,752,673<ref>c. 12 million in [[European Turkey]], 0.6 million in Bulgaria, 0.6 million in Cyprus and Northern Cyprus; and 2,679,765 L1 speakers in other countries in Europe according to a [[Eurobarometer]] survey in 2012: https://languageknowledge.eu/languages/turkish</ref>|| || [[Turkey]], [[Cyprus]] || [[Northern Cyprus]]
|-
| [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] || udm || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Permic ||340,000<ref>{{e18|udm|Udmurt}}</ref> || ||  || [[Udmurtia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || uk || Indo-European, Slavic, East||32,600,000<ref>{{e18|ukr|Ukrainian }}</ref>|| || [[Ukraine]] || [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]] (Moldova)
|-
| [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]]||sxu|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Central || 2,000,000<ref>[[German dialect]], {{e18|sxu|Upper Saxon German}}</ref>|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Veps language|Vepsian]] || vep || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic ||1,640<ref>Russian Census 2010. {{e18|vep|Veps}}</ref>||  || || [[Republic of Karelia]] (Russia)
|-
| [[Venetian language|Venetian]] || vec || Indo-European, Romance, Italo-Dalmatian ||3,800,000<ref>{{e18|vec|Venetian }}</ref>|| || || [[Veneto]] (Italy)<ref>A motion to recognise Venetian as an official regional language has been approved by the [[Regional Council of Veneto]] in 2007. {{cite web |title=Consiglio Regionale Veneto – Leggi Regionali |url=http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/leggi/2007/07lr0008.html?numLegge=8&annoLegge=2007&tipoLegge=Alr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ILc8Mb9J?url=http://www.consiglioveneto.it/crvportal/leggi/2007/07lr0008.html?numLegge=8 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |access-date=2009-05-06 |publisher=Consiglioveneto.it}}</ref>
|-
| [[Võro language|Võro]] || vro || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic ||87,000<ref>{{e18|vro|Võro }}</ref> ||  || || [[Võru County]] (Estonia)
|-
| [[Votic language|Votic]] || vot || Uralic, Finno-Ugric, Finnic || 21<ref>{{Cite web |title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку. |trans-title=Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |url-status=dead }}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Walloon language|Walloon]] || wa || Indo-European, Romance, Western, Gallo-Romance, Oïl ||600,000<ref>{{e18|wln|Walloon }}</ref>||  || || [[Wallonia]] (Belgium)
|-
| [[Walser German]]||wae|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German, Upper, Alemannic || 20,000<ref>[[Highest Alemannic]] dialects, {{e18|wae|Walser German}}</ref>|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Welsh language|Welsh]] || cy || Indo-European, Celtic, Brittonic ||562,000<ref>{{e18|cym|Welsh }}</ref>|| 750,000 ||  || [[Wales]] (United Kingdom)
|-
| [[Wymysorys language|Wymysorys]]||wym|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German || 70<ref>Moribund German dialect spoken in [[Wilamowice]],
 Poland. 70 speakers recorded in 2006. {{e18|wym|Wymysorys}}</ref>|| ||  || 
|-
| [[Yenish language|Yenish]]||yec|| Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German || 16,000<ref>{{e18|yec|Yenish}}</ref>|| ||  || [[Switzerland]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] || yi || Indo-European, Germanic, West, High German ||600,000<ref>Total population estimated at 1.5 million as of 1991, of which c. 40% in the Ukraine. {{e18|yid|Yiddish }}, {{e18|ydd| Eastern Yiddish }}, {{e18|yih|Western Yiddish }}</ref>|| ||  || [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Netherlands]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Poland]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Romania]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Sweden]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}, [[Ukraine]]{{refn|Recognized and protected, but not official.|group=nb|name=Not Official}}
|-
| [[Zeelandic]] || zea || Indo-European, Germanic, West, Low Franconian	|| 220,000<ref>{{e18|zea|Zeelandic}}</ref> || || || 
|}

=== Harsuna da ake magana da su a Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Jojiya, da Turkiyya ===
There [[Definition of Europe|are various definitions of Europe]], which may or may not include all or parts of Turkey, Cyprus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. For convenience, the languages and associated statistics for all five of these countries are grouped together on this page, as they are usually presented at a national, rather than subnational, level.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=2|Name
! rowspan=2|[[ISO-639|ISO-<br />639]]
! rowspan=2|Classification
! colspan=2| Speakers in expanded geopolitical Europe 
! colspan=2|Official status
|-
!data-sort- type="number" style="width:90pt;"|L1
!data-sort-type="number"|L1+L2
!National{{refn|[[List of sovereign states|Sovereign states]], defined as [[United Nations]] member states and observer states. 'Recognised minority language' status is not included.|group=nb}}
!Regional
|-
| [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || ab || Northwest Caucasian, Abazgi || Abkhazia/Georgia:<ref>Abkhazia is a de facto state recognized by Russia and a handful of other states, but considered by Georgia to be ruling over a Georgian region</ref> 191,000<ref>{{e18|abk|Abkhazian}}</ref><br />Turkey: 44,000<ref name=Lewis>{{cite web
  | editor-last = Lewis
  | editor-first = M. Paul 
  | title = Ethnologue report for Turkey (Asia)
  | work = Ethnologue: Languages of the World
  | publisher = SIL International
  | year = 2009
  | url = http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=TRA
  | access-date = 2009-09-08
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100707065422/http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=TRA
  | archive-date = 2010-07-07
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref>|| ||Abkhazia||Abkhazia 
|-
| [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] (West Circassian) || ady || Northwest Caucasian, Circassian || Turkey: 316,000<ref name=Lewis/>|| || || 
|-
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] || sq || Indo-European, Albanian || Turkey: 66,000 (Tosk)<ref name=Lewis/> || || || 
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || ar || Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, West || Turkey: 2,437,000 <small>Not counting post-2014 Syrian refugees</small><ref name="Lewis"/> || || || 
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || hy || Indo-European, Armenian || [[Armenia]]: 3 million<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/file/article/1._bajin_5_583-664.pdf|title=Armenian 2011 census data, chapter 5}}</ref><br />Azerbaijan: 145,000 {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<br />Georgia: around 0.2 million ethnic Armenians <small>(Abkhazia: 44,870<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rnabkhazia.html| title = Ethno-Caucasus – Население Кавказа – Республика Абхазия – Население Абхазии}}</ref>)</small><br />Turkey: 61,000<ref name=Lewis/><br />Cyprus: 668<ref name="CoE 2014">{{cite report |author=Council of Europe|date=2014-01-16|title=European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Fourth periodical presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter. CYPRUS|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/Report/PeriodicalReports/CyprusPR4_en.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|3}} || || Armenia<br />Azerbaijan|| Cyprus
|-
| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || az || Turkic, Oghuz || Azerbaijan 9 million{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<ref>Azeri community in Dagestan excluded</ref><br />Turkey: 540,000<ref name=Lewis/><br />[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] 0.2 million|| || Azerbaijan ||
|-
| [[Bats language|Batsbi]] || bbl || Northeast Caucasian, Nakh || [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]: 500<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1041.html|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger|website=www.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2020}} || || || 
|- 
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || bg || Indo-European, Slavic, South || [[Turkey]]: 351,000<ref name=Lewis/> || || || 
|-
| [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] || crh || Turkic, Kipchak || [[Turkey]]: 100,000<ref name=Lewis/> || || ||
|-
| [[Georgian language|Georgian]] || ka || Kartvelian, Karto-Zan || [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]: 3,224,696<ref name=GeorgiaCensus/> <br /> [[Turkey]]: 151,000<ref name=Lewis/> <br /> [[Azerbaijan]]: 9,192 ethnic Georgians<ref name="Azer2009">[http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls Censuses of Republic of Azerbaijan 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130101713/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/1_5.xls|date=30 November 2012 }}</ref> || || [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] || 
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || el || Indo-European, Hellenic || Cyprus: 679,883<ref name="Euromosaic">{{cite web|title=Cyprus|work=Euromosaic III|url=http://ec.europa.eu/languages/documents/cy_en.pdf|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref>{{rp|2.2}} <br /> Turkey: 3,600<ref name=Lewis/> || || Cyprus || 
|-
| [[Juhuri language|Juhuri]] || jdt || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Southwest || Azerbaijan: 24,000 (1989)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tedsnet.de/georgien/Azer.html |title=Ethnologue: Azerbaijan |publisher=Tedsnet.de |date= |accessdate=2021-12-03 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922172424/http://tedsnet.de/georgien/Azer.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2020}} || || || 
|-
| [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] || kur || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Northwest || Turkey: 15 million<ref name="pop">[[SIL Ethnologue|SIL ''Ethnologue'']] gives estimates, broken down by dialect group, totalling 31 million, but with the caveat of "Very provisional figures for Northern Kurdish speaker population". ''Ethnologue'' estimates for dialect groups:
Northern: 20.2M (undated; 15M in Turkey for 2009),
Central: 6.75M (2009),
Southern: 3M (2000),
Laki: 1M (2000).
The Swedish ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]'' listed Kurdish in its "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), citing an estimate of 20.6 million native speakers.
</ref><br />Azerbaijan: 9,000{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}<!-- number is for ethnic Kurds--> || || ||
|-
| [[Kurdish language|Kurmanji]] || kmr || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Southwest || Turkey: 8.13 million<ref>{{cite journal| title=Mutual intelligibility of a Kurmanji and a Zazaki dialect spoken in the province of Elazığ, Turkey | publisher=De Gruyter academic publishing | date= 1 December 2021 | doi=10.1515/applirev-2020-0151 | last1=Ozek | first1=Fatih | last2=Saglam | first2=Bilgit | last3=Gooskens | first3=Charlotte | journal=Applied Linguistics Review | volume=14 | issue=5 | pages=1411–1449 | s2cid=244782650 | doi-access=free }}</ref> <br />Armenia: 33,509<ref name="armstat.am">{{cite web|url=http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf|title=Article|website=armstat.am}}</ref><br />Georgia: 14,000 {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} <!-- number is for ethnic Kurds--> || || || Armenia
|-
| [[Laz language|Laz]] || lzz || Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan || Turkey: 20,000<ref name="laz_ethnologue">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lzz |title=Laz |work=[[Ethnologue]]}}</ref> <br /> Georgia: 2,000<ref name="laz_ethnologue"/> || || || 
|-
| [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]] || ruq || Indo-European, Italic, Romance, East || Turkey: 4–5,000<ref>[[Thede Kahl]] (2006): The islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in present-day Turkey, Nationalities Papers, 34:01, p80-81: "Assuming that nearly the total population of Nânti emigrated, then the number of emigrants must have been around 4,000. If the reported number of people living there today is added, the whole Meglen Vlachs population is c. 5,000. Although that number is only a rough estimate and may be exaggerated by the individual interviewees, it might correspond to reality."</ref><!-- note this is ethnic population, not speakers. Fix when possible-->|| || || 
|-
| [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] || xmf || Kartvelian, Karto-Zan, Zan || Georgia (including Abkhazia): 344,000<ref>{{cite web| url = http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10906| title = Endangered Languages Project: Mingrelian}}</ref> || || || 
|-
| [[Pontic Greek language|Pontic Greek]] || pnt || Indo-European, Hellenic || Turkey: greater than 5,000<ref name="Özkan">{{cite journal|last=Özkan|first=Hakan|title=The Pontic Greek spoken by Muslims in the villages of Beşköy in the province of present-day Trabzon|journal=Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies|year=2013|volume=37|issue=1|pages=130–150|doi=10.1179/0307013112z.00000000023}}</ref><br />Armenia: 900 ethnic [[Caucasus Greeks]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf| title = 2011 Armenian Census}}</ref><br />Georgia: 5,689 [[Caucasus Greeks]]<ref name=GeorgiaCensus>{{cite web |url = http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf |title = 2014 Georgian census |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205175903/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> || || ||
|-
| [[Romani language]] and [[Domari language]] || rom, dmt || Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indic || Turkey: 500,000<ref name=Lewis/> || || ||
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]] || ru || Indo-European, Balto-Slavic, Slavic || Armenia: 15,000<ref name="demoscope251">{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php|script-title=ru:Падение статуса русского языка на постсоветском пространстве|publisher=Demoscope.ru|access-date=2016-08-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025204352/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema01.php|archive-date=2016-10-25|title= }}</ref><br />Azerbaijan: 250,000<ref name="demoscope251"/><br />Georgia: 130,000<ref name="demoscope251"/> || Armenia: about 0.9 million<ref name="demoscope329">{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema03.php|script-title=ru:Русскоязычие распространено не только там, где живут русские|website=demoscope.ru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023011719/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema03.php|archive-date=2016-10-23|title= }}</ref> <br /> Azerbaijan: about 2.6 million<ref name="demoscope329"/><!-- 26% fluent in Russian--><br /> Georgia: about 1 million<ref name="demoscope329"/><!-- 27% fluent in Russian--><br />Cyprus: 20,984<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/548284B11BF2A3B1C2257A06003204B2?OpenDocument&print |script-title=el:Στατιστική Υπηρεσία – Πληθυσμός και Κοινωνικές Συνθήκες – Απογραφή Πληθυσμού – Ανακοινώσεις – Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού, 2011 |language=el |publisher=Demoscope.ru |access-date=2013-06-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507080606/http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/548284B11BF2A3B1C2257A06003204B2?OpenDocument&print |archive-date=2013-05-07 |title= }}</ref> || Abkhazia<br />South Ossetia || Armenia <br /> Azerbaijan
|-
| [[Svan language|Svan]] || sva || Kartvelian, Svan || Georgia (incl. Abkhazia): 30,000<ref>{{cite web| url = http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3042| title = Endangered Languages Project: Svan}}</ref> || || ||
|-
| [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] || ttt || Indo-European, Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Southwest || Azerbaijan: 10,000<ref name="John M. Clifton 2005">John M. Clifton, Gabriela Deckinga, Laura Lucht, Calvin Tiessen, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.487.2395&rep=rep1&type=pdf "Sociolinguistic Situation of the Tat and Mountain Jews in Azerbaijan,"] In Clifton, ed., Studies in Languages of Azerbaijan, vol. 2 (Azerbaijan & St Petersburg, Russia: Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan & SIL International 2005). Page 3.</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2020}} || || || 
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || tr || Turkic, Oghuz || Turkey: 66,850,000<ref name=Lewis/> <br /> Cyprus: 1,405<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite book |date=June 2013 |chapter=Population enumerated by age, sex, language spoken and district (1.10.2011) (sheet D1A) |title=Population – Country of Birth, Citizenship Category, Country of Citizenship, Language, 2011 |publisher=CYstat |url=http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/8B96E149FE049F49C2257AD90055559F/$file/POP_CEN_11-POP_FOREIGN_LANG-EN-140613.xls?OpenElement}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> + 265,100 in the North<ref name=census2006>{{cite web|url=http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf |title=Census.XLS |access-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116120824/http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><!-- it is known that 99.9% of North Cypriots speak Turkish but it would be nice if we had a source actually counting number of speakers here-->|| || Turkey <br /> Cyprus <br /> Northern Cyprus ||
|}

== Al'ummomin ƙaura ==
Recent (post–1945) [[immigration to Europe]] introduced substantial communities of speakers of non-European languages.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

The largest such communities include [[Arabic language|Arabic]] speakers (see [[Arabs in Europe]])
and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] speakers (beyond [[European Turkey]] and the historical sphere of influence of the [[Ottoman Empire]], see [[Turks in Europe]]).<ref name="Cole 2011 loc=367">{{citation |last=Cole|first=Jeffrey|author-link=Jeffrey Cole|year=2011|title=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-302-6|page=367}}</ref>
[[Armenian diaspora|Armenians]], [[Berbers]], and [[Kurds]] have diaspora communities of {{circa}} 1–2,000,000 each. The various [[languages of Africa]] and [[languages of India]] form numerous smaller diaspora communities.

;List of the largest immigrant languages 
<!--Only NON-European languages [special case: transcontinental countries, mostly concerns Turkish and Azeri]. 
Distinguish the size of the ethnic diaspora from the number of actual native speakers according to national censuses. -->
<!-- atm, list communities with more than 200k native speakers in Europe]-->
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! ISO 639 !! Classification !! Native !! Ethnic diaspora
|-
|[[Arabic language|Arabic]] ||ar ||Afro-Asiatic, Semitic || 5,000,000<ref>
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/FR France]: 4,000,000, 
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/DE Germany]: 500k (2015),
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ES Spain]: 200k
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB UK]: 159k (2011 census)
</ref>|| 12,000,000<ref>[[Arab diaspora]], mostly in France, Italy, Spain, Germany, UK, Sweden, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, 
current size unknown due to the [[European migrant crisis]] of 2015–present.</ref>
|-
|[[Turkish language|Turkish]] ||tr || Turkic, Oghuz || 3,000,000<ref>
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/DE Germany]: 1,510k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/FR France]: 444k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NL Netherlands]: 388k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/AT Austria]: 197k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/RU Russia]: 146k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB UK]: 99k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/CH Switzerland]: 44k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SE Sweden]: 44.</ref> || 7,000,000<ref>See [[Turks in Europe]]: only counting recent (post-Ottoman era) immigration:
[[Turks in Germany|Germany]]: 4,000,000,
[[Turks in France|France]]: 1,000,000, 
[[Turks in the United Kingdom|UK]]: 500,000,
[[Turks in the Netherlands|Netherlands]]: 500,000,
[[Turks in Austria|Austria]]: 400,000,
[[Turks in Switzerland|Switzerland]], [[Turks in Sweden|Sweden]] and [[Turks in Russia|Russia]]: 200,000 each. 
</ref>
|-
|[[Armenian language|Armenian]] || hy || Indo-European || 1,000,000<ref name="Armenian_L1">830k [[Languages of Russia#Migrant languages|in Russia]] (2010 census), 100k in Ukraine ([https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hye/ SIL Ethnologue 2015]).
</ref>|| 3,000,000<ref>2,000,000 [[Armenians in Russia]].
[[Armenians in France|France]] 750k,
[[Armenians in Ukraine|Ukraine]] 100k,
[[Armenians in Germany|Germany]] 100k,
[[Armenians in Greece|Greece]] 60-80k,
[[Armenians in Spain|Spain]] 40k,
[[Armenians in Belgium|Belgium]] 30k,
[[Armenians in the Czech Republic|Czechia]] 12k,
[[Armenians in Sweden|Sweden]] 12k,
[[Armenians in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] 10-22k,
[[Armenians in Belarus|Belarus]] 8k, 
[[Armenians in Austria|Austria]] 6k,
[[Armenians in Poland|Poland]] 3-50k,
[[Armenians in Hungary|Hungary]] 3-30k,
[[Armenian-Dutch|Netherlands]] 3-9k,
[[Armenians in Switzerland|Switzerland]] 3-5k,
[[Armenians in Cyprus|Cyprus]] 3k,
[[Armenians in Moldova|Moldova]] 1-3k,
[[Armenians in the United Kingdom|UK]] 1-2k.
</ref>
|-
|[[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] || ku || Indo-European, Iranian, Western || 600,000<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/DE Germany]: 541k</ref> || 1,000,000<ref>[[Kurdish population]]: mostly [[Kurds in Germany]], [[Kurds in France]], [[Kurds in Sweden]].</ref>
|-
|[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]] || bn as syl || Indo-European, Indo-Aryan ||600,000<ref>Sylheti: 300k in the UK, Bengali: 221k in the UK.</ref> || 1,000,000<ref>see [[British Indian]], [[Bangladeshi diaspora]], [[Bengali diaspora]].</ref>
|-
|[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || az || Turkic, Oghuz || 500,000<ref>515k [[Languages of Russia#Migrant languages|in Russia]] (2010 census)</ref>|| 700,000<ref>[[Azerbaijani diaspora]]: Russia 600k, Ukraine 45k, not counting 400,000 in Azerbajian's [[Quba-Khachmaz economic region|Quba-Khachmaz Region]] ([[Shabran District]], [[Khachmaz District]], [[Quba District (Azerbaijan)|Quba District]], [[Qusar District]], [[Siazan District|Siyazan District]]) technically in Europe (being north of the [[Caucasus]] watershed).</ref>
|-
|[[Kabyle language|Kabyle]] || kab || Afro-Asiatic, Berber || 500,000<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/FR France]: 500k</ref> || 1,000,000<ref>[[Kabyle people]] in France: 1,000,000.</ref>
|-
|[[Chinese language|Chinese]]||zh ||Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic || 300,000<ref>Germany 120k, Russia: 70k, UK 66k, Spain 20k.</ref> || 2,000,000<ref>[[Overseas Chinese]]: France 700,000, UK: 500,000, Russia: 300,000, Italy: 300,000, Germany: 200,000, Spain: 100,000.</ref>
|-
|[[Urdu]]||ur||Indo-European, Indo-Aryan|| 300,000<ref>[[Languages of the United Kingdom|UK]]: 269k (2011 census).</ref>||1,800,000<ref>[[Pakistani diaspora]], the majority [[Pakistanis in the UK]].</ref>
|-

|[[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] || uz|| Turkic, Karluk ||300,000<ref>Russia: 274k (2010 census)</ref> ||2,000,000<ref>see [[Uzbeks in Russia]].</ref>
|-
|[[Persian language|Persian]] || fa || Indo-European, Iranian, Western || 300,000<ref>UK: 76k, Sweden: 74k, Germany: 72k, France 40k.</ref> || 400,000<ref>[[Iranian diaspora]]: Germany: 100k, Sweden: 100k, UK: 50k, Russia: 50k, Netherlands: 35k, Denmark: 20k.</ref>
|-
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || pa || Indo-European, Indo-Aryan ||300,000<ref>UK: 280k</ref> ||700,000<ref>see [[British Punjabis]]</ref>
|-
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || gu|| Indo-European, Indo-Aryan ||200,000<ref>UK: 213k</ref> ||600,000<ref>see [[Gujarati people#Diaspora|Gujarati diaspora]]</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ta || Dravidian || 200,000<ref>[[Languages of the United Kingdom|UK]]: 101k, [https://www.ethnologue.com/country/DE Germany]: 35k, [[Languages of Switzerland|Switzerland]]: 22k.</ref>|| 500,000<ref>[[Tamil diaspora]]: UK 300k, [[Tamils in France|France]] 100k, Germany 50k, Switzerland 40k,u Netherlands, 20k, Norway 10k.</ref>
|-
|[[Somali language|Somali]] || so || Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic || 200,000<ref>
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB UK]: 86k, 
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SE Sweden]: 53k,
[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IT Italy]: 50k</ref> || 400,000<ref>[[Somali diaspora]]:
UK: 114k, Sweden: 64k, Norway: 42k, Netherlands: 39k, Germany: 34k, Denmark: 21k, Finland: 19k.</ref>
|}

== Don Karatu ==
{{Portal|Europe|Language}}
* [[Ethnic groups in Europe]]
* [[Eurolinguistics]]
* [[European Day of Languages]]
* [[Greek East and Latin West|''Greek East'' and ''Latin West'']]
* [[List of endangered languages in Europe]]
* [[Multilingual countries and regions of Europe|List of multilingual countries and regions of Europe]]
* [[Standard Average European]]
* [[Travellingua]]

== Duba ==
{{reflist|group=nb|30em}}

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Mahadan Waje ==
{{Commons category|Languages of Europe}}
* {{cite web |title=The Alphabets of Europe |url=http://www.evertype.com/alphabets |first=Michael |last=Everson |publisher=evertype.com |year=2001 |access-date=19 March 2010}}
* {{cite web |title=Europe's Mosaic of Languages|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011081855 |first=Harald |last=Haarmann |publisher=[[Institute of European History]] |year=2011 |language=en |access-date=2 November 2011}}
* {{cite web |title=Scpraaxoi in Europa |first1=Stefan |last1=Reissmann |first2=Urion |last2=Argador |url=http://www.argador.info/skope/tero/Regioi/Europa/kultur/scpraaxoi/index.html |language=eo, en, de |publisher=Reissmann & Argador |year=2006 |access-date=2 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622183043/http://www.argador.info/skope/tero/Regioi/Europa/kultur/scpraaxoi/index.html |archive-date=22 June 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
* [http://www.map.language-diversity.eu/ Map of Minorities & Regional and Minority Languages of Europe, Language Diversity (2017)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409044913/http://www.map.language-diversity.eu/ |date=9 April 2022 }}
* {{cite web |title=Europako Mapa linguistikoa |url=http://www.muturzikin.com/carteseurope/europe.htm |first=Mutur |last=Zikin |publisher=muturzikin.com |date=2007 |language=eu |access-date=2 November 2009}}

{{Languages of Europe}}
{{Countries and languages lists}}
{{Eurasian languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages Of Europe}}
[[Category:Languages of Europe| ]]