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Ilimin Halittu da Yanayin Jima'i

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Dangantaka tsakanin ilmin halitta da daidaitawar jima'i batu ne na bincike mai gudana. Duk da yake masana kimiyya ba su san ainihin abin da ke haifar da yanayin jima'i ba, suna tunanin cewa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hadaddun hulɗar kwayoyin halitta, hormonal, da kuma tasirin muhalli . [1][2][3]Koyaya, shaidar tana da rauni ga hasashe cewa yanayin zamantakewar bayan haihuwa yana tasiri yanayin jima'i, musamman ga maza. [4]

Ka'idodin nazarin halittu don bayyana abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayin jima'i suna da fifiko ga masana kimiyya. [5] Wadannan abubuwan, waɗanda zasu iya danganta da haɓakar yanayin jima'i, sun haɗa da kwayoyin halitta, yanayin mahaifa na farko (irin su hormones na haihuwa ), da tsarin kwakwalwa .

Bincike na kimiyya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

asirin hormones akan tayin mai tasowa shine mafi girman tasirin hasashe na haɓakar yanayin jima'i. [6][7]A cikin sauƙi, kwakwalwar tayin tayi yana farawa a cikin yanayin "mace". Dukansu INAH3 (tsakiyar tsaka-tsakin tsakiya na uku na gaban hypothalamus) a gefen hagu na hypothalamus, wanda ke adana fifikon jinsi, da tsakiyar yankin gadon stria terminalus (BSTc) a gefen dama na hypothalamus, wanda ke adana asalin jinsi., ba su haɓaka kuma suna aiki azaman mace. Ayyukan SRY gene a cikin Y-chromosome a cikin tayin yana haifar da ci gaba na gwaje-gwaje, wanda ya saki testosterone, babban hormone mai karɓar isrogen mai kunnawa, don ba da damar testosterone ya shiga cikin sel kuma ya daidaita tayin da kwakwalwar tayi. Idan INAH3 ya sami isasshen adadin testosterone a makonni 12 bayan ɗaukar ciki, testosterone yana ƙarfafa haɓakar INAH3, wanda aka sani yana da hannu wajen jagorantar halayen jima'i na maza, kamar jan hankali ga mata. Idan INAH3 ba ta sami isassun testosterone don ƙetare isrogen da ke yawo ba, ƙila ba zai girma zuwa girman da aka saba gani a cikin maza ba. Daga baya, INAH3 na iya aiki azaman mace ko ɓangarorin mace, mai yuwuwar haifar da sha'awar jima'i ga maza. Kodayake girman INAH3 a cikin maza masu luwadi idan aka kwatanta da mazan da ba su da madigo bazai bambanta ba a kididdigar, duk da cewa mazan luwadi suna iya samun mafi girman adadin tantanin halitta, wato, ƙarin sel a kowace juzu'in raka'a, amma kwatankwacin adadin neurons a cikin INAH3 fiye da mazan madigo. [8]Nazarin ya nuna cewa INAH3 a cikin maza masu luwadi yana iya fuskantar ƙananan matakan testosterone a cikin kwakwalwa idan aka kwatanta da mazan madaidaiciya, ko kuma yana da matakan karɓa daban-daban ga tasirinsa na maza, ko kuma canjin yanayin hormone a lokuta masu mahimmanci yayin ci gaban tayin. A cikin mata, idan INAH3 ta sami testosterone fiye da yadda aka saba ga mata, INAH3 na iya ƙara ɗan ƙarami ko ma girman da ya dace ga maza, yana ƙara yuwuwar sha'awar jima'i iri ɗaya. [9] Masu goyan bayan wannan sune nazarin rabon lambobi na yatsa na hannun dama, wanda shine alama mai ƙarfi na bayyanar testosterone mai ciki. </link> . 'Yan madigo a matsakaita, suna da ma'ana fiye da kima na maza, binciken da aka yi maimaita shi sau da yawa a cikin nazarin al'adu. [10] Duk da yake tasirin kai tsaye yana da wuyar aunawa don dalilai na ɗabi'a, gwaje-gwajen dabba inda masana kimiyya ke yin amfani da yanayin yanayin jima'i a lokacin gestation kuma na iya haifar da halayen halayen maza na rayuwa da haɓakawa a cikin dabbobin mata, da dabi'un mace-mace a cikin dabbobin maza. [11][12][13][14]

Ana nuna martanin rigakafin rigakafi na uwa yayin haɓaka tayin da ƙarfi azaman haifar da luwadi da madigo na maza. [15]Bincike tun a shekarun 1990 ya nuna cewa yawan ‘ya’yan da mace ke da shi, akwai yuwuwar ‘ya’yan da aka haifa daga baya su zama luwadi. A lokacin daukar ciki, kwayoyin halittar namiji suna shiga cikin jinin uwa, wanda bakon tsarin garkuwar jiki ne. A sakamakon haka, ta samar da kwayoyin rigakafi don kawar da su. Ana fitar da waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi akan 'yan tayin maza a nan gaba kuma suna iya kawar da antigens masu alaƙa da Y, waɗanda ke taka rawa wajen haɓaka maza da mata, suna barin wuraren kwakwalwar da ke da alhakin sha'awar jima'i a matsayin mace, watau, bayyana sha'awar maza. Yawan 'ya'yan da uwa ke da shi zai ƙara yawan matakan waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta, don haka haifar da tasirin odar haihuwa ta 'yan'uwa da aka lura. An tabbatar da shaidar kimiyyar halittu don tallafawa wannan tasirin a cikin binciken bincike a cikin 2017, gano cewa iyaye mata masu ɗan luwaɗi, musamman waɗanda ke da ƴan uwa maza, sun haɓaka matakan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa furotin na NLGN4Y Y fiye da iyaye mata masu ɗiyan maza. [16][17] J. Michael Bailey ya bayyana martanin rigakafi na uwa a matsayin "sababban" liwadi na maza. [18] An kiyasta wannan tasirin zai kasance tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 29% na mazan luwadi, yayin da sauran mazaje masu luwadi da madigo ana tunanin cewa suna da alaƙar jima'i ga hulɗar kwayoyin halitta da hormonal.[19][20]

Ka'idodin zamantakewa, waɗanda suka yi rinjaye a cikin 1900s, sun fi son ra'ayin cewa an haifi yara "ba tare da bambanci ba" kuma an haɗa su cikin matsayi na jinsi da yanayin jima'i. Hakan ya haifar da gwaje-gwajen likitanci inda aka yi wa jarirai maza da mata tiyatar tiyata bayan da aka samu hatsari irin na kaciya. Wadannan mazan kuma an rene su a matsayin mata ba tare da gaya wa maza ba, wanda, sabanin yadda ake tsammani, bai sa su zama mace ba kuma ba su sha'awar maza ba. Duk shari'o'in da aka buga suna ba da yanayin jima'i sun girma har suna sha'awar mata sosai. Rashin nasarar waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ya nuna cewa tasirin zamantakewa ba ya haifar da halayyar mata a cikin maza, kuma ba sa sha'awar maza, kuma cewa tasirin tsarin hormones akan kwakwalwar tayi kafin haihuwa yana da tasiri na dindindin. Waɗannan alamu ne na 'dabi'a, ba tarbiyya ba, aƙalla dangane da yanayin jima'i na maza. [21]Tsarin jima'i na yankin preoptic (SDN-POA) yanki ne mai mahimmanci na kwakwalwa wanda ya bambanta tsakanin maza da mata a cikin mutane da adadin dabbobi masu shayarwa (misali, tumaki / raguna, beraye, beraye), kuma jima'i ne ke haifar da shi. bambance-bambance a cikin bayyanar hormone. [22] [23]Yankin INAH-3 ya fi girma a cikin maza fiye da na mata, kuma an san yanki ne mai mahimmanci a cikin halayen jima'i. Nazarin rarrabuwa ya gano cewa mazaje masu luwadi sun fi girman INAH-3 fiye da mazan maza, wanda aka canza a cikin al'amuran mata, binciken da masanin kimiyyar neuroscientist Simon LeVay ya fara nunawa, wanda aka maimaita shi. [24]Nazarin rarraba ba kasafai ba ne, duk da haka, saboda rashin kuɗi da samfuran kwakwalwa. [25]Nazari na dogon lokaci kan halayen ɗan luwadi a cikin tumakin gida da Charles Roselli ya jagoranta ya gano cewa kashi 6-8% na raguna suna da fifikon ɗan luwadi ta hanyar rayuwarsu. Rarraba kwakwalwar rago kuma ya sami irin wannan ƙaramin tsari (na mace) a cikin raguna masu ma'amala da madigo idan aka kwatanta da raguna masu daidaita jinsi a daidai yankin kwakwalwa zuwa SDN na ɗan adam, ƙwayar jima'i ta ovine dimorphic tsakiya (oSDN). [26] Girman tumakin oSDN kuma an nuna cewa an kafa shi a cikin mahaifa, maimakon bayan haihuwa, yana nuna rawar da kwayoyin halittar haihuwa ke takawa a cikin mazan kwakwalwa don sha'awar jima'i. [27][28] Sauran binciken da aka yi a cikin ɗan adam sun dogara ne akan fasahar hoton kwakwalwa, kamar binciken da Ivanka Savic ya jagoranta wanda ya kwatanta hemispheres na kwakwalwa. Wannan binciken ya gano cewa madaidaiciyar maza suna da madaidaiciyar hemispheres na dama 2% ya fi na hagu girma, wanda aka kwatanta da girman kai amma "bambanci mai mahimmanci" na LeVay. A cikin matan da ba su da madigo, ɗimbin madigo biyu girmansu ɗaya ne. A cikin mazaje masu luwadi, ɗiyan biyun kuma girmansu ɗaya ne, ko kuma yanayin jima'i, yayin da a cikin 'yan madigo, ƴan madigo na dama sun fi na hagu girma kaɗan, wanda ke nuni da ɗan ƙaramin motsi a wajen namiji. [29]Samfurin da masanin juyin halitta William R. Rice ya gabatar ya yi jayayya cewa rashin fahimta na epigenetic gyare-gyare na testosterone sensitivity ko rashin hankali wanda ya shafi ci gaban kwakwalwa zai iya bayyana liwadi, kuma zai iya bayyana rashin jituwa ta biyu. [30] Rice da al. ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan alamomin yawanci suna lalata haɓakar jima'i, hana yanayin jima'i a yawancin jama'a, amma wani lokacin rashin gogewa a cikin tsararraki da haifar da juyar da fifikon jima'i. [31]A kan dalilan da suka dace na juyin halitta, Gavrilets, Friberg da Rice suna jayayya cewa duk hanyoyin da za a bi don keɓancewar ɗan luwadi za su iya komawa ga tsarin halittarsu. [32] Gwajin wannan hasashe yana yiwuwa tare da fasahar stem cell na yanzu.[33]

Ka'idar Thyroid Prenatal

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ka'idar maganin thyroid na ciki na sha'awar jima'i / jinsi dysphoria ya dogara ne akan kulawar asibiti da ci gaban samari da ke gabatarwa ga asibitocin kula da lafiyar yara a Istanbul/Turkiyya. Rahoton na 12 lokuta tare da sha'awar jima'i / jima'i dysphoria da aka haifa ga iyaye mata da cututtukan thyroid an fara gabatar da su a cikin EPA Congress, Vienna (2015) kuma an buga shi a matsayin labarin a cikin wannan shekara. [34] Dangantaka mai mahimmanci tsakanin sharuɗɗan biyu sun ba da shawarar samfurin mai zaman kansa, mai suna Prenatal Thyroid Model na Luwadi . A cewar masanin ilimin likitancin yara da matasa na Turkiyya Osman Sabuncuoglu, wanda ya haifar da ka'idar, rashin aikin thyroid na mahaifa na iya haifar da sabani na musamman daga ci gaban takamaiman jinsi a cikin zuriya. Tsarin lalacewa na autoimmune kamar yadda aka gani a Hashimoto thyroiditis, raguwar samar da hormones thyroid da tasiri akan tsarin androgen na haihuwa duk an ɗauke su azaman hanyoyin bayar da gudummawa. A cikin takarda mai biyo baya, [35] binciken binciken da ya gabata wanda ke nuna mafi girma yawan ƙwayar cuta ta polycystic ovary (PCOS) a cikin mata-da-maza da mata masu madigo an haife su a matsayin alamar Prenatal Thyroid Model tun lokacin da PCOS da autoimmune thyroiditis suna akai-akai. cututtuka masu rikitarwa. Hakazalika, ƙara yawan ɗimbin rashin lafiyar Autism a cikin yaran da aka haifa ga iyaye mata masu fama da tabarbarewar thyroid da kuma yawan bayyanar da daidaikun mutane ASD a cikin yawan dysphoria na jinsi suna ba da shawarar irin wannan ƙungiyar. An gabatar da rukuni na biyu na ƙananan yara tare da wannan tsari a cikin IACAPAP Congress, [36] Prague (2018).Sakamakon binciken da aka yi a baya a cikin mutanen LGBT ya yi kira da a biya hankali ga tsarin thyroid. [37] [38]Wani sharhi na Jeffrey Mullen, wanda aka buga jim kadan bayan labarin 2015, ya jadada mahimmancin Tsarin Thyroid na Prenatal da goyan bayan ci gaba a wannan fagen. [39] Bayan haka, mawallafa da yawa sun jaddada muhimmancin tsarin thyroid a cikin jima'i yayin da suke ambaton samfurin Thyroid Prenatal. [40] [41] [42]Daga cikin su, Carosa et al. Ƙarshen cewa hormones na thyroid, yana rinjayar aikin jima'i na mutum da karfi, dole ne a yi la'akari da glandar thyroid, tare da al'aura da kwakwalwa, wani sashin jima'i. [43]A matsayin tushen babbar jami'a, wani littafi mai iko kan batun hulɗar tsakanin endocrinology, ƙwaƙwalwa da ɗabi'a shima ya kawo labarin shawarwarin thyroid-luwadi a cikin sabon bugu. [44]Mafi mahimmanci, wani binciken ƙungiyar kwayoyin halitta akan 'yan luwadi maza ya gano wani yanki mai mahimmanci akan Chromosome 14 wanda ke da alaka da autoimmune thyroid dysfunction a cikin 'yan adam. [45] Wannan da alama babban goyan baya ne ga Tsarin Thyroid Prenatal.

Tasirin kwayoyin Halitta

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An gano kwayoyin halitta da yawa suna taka rawa a yanayin jima'i. Masana kimiyya sun yi gargadin cewa mutane da yawa suna kuskuren fahimtar ma'anar kwayoyin halitta da muhalli . [46] Tasirin muhalli baya nuna kai tsaye cewa yanayin zamantakewa yana tasiri ko yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka yanayin jima'i. Hasashe don tasirin yanayin zamantakewar bayan haihuwa akan yanayin jima'i yana da rauni, musamman ga maza. [47] Akwai, duk da haka, babban yanayin da ba na zamantakewa ba wanda ba kwayoyin halitta ba amma har yanzu ilimin halitta, irin su ci gaban haihuwa, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen tsara yanayin jima'i.[48]

Karatun tagwaye

Yawancin binciken tagwaye sun yi ƙoƙarin kwatanta mahimmancin mahimmancin kwayoyin halitta da muhalli a cikin ƙaddarar yanayin jima'i. A cikin binciken 1991, Bailey da Pillard sun gudanar da bincike kan tagwaye maza da aka dauka daga "wallafe-wallafen homophile", kuma sun gano cewa 52% na 'yan'uwan monozygotic (MZ) (wanda aka tambayi 59) da 22% na dizygotic (DZ) tagwaye. concordant ga liwadi. [49] 'MZ' na nuni da tagwaye iri daya masu nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta iri daya kuma 'DZ' na nuna tagwayen 'yan'uwan juna inda kwayoyin halittar suka hadu daidai da na 'yan'uwan da ba tagwaye ba. A cikin binciken da aka yi na tagwaye guda 61, masu bincike sun gano a cikin mafi yawan batutuwan da suka shafi maza, ƙididdige ƙimar luwadi na 66% tsakanin tagwayen monozygotic da 30% ɗaya daga cikin tagwayen dizygotic. [50] A cikin 2000, Bailey, Dunne da Martin sun yi nazarin babban samfurin tagwayen Australiya 4,901 amma sun ba da rahoton kasa da rabin matakin yarda. [51] Sun sami 20% concordance a cikin maza iri ɗaya ko MZ tagwaye da 24% concordance ga mace iri ɗaya ko MZ tagwaye. Kai ya ba da rahoton zygosity, sha'awar jima'i, fantasy da halaye an tantance su ta hanyar tambayoyin kuma an bincika zygosity ta hanyar serologically lokacin da ake shakka. Sauran masu bincike suna goyan bayan dalilai na ilimin halitta ga duka maza da mata na jima'i. [52]

Wani bincike na 2008 na duk tagwaye masu girma a Sweden (fiye da tagwaye 7,600) [53] ya gano cewa halayen jima'i guda biyu an bayyana su ta hanyar abubuwan gado na gado da kuma abubuwan muhalli na musamman (wanda zai iya haɗa da yanayin da ake ciki a lokacin haihuwa, bayyanar cututtuka a farkon wuri). rayuwa, ƙungiyoyin takwarorinsu ba a raba su da tagwaye, da sauransu), kodayake binciken tagwaye ba zai iya tantance abin da ke cikin wasa ba. Tasirin muhallin da aka raba (tasirin ciki har da yanayin iyali, renon yara, ƙungiyoyin ƴan uwa, al'adu da ra'ayoyin al'umma, da raba makaranta da al'umma) ba su da wani tasiri ga maza, kuma suna da rauni ga mata. Wannan ya yi dai-dai da binciken gama-gari cewa tarbiyya da al'ada ba su taka rawar gani ba a cikin yanayin jima'i na maza, amma yana iya taka wata 'yar karamar rawa a cikin mata. Binciken ya kammala da cewa tasirin kwayoyin halitta a kan duk wani abokin tarayya na rayuwa ya fi karfin maza fiye da mata, kuma "an nuna cewa bambance-bambancen mutum a cikin dabi'un madigo da madigo ya samo asali ne daga wasu abubuwan muhalli na musamman kamar bayyanar da haihuwa ga kwayoyin jima'i, ci gaba da rigakafin rigakafi na uwa. zuwa takamaiman sunadaran jima'i, ko abubuwan ci gaba na neurodevelopmental", kodayake baya kawar da wasu masu canji. An tsara yin amfani da duk tagwaye masu girma a Sweden don magance sukar karatun sa kai, wanda yuwuwar nuna son kai ga shiga ta tagwaye gay na iya yin tasiri ga sakamakon

Ma'aurata iri ɗaya suna iya samun yanayin jima'i iri ɗaya fiye da tagwayen da ba iri ɗaya ba. Wannan yana nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta suna da wasu tasiri akan yanayin jima'i; duk da haka, masana kimiyya sun sami shaidar cewa wasu abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin mahaifa suna taka rawa. Tagwaye na iya samun ɓangarorin jakar amniotic da placentas, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar daban-daban da lokacin hormones.

Nazarin Haɗin Gwiwar Chromosome

Binciken haɗin gwiwar chromosome na yanayin jima'i ya nuna kasancewar abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa da yawa a cikin kwayoyin halitta. A cikin 1993, Dean Hamer da abokan aikinsa sun buga binciken daga binciken haɗin gwiwa na samfurin 'yan'uwa 'yan luwadi 76 da iyalansu. [54] Hamer et al. ya gano cewa mazan luwadi sun fi kanne maza da ’yan uwan juna a bangaren uwa na iyali fiye da na uba. 'Yan'uwan 'yan luwadi da suka nuna wannan zuriyar mahaifa an gwada su don haɗin gwiwar X chromosome, ta yin amfani da alamomi ashirin da biyu a kan X chromosome don gwada irin wannan nau'in. A wani binciken, talatin da uku daga cikin nau'i-nau'i na 'yan'uwa arba'in da aka gwada an gano suna da nau'i-nau'i iri-iri a cikin yanki mai nisa na Xq28, wanda ya kasance mafi girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani na 50% na 'yan'uwa. An yi wa wannan lakabi da “ jinin luwadi ” a kafafen yada labarai, wanda ya haifar da cece-kuce. A cikin 1998, Sanders et al.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link> sun ba da rahoto game da irin wannan binciken da suka yi, inda suka gano cewa 13% na kawun 'yan'uwan 'yan luwadi a bangaren mata masu luwadi ne, idan aka kwatanta da 6% a bangaren uba. [55]Wani bincike daga baya Hu et al. kwafi da kuma tace abubuwan da aka gano a baya. Wannan binciken ya bayyana cewa kashi 67% na 'yan'uwa gay a cikin sabon samfurin cikakken sun raba alama akan X chromosome a Xq28. [56] Wasu karatu guda biyu (Bailey et al., 1999; McKnight da Malcolm, 2000) sun kasa samun fifikon dangi gay a cikin layin mahaifiyar maza na ɗan luwadi. [57] Ɗaya daga cikin binciken da Rice et al. a cikin 1999 ya kasa yin kwafin sakamakon haɗin gwiwar Xq28. [58] Meta-bincike na duk bayanan haɗin gwiwar da ake samu yana nuna muhimmiyar hanyar haɗi zuwa Xq28, amma kuma yana nuna cewa ƙarin kwayoyin halitta dole ne su kasance don yin lissafin cikakken gadon yanayin jima'i. [59] Mustanski et al. (2005) ya yi cikakken gwajin kwayar halitta (maimakon kawai X chromosome scan) akan mutane da iyalai da aka ruwaito a baya a Hamer et al. (1993) da Hu et al. (1995), da kuma ƙarin sabbin batutuwa. A cikin cikakken samfurin ba su sami alaƙa zuwa Xq28 ba. [60]Sakamako daga babban na farko, cikakken nazarin haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta na tsakiya da yawa game da yanayin jima'i na maza sun ruwaito ta hanyar ƙungiyar masu bincike mai zaman kanta a Societyungiyar Jama'ar Halittar Dan Adam ta Amurka a cikin 2012. [61] Yawan binciken ya haɗa da nau'i-nau'i masu zaman kansu na 409 na 'yan'uwa gay, waɗanda aka yi nazari tare da fiye da 300,000 guda-nucleotide polymorphism alamomi. Bayanan sun yi kwafi sosai kan binciken Hamer na Xq28 kamar yadda aka ƙaddara ta taswirar maki biyu da multipoint (MERLIN) LOD. An kuma gano mahimmin haɗin kai a cikin yankin pericentromeric na chromosome 8, mai haɗe da ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da aka gano a cikin binciken da ya gabata na nazarin halittu na Hamer. Marubutan sun kammala cewa "binciken mu, wanda aka ɗauka a cikin mahallin da aikin da ya gabata, ya nuna cewa bambancin kwayoyin halitta a kowane ɗayan waɗannan yankuna yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da mahimmancin halayen tunanin mutum na jima'i na maza". Matsayin jima'i na mata ba kamar yana da alaƙa da Xq28, [62][63]ko da yake yana bayyana matsakaicin gado.Baya ga gudummawar chromosomal na jima'i, an kuma ba da shawarar yuwuwar gudummawar kwayoyin halitta ta autosomal don haɓaka daidaitawar ɗan kishili. A cikin yawan binciken da ya ƙunshi fiye da mahalarta 7000, Ellis et al. (2008) ya sami babban bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin yawan nau'in jini na A tsakanin 'yan luwadi da madigo. Har ila yau, sun gano cewa "mafi girma da ba a saba ba" na maza da 'yan luwadi da mata masu luwadi ba su da Rh idan aka kwatanta da madigo. Kamar yadda duka nau'in jini da nau'in Rh sune halayen gado na gado waɗanda ke sarrafa alleles da ke kan chromosome 9 da chromosome 1 bi da bi, binciken yana nuna yuwuwar alaƙa tsakanin kwayoyin halitta akan autosomes da liwadi. [64][65]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.113.6.1827
  2. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=fofaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82
  3. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=ivALBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502
  4. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1529100616637616
  5. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3138231
  6. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3138231
  7. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5786378
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  9. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5777082
  10. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5777026
  11. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35597467
  12. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-017-1007-4
  13. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=wnHADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108
  14. ↑ https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11755%2F9da6a0a1-f622-44f3-ac4f-fec297a7c6c2
  15. ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/668167
  16. ↑ https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/2017-gavrilets.pdf
  17. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3840696
  18. ↑ https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0924-9338
  19. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620281
  20. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5661141
  21. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326723698
  22. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2004.04.004
  23. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24306355
  24. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4926038
  25. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36883213
  26. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30156382
  27. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31593707
  28. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1723%2F3245.32148
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  30. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
  31. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1991.01810360053008
  32. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01541765
  33. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.78.3.524
  34. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=zOXwENojFHYC&pg=PA27
  35. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-008-9386-1
  36. ↑ https://zenodo.org/record/1231257
  37. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780720613094
  38. ↑ https://zenodo.org/record/1233407
  39. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)
  40. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.285.5429.803a
  41. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20050415233637/http://mypage.iu.edu/~bmustans/Mustanski_etal_2005.pdf
  42. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033291714002451
  43. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160331225443/http://gaystudies.genetics.ucla.edu/UCLA%20Twin%20Sexual%20Orientation%20Study/Read%20More_files/Ngun.pdf
  44. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-007-9274-0
  45. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3563961
  46. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3563961
  47. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2912782
  48. ↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/the-gay-gene-is-back-on-the-scene-1536770.html
  49. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140214023529/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/10637532/Being-homosexual-is-only-partly-due-to-gay-gene-research-finds.html
  50. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)
  51. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ypmed.2010.05.010
  52. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02437839
  53. ↑ https://www.science.org/content/article/giant-study-links-dna-variants-same-sex-behavior
  54. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082777
  55. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8558329
  56. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070609140924/http://repositories.cdlib.org/postprints/1413/
  57. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120915214732/http://faculty.bennington.edu/~sherman/sex/H-Y%20anitgen.pdf
  58. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/10/health/10gene.html
  59. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10051890
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  61. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1014031201935
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  63. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)
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  65. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691850
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