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Hotuna na Penjikent

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

 

shahararrun zane-zane na zamanin jahiliyya a Panjakent, tsohuwar Sogdiana, a cikin Tajikistan.  An tsinto hotuna da dama daga wurin, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu ana baje kolinsu a dakin adana kayan tarihi na Hermitage da ke Saint Petersburg, da kuma gidan adana kayan tarihi na kasar Tajikistan da ke Dushanbe.  Hotunan bangon bangon bango sun bayyana yanayin yanayin al'ummar Penjikent wanda galibi ya ƙunshi manyan Sogdian da Turkawa da wataƙila wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa na ƙasashen waje na asali iri-iri.  Muhimman kamanceceniya tare da Tsofaffin tufafin Turkawa, kayan makami, salon gyara gashi da kofuna na al'ada ana lura dasu ta hanyar bincike kwatanci.[1]

Fursunan Penjikent sune na farkon sanannun a murals na Sogdian, wanda ya fara daga ƙarshen 5th zuwa farkon 6th karni AZ, kuma an riga shi da murals na Hepthalite na Tukharistan kamar yadda aka gani a Balalyk Tepe, daga inda suka sami tasirin iconographical da stylistic. Har ila yau, ana iya ganin tasirin Hellenistic iri-iri na salon kayan ado na Girka tare da addinin Zoroastrian, Kirista, Buddha da Indic.  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span>]

An fara yin zane-zane a ƙarshen karni na 5 AD, kuma ya tsaya a shekara ta 722 Miladiyya tare da mamayar daular Abbasiyawa, a yaƙin da musulmi suka yi a Transoxiana, kuma an lalata ko lalata da yawa ayyukan fasaha a lokacin. [2][3]

Masu mulki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai sanannun sarakuna guda uku na Penjikent:

  1. Čamughyan / Gamaukyan (ƙarshen karni na 7)
  2. Čekin Čur Bilgä (farkon karni na 8)
  3. Dēwāštič (har zuwa 722 AD)

Duk sarakuna ba su da daular da aka ruwaito, mai mulki na farko yana da Chionite-Hephthalite kuma mai mulki na biyu yana da sunan Turkic.

Akwai bayanai masu karo da juna game da mahaifin Čekin Čur Bilgä, wanda aka fi sani da Pyčwtt, wanda ya mulki Penjikent a farkon karni na 7 da kuma kusan 658 AD

Fursunoni na Penjikent, daki-daki, biki tare da kayan ado biyu, karni na 5-8

Abubuwan bukukuwan suna da yawa a cikin murals.[2][3] Mutanen da ke zaune a hanyar gabas suna sanye da dogon riguna na Turkic tare da lapels masu kama da tufafin da aka samu a Altai.[1] Lapels ba su da yawa a cikin Parthian, Kushan, ko Sasanian caftans, duk da haka sun bayyana a cikin fasahar Hepthalite, Sogdian da shafukan Buddha. Hotuna na maza da mata a cikin tufafi guda ɗaya da biyu sun bayyana a manyan shafuka kamar Samarkand, Pendjikent da Xinjiang. Knauer ya ba da shawarar cewa hauhawar siyasa na Yammacin Turks ya haifar da karɓar lapels ta hanyar yaduwar kabilun Turkic masu nomadic waɗanda daga baya suka zama masu kama da su.[4]

  • Men banquet, pigment on plaster. Pendjikent, Tajikistan
    Maza suna yin biki, pigment a kan gilashi. Punjik, Tajikistan
  • Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, 6th-8th centuries
    Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, ƙarni na 6 zuwa 8

An yi tunanin cewa labarin Shahnameh na Iran da kuma sake zagayowar Rostam an nuna su a cikin jerin murals na "Blue Hall" ("Rustemiada") a Penjikent wanda ya fara zuwa farkon rabin karni na 8. An shirya su ne a Gidan Tarihi na Hermitage, Hall 49, kuma an yi imanin cewa sun fito ne daga asalin Sogdian, Turkic ko Kushan-Hephthalite.[2][3][5][6]

Mai gabatarwa Rostam, wani sarki na almara na Zabulistan ana zaton ana nuna shi a cikin ayyuka da yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa, duka da abokan adawar ɗan adam da na almara, kuma ana nuna shi da kwanyar da ta yi tsayi, kunkuntar ƙusa, ƙuƙwalwar ido mai kama da V, hanci mai ƙugiya da ƙuƙwalwa mai nauyi (na samfurin Hephthalite) kuma ta haka yana tunatar da wasu hotuna na Khingila a kan tsabar kudi, watakila ma yana da kusanci da shi.[6] Wannan zaɓin ya biyo bayan alamar Alchon Huns, waɗanda suka yi mulki a wannan yanki har zuwa ƙarni na 7 AZ.[7][8]

The complete “Rostam“ cycle, in the Hermitage Museum, Hall 49.
  • Assumed to be Rostam, with an elongated skull of Hephthalite prototype.
    An ɗauka cewaRostam, tare da kwanyar da aka tsawo na samfurin Hephthalite.
  • Panjikent mural (6th-7th century CE). Hermitage Museum
    Gidan mural na Panjikent (karni na 6 zuwa 7 AZ). Gidan Tarihi na Hermitage
  • Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, 6th-8th centuries. Hermitage Museum
    Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, ƙarni na 6 zuwa 8. Gidan Tarihi na Hermitage
  • Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, 6th-8th centuries. National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan
    Panjakent (Panjīkant) mural, ƙarni ana 6 zuwa 8. Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Kasa na Tajikistan

Ba a da tabbas kan alaƙar addini ta al'ummar Penjikent.  Ana tunanin kungiyoyin asiri na cikin gida hade ne na Kirista, Buddhist, Zoroastrian Iranian da Indiyawa[2][3]

  • Penjikent, figures with halos, first half of the 8th century. Sector XXIV. Chamber 1. Hermitage Museum
    Penjikent, adadi tare da halo, rabin farko na karni na 8. Sashe na XXIV. Gidan 1. Gidan Tarihi na Hermitage
  • Shiva with Trisula. Penjikent 7th–8th century CE. Hermitage Museum
    Shivatare daTrisula. Penjikent karni na 7-8 AZ. Gidan Tarihi na Hermitage
  • Multi-armed deity in armour: "A King of the Demons". Room 19/ Sector XXVI. 8th century CE.
    Allahn da ke da makamai da yawa a cikin makamai: "Sarkin Aljanu". Gidan 19/ Sashen XXVI. Karni na 8 AZ.
  • Deity from Temple II, 5th to early 6th century (circa 500). Hermitage Museum.
    Allah daga Haikali na II, 5th zuwa farkon karni na 6th (kimanin 500). Gidan Tarihi na Hermitage.
  • Panjikent mural (6th-7th century CE). National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan
    Gidan mural na Panjikent (karni na 6 zuwa 7 AZ). Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Kasa na Tajikistan
  • Horse-riding warriors, Penjikent, Hermitage Museum
    Sojojin da ke kan doki, Penjikent, Gidan Tarihi na Hermitage
  • Battle scene
    Yakin da ake ciki
  • The triple-crescent crown in this Penjikent murals (top left corner), is considered as a late Hephthalite marker. 7th-early 8th century.
    Gwanin da ke cikin sau uku a cikin wannan murals na Penjikent (a saman kusurwar hagu), ana ɗaukarsa marigayiHephthalitealama. 7th-farkon 8th karni.[9][10]
  • Mourning scene
    Yanayin makoki
  • Injured Amazon carried on a stretched by two male attendants.
    Amazon da ya ji rauni ya ci gaba da ma'aikatan maza biyu.
  • Faramarz and the Princess of Kahila, before King Key Khosrow and Rostam
    Faramarzda kuma Gimbiya naKahila, kafin Sarki Key Khosrow daRostam
  • Wealthy Arab, Palace of Devashtich
    Larabawa masu arziki, fadarDevashtich
  • Horsemen with pointed helmet.
    Ma'aikatan da ke da kwalkwali mai kaifi.
  • Penjikent donors, Temple II, 5th to early 6th century (circa 500). They are similar to the donors of Kafir-kala.
    Masu ba da gudummawa na Penjikent, Haikali na II, 5th zuwa farkon karni na 6th (kimanin 500). Sun yi kama da masu ba da gudummawaKafir-kala.
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ermolenko L.N., Soloviev A.I., Kurmankulov Z.K. An Old Turkic Statue at Borili, Ulytau Hills, Central Kazakhstan: Cultural Realia. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 2016;44(4):102-113. https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2016.44.4.102-113
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "PANJIKANT – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "EI" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Compareti, Matteo (2012). "Classical elements in Sogdian art: Aesop's fables represented in the mural paintings at Penjikent". Iranica Antiqua (in Turanci). XLVII: 303–316. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "MC" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ “A Man's Caftan and Leggings from the North Caucasus of the Eighth to Tenth Century: A Genealogical Study": Metropolitan Museum Journal, v. 36 (2001) Knauer, Elfriede R. (2001)
  5. ↑ Mural Painting: Rustemiada. The Blue Hall, Hermitage Museum
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 (Fig. 38. Pendzhikent. Wall painting. Rustam.) The Hephthalites: Archaeological And Historical Analysis by Aydogdy Kurbanov, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-12565
  7. ↑ "Hermitage Museum". Hermitage Museum.
  8. ↑ "It is possible that the Sogdian aristocratic culture of that time preserved some memory of the glorious days of Khingila, the first Hephthalite conqueror of India. The profile of Rustam, shown on different paintings at Pendzhikent, is very distinct from the other depictions in the Sogdian art, and resembles the Hephthalite prototypes. The portraits feature narrow skulls, V-shaped eyebrows, hooked noses and heavy jaws, and thus closely resemble some portraits of Khingila on the coins(Grenet 2002, 218-219)." Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2014). "THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS" (PDF). Tyragetia: 317–334.
  9. ↑ Kageyama (Kobe City University of Foreign Studies, Kobe, Japan), Etsuko (2007). "The Winged Crown and the Triple-crescent Crown in the Sogdian Funerary Monuments from China: Their Relation to the Hephthalite Occupation of Central Asia" (PDF). Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology. 2: 20, drawing e. doi:10.1484/J.JIAAA.2.302540. S2CID 130640638. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Also described in Marshak, Boris (1990). "Les fouilles de Pendjikent". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 134 (1): 298. doi:10.3406/crai.1990.14842.
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