Inkari

Ƙara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

A cikin ilimin halin dan Adam, (inkatawa) zabin mutum ne don inkarin gaskiya a matsayin hanya ta guje wa gaskiya mara dadi a hankali[1]. Inkari wani aiki ne na asali wanda ba shi da ma'ana wanda ke hana tabbatar da wani abin tarihi ko abin da ya faru a lokacin da mutum ya ki yarda da gaskiyar da za a iya tabbatarwa ta zahiri.[2]

A cikin ilimin kimiyya, ƙaryatawa ita ce watsi da ainihin gaskiya da ra'ayoyin da ba a jayayya ba, abubuwan da ke da goyon baya mai kyau na ijma'in kimiyya a kan wani batu, don yarda da ra'ayoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, masu rikici, ko ƙirƙira.[3]. Sharuɗɗan ƙaryata Holocaust da ƙaryatãwa game da AIDS sun bayyana ƙaryatãwa game da gaskiyar da kuma gaskiyar al'amura, [4] da kuma kalmar inkarin canjin yanayi yana bayyana musun ijma'in kimiyya cewa sauyin yanayi na duniyar duniya lamari ne na gaske kuma yana faruwa da farko. abin da ya faru a cikin yanayin ƙasa na kwanan nan ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam.[5] Siffofin ƙin yarda suna gabatar da siffa ta gama gari na mutumin da yake ƙin yarda da hujjoji masu yawa da ƙoƙarin haifar da cece-kuce na siyasa a ƙoƙarin ƙin yarda da kasancewar yarjejeniya[6][7].


Dalilai da abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙin yarda sun haɗa da addini, son kai (tattalin arziki, siyasa, ko kuɗi), da hanyoyin kariya da ake nufi don kare ruhin mai inkari daga gaskiya da tunani masu tada hankali; Irin wannan tashin hankali ana kiransa dissonance fahimi a cikin ilimin tunani.[8][9]

Ma'ana da dabara[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Didier Fassin ya bambanta tsakanin musun, wanda aka bayyana da shi a matsayin "lura ta zahiri cewa ana karyata gaskiya da gaskiya", da kuma musun ra'ayi, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "Mataki na akida wanda a tsare mutum ke mayar da martani ta hanyar kin gaskiya da gaskiya"[10]. Mutane da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda suka ƙi ba da shawarwari akan abubuwan da aka samu na al'ada da yarjejeniya ta kimiyya suna shiga cikin ƙin yarda lokacin da suke amfani da dabarun magana don ba da bayyanar gardama da muhawara ta halal, lokacin da babu.[11][7][8] Tsari ne da ke aiki ta hanyar amfani da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin waɗannan dabaru guda biyar don kiyaye bayyanar halaltacciyar jayayya:[12][6]

(Maƙarƙashiya Theories) Yin watsi da bayanai ko lura ta hanyar ba da shawarar abokan adawar suna da hannu a cikin "maƙarƙashiyar danne gaskiya".

(Cherry picking) Zabar takarda mai mahimmanci da ba ta dace ba da ke tallafawa ra'ayinsu, ko amfani da tsofaffin takardu, nakasu, da ɓatanci don sanya abokan hamayyarsu su zama kamar sun kafa ra'ayoyinsu akan raunin bincike. Diethelm and McKee (2009) lura cewa, "Masu ƙaryatawa yawanci ba su hana su da matsananciyar warewar ra'ayoyinsu ba, sai dai suna ganin hakan a matsayin wata alama ta jajircewarsu ta hankali game da ƙwararrun ƙa'idodin addini da kuma rakiyar daidaiton siyasa."[6].

(Kwararrun Ƙarya) Biyan ƙwararre a fagen, ko wani fanni, don ba da rancen shaida ko sahihanci. Wannan yana tafiya kafada-da-kafada tare da mayar da masana da masu bincike saniyar ware[6].

(Matsar da maƙallan raga) Ƙarƙashin shaidar da aka gabatar don mayar da martani ga takamaiman da'awar ta ci gaba da buƙatar wasu shaidun da ba za a iya cika su akai-akai ba aka Shifting baseline.

(Sauran mahangar ma'ana) Galibi ɗaya ko fiye na kwatankwacin ƙarya, roƙon sakamako, bambaro, ko ja.

Dabarun gama gari ga nau'ikan inkari daban-daban sun haɗa da shaidar da ba ta dace ba, daidaiton ƙarya, rabin gaskiya, da ƙirƙira kai tsaye.[13][14] [15]Alkalin Afirka ta Kudu Edwin Cameron ya lura cewa wata dabara ta gama gari da masu karyatawa ke amfani da ita ita ce "yin babban wasa na rashin tantance adadi da kididdiga"[15]. Masanin tarihi Taner Akçam ya bayyana cewa, an yi imani da ƙaryatawa da watsi da gaskiya, amma a haƙiƙanin gaskiya "yana cikin wannan yanki mai banƙyama tsakanin gaskiya da gaskiya inda irin wannan inkarin ya fara tsiro, ƙaryatãwa ce ke tabbatar da gaskiyarta kuma tana da nata gaskiyar[16].


Mai da hankali kan dabarun furucin ta hanyar da ake samun ƙin yarda a cikin harshe, a cikin Alex Gillespie (2020) [17] na Makarantar Tattalin Arziƙi na London ya sake nazarin dabarun kariyar harshe da a aikace don ƙin yarda da bayanai masu ɓarna. An tsara waɗannan dabarun ta fuskar tsaro guda uku:

1 Gujewa – Layin farko na kariya daga ɓarnar bayanai shine guje masa.

2 Delegitimizing - Hanya na biyu na tsaro shine kai hari ga manzo, ta hanyar ɓata amincin tushen.

3 Ƙuntatawa - Layin tsaro na ƙarshe, idan ba za a iya kauce wa ɓarnar bayanai ba ko ba za a iya ba da izini ba, shine don daidaitawa da iyakance tasirin ra'ayoyin masu rushewa.

A cikin 2009 marubuci Michael Specter ya ayyana musun rukuni a matsayin "lokacin da gaba ɗaya ɓangaren al'umma, sau da yawa ke fama da raunin sauyi, ya kau da kai daga gaskiya don neman ƙaryar kwanciyar hankali".[18]

Ra'ayoyin da aka tsara da kuma ra'ayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Idan wani bangare na muhawara ya zargi daya da kin amincewa su shirya muhawarar. Wannan saboda zargin ƙaryatawa duka biyu ne na ka'ida da kuma ƙa'ida: na ka'ida domin yana ɗauke da ma'anar cewa akwai gaskiya ga da'awar da aka ƙaryata; magana ce tun da mai tuhumar ya nuna cewa ci gaba da musantawa ta fuskar hujjojin da aka gabatar yana haifar da tambayoyi game da dalilan dayan[10]. Edward Skidelsky, malami a falsafa a Jami'ar Exeter ya rubuta cewa "Zargi na' musun' yana da tsanani, yana nuna ko dai rashin gaskiya da gangan ko yaudarar kai. Abin da ake ƙaryata shi shine, ta hanyar ma'ana, don haka a fili gaskiya cewa mai ƙaryatawa dole ne ya motsa shi. karkatarwa, mugunta ko makanta da gangan." Yana ba da shawarar cewa, ta hanyar shigar da kalmar ƙaryata zuwa ƙarin fagage na muhawarar tarihi da na kimiyya, "Daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da Fahimtar Fahimta - 'yantar da bincike na tarihi da na kimiyya daga akida - ana juyar da su cikin nutsuwa ".[19]

Wasu mutane sun ba da shawarar cewa saboda ƙin yarda da Holocaust sananne ne, masu ba da shawara waɗanda ke amfani da kalmar ƙaryatawa a wasu wuraren muhawara na iya nufin da gangan ko kuma ba da gangan ba cewa abokan hamayyarsu ba su fi masu ƙaryata Holocaust ba.[20][21] Duk da haka, Robert Gallo et al. ya kare wannan kwatancen na ƙarshe, yana mai bayyana cewa musun cutar kanjamau yana kama da ƙaryar Holocaust tun da wani nau'i ne na ilimin kimiyya wanda "ya saba wa wani gagarumin binciken bincike"[22]

Siyasa da kimiyya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

HIV/AIDS[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Inkarin cutar kanjamau shi ne musun cewa kwayar cutar ta HIV (HIV) ita ce ke haifar da ciwon raunin garkuwar jiki (AIDS)[23]. An bayyana musun cutar kanjamau da kasancewa "daga cikin mafi yawan yunƙurin hana kimiyya"[24]. Wasu masu musun sun ƙi wanzuwar cutar kanjamau, yayin da wasu suka yarda cewa akwai kwayar cutar amma suna cewa kwayar cutar fasinja ce mara lahani ba ita ce sanadin cutar AIDS ba. Matukar masu musanta cutar kanjamau sun yarda da cutar kanjamau a matsayin cuta ta gaske, sun danganta ta da wasu haɗe-haɗe na amfani da muggan ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, rashin tsafta, da illolin maganin cutar kanjamau, maimakon kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. Koyaya, shaidar da ke nuna cewa cutar kanjamau tana haifar da cutar kanjamau tabbatacciya ce a kimiyance[25] [26]kuma al'ummar kimiyya sun yi watsi da kuma yin watsi da da'awar masu kishin cutar kanjamau dangane da kuskuren tunani, zaɓen ceri, da ɓarna na tsoffin bayanan kimiyya.[a] Tare da ƙin yarda da waɗannan gardama ta al'ummar kimiyya, abubuwan da ke hana cutar AIDS yanzu suna yaduwa ta hanyar Intanet.[27] Thabo Mbeki, tsohon shugaban kasar Afirka ta Kudu, ya rungumi kin amincewa da cutar kanjamau, yana mai shelar cewa talauci ne ke haddasa cutar kanjamau. Kimanin mutane 365,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon cutar kanjamau a lokacin shugabancinsa; an yi kiyasin cewa za a iya hana mutuwar mutane 343,000 da ba a kai ga haihuwa ba idan da an samu maganin da ya dace.[28][29]

Canjin yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu kamfanoni na kasa da kasa, irin su ExxonMobil, sun ba da gudummawa ga "ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa na bogi da ƙungiyoyin kimiyya na bogi" waɗanda ke da'awar cewa kimiyyar dumamar yanayi ba ta dace ba, bisa ga sukar George Monbiot.[9] ExxonMobil ba ta musanta ba da gudummawar kuɗin ba, amma mai magana da yawunta ya bayyana cewa tallafin kuɗin da kamfanin ke bayarwa ga rahotannin kimiyya baya nufin yana tasiri sakamakon waɗannan binciken.[30] Newsweek[31] da Uwar Jones [32] sun buga labaran da ke nuna kamfanoni suna ba da gudummawar "masana'antar hanawa".

A cikin mahallin kariyar kariyar mabukaci, an bayyana ƙin yarda a matsayin "amfani da dabarun zance da dabarun da za a iya faɗi don kafa shingen muhawara da la'akari da kowane nau'in gyara, ba tare da la'akari da gaskiyar lamarin ba."[33] masu ba da shawara tare da masana masana'antu ko masana kimiyya da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar, da ƙin ƙaddamar da yarjejeniyar Kyoto don tabbatarwa saboda rashin tabbas da suka ce suna cikin batun sauyin yanayi, 'yan jaridu sun buga misali da kin amincewa da siyasa.[34][31][35]

COVID 19[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kalmar "Musuluntar COVID-19" ko kuma kawai "COVID denialism" yana nufin tunanin waɗanda suka musanta gaskiyar cutar ta COVID-19,[36][37] aƙalla har ya zuwa ƙin yarda da bayanan mace-macen COVID da aka sani a kimiyance. na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Da'awar cewa cutar ta COVID-19 an yi ta bogi ne, an yi karin gishiri, ko kuma ba ta da wata ma'ana ce ta ilimin kimiyya.[38] Wasu shahararrun mutanen da suka tsunduma cikin musun COVID-19 sun haɗa da Elon Musk, [39] tsohon shugaban Amurka Donald Trump,[40] [41]da tsohon shugaban Brazil Bolsonaro.[42]

Juyin Halitta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Imani na addini na iya sa mutum ya musanta ingancin ka'idar kimiyya ta juyin halitta. Juyin halitta ana daukarsa a matsayin hujjar da ba za a iya jayayya ba a cikin al'ummar kimiyya da kuma a cikin ilimin kimiyya, inda matakin goyon bayan juyin halitta ya kasance a duniya, duk da haka wannan ra'ayi sau da yawa yana fuskantar adawa daga masu ilimin littafi mai tsarki.[43] [44][45][46][47]Ana gabatar da madadin ra'ayi sau da yawa azaman fassarar tatsuniyar halittar Littafin Farawa ta zahiri. Yawancin Kiristoci masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna koyar da halitta kamar dai gaskiya ne a ƙarƙashin tutocin kimiyyar halitta da ƙira ta hankali. Imani da yawanci ya zo daidai da halitta sun haɗa da imani da tatsuniyar ambaliyar ruwa ta duniya, da tsarin geocentrism, da imani cewa duniya tana da shekaru 6,000-10,000 kawai.[48] Ana kallon waɗannan akidu a matsayin ilimin ƙima a cikin al'ummar kimiyya kuma ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin kuskure.[49]

Kasa Leda[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Imani da aka maye gurbinsa da cewa Duniya lebur ce, da kuma musun duk ɗimbin shaidun da ke goyan bayan kusan ƙasa mai siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar da kuma juyawa a cikin arni na 21st. Masu ba da goyon baya na zamani na kimiyyar sararin samaniya (ko flat-Earthers) sun ki yarda da kowace irin shaida ta sabawa, suna watsi da duk jiragen sama da hotuna daga sararin samaniya a matsayin yaudara da kuma zargin dukkanin kungiyoyi har ma da 'yan kasa masu zaman kansu da yin makirci don "boye gaskiya". Suna kuma da'awar cewa babu ainihin tauraron dan adam da ke kewaya duniya, cewa tashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa na bogi ne, kuma wannan karya ce daga dukkan gwamnatocin da ke da hannu a wannan babban rufa-rufa. Wasu ma sun yi imani da sauran taurari da taurari yaudara ne.

Masu bin tsarin zamani na zamani suna ba da shawarar cewa sararin samaniya mai siffar kubba ya rufe duniya mai siffar diski. Hakanan suna iya da'awar, bayan Samuel Rowbotham, cewa Rana tana da nisan mil 3,000 (kilomita 4,800) a saman Duniya kuma wata da Rana suna kewaya duniya fiye da kewayenta. Ƙasar zamani na zamani sun yi imanin cewa Antarctica ba nahiya ba ce, amma ƙaƙƙarfan ruwa ne, mai katanga mai tsawon ƙafa 150 (46) ko mafi girma, wanda ke kewaye da kewayen duniya kuma yana kiyaye komai (ciki har da duk ruwan teku) daga fadowa daga sama. bakin.

Flat-Earthers kuma sun tabbatar da cewa babu wanda aka yarda ya tashi sama ko bincika Antarctica, duk da sabanin shaida. A cewarsu, duk hotuna da bidiyo na jiragen ruwa da ke nutsewa a karkashin kasa da kuma kasan sararin samaniyar birni da gajimare da ke kasa da sararin sama, wadanda ke bayyana karkatar da duniya, an yi amfani da su ne, ko na’ura mai kwakwalwa, ko kuma na bogi. Don haka, ba tare da la’akari da kowace hujja ta kimiyya ko ta zahiri da aka bayar ba, Flat-Earthers sun kammala cewa an ƙirƙira shi ko an canza shi ta wata hanya.

Lokacin da aka haɗa su da wasu abubuwan da aka gani kamar nauyi, faɗuwar rana, tides, husufi, nisa da sauran ma'auni waɗanda ke ƙalubalantar ƙirar ƙasa mai faɗi, masu da'awar suna maye gurbin bayanan da aka yarda da su tare da nau'ikan guntu waɗanda ke karkata ko fiye da sauƙaƙa yadda hangen nesa, taro, buoyancy, haske. ko wasu tsarin jiki suna aiki.[50] Wadannan sauye-sauyen da ba kasafai suke dacewa da juna ba, a karshe ya bar masu da'awar duniya da yawa su yarda cewa irin wadannan abubuwan sun kasance "asirai" kuma za a yi karin bincike. A cikin wannan ƙarshe, masu bin tafarkin sun kasance a buɗe ga kowane bayani sai dai tsarin duniya wanda aka saba yarda da shi, yana mai da muhawara daga jahilci zuwa ƙaryatawa.[51]

Abincin da aka gyara ta kwayoyin halitta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai yarjejeniya ta kimiy[52][53][54][55] cewa a halin yanzu akwai abinci da aka samo daga amfanin gona da aka gyara (GM) ba ya haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam fiye da abinci na yau da kullun,[56][57][58][59][60] amma cewa kowane abinci na GM yana buƙatar a gwada shi akan kowane hali kafin gabatarwa.[61][62] [63]Koyaya, membobin jama'a ba su da yuwuwa fiye da masana kimiyya don fahimtar abincin GM a matsayin lafiya[64].[65] [66][67]Matsayin doka da ka'idoji na abinci na GM ya bambanta ta ƙasa, tare da wasu ƙasashe sun hana ko ƙuntata su, wasu kuma suna ba su izini da bambance-bambancen matakan ƙa'ida.[68][69][70][71]


Binciken ilimin halayyar dan adam ya nuna cewa sama da 70% na abokan adawar abinci na GM a Amurka sun kasance "cikakkiyar" a cikin 'yan adawar su, suna da kyama a tunanin cin abinci na GM, kuma "shaida ba su da hankali".[72]

Statins[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙinƙarar Statin kin amincewa da ƙimar likita na statins, aji na magungunan rage cholesterol. Likitan zuciya Steven Nissen a asibitin Cleveland ya yi sharhi "Muna rasa yaƙin zukata da tunanin majiyyatan mu zuwa gidajen yanar gizon mu..."[73] yana haɓaka hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na likitanci. Harriet Hall yana ganin nau'in "hakuri na statin" wanda ya fara daga da'awar ilimin kimiyya zuwa rashin fa'ida na fa'ida da wuce gona da iri, duk wannan ya saba wa shaidar kimiyya.[74]

Ƙin cutar tabin hankali[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Inkarin cutar tabin hankali ko kuma inkarin rashin hankali shine inda mutum ya musanta samuwar tabin hankali[75]. Duka manyan manazarta,[76] [77]da kuma ƙungiyoyin kimiya na ƙiyayya[75] suna tambayar kasancewar wasu cututtuka. Wasu tsirarun masu bincike na ƙwararru suna ganin cututtuka irin su baƙin ciki ta fuskar al'adar zamantakewa kuma suna jayayya cewa maganinta shine gyara matsala a cikin al'umma, ba a cikin kwakwalwar mutum ba.[77] Wasu mutane kuma na iya musun cewa suna da tabin hankali bayan an gano su, wasu manazarta suna ganin cewa wannan inkari yakan tashi ne ta hanyar rauni na narcissistic[78]. Ƙungiyoyin anti-psychiatry irin su Scientology suna haɓaka rashin lafiyar tabin hankali ta hanyar samun wasu hanyoyin da za su bi don ilimin hauka.[75]

Inkarin zabe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Musanta zabe karya ce watsi da sakamakon sahihin zabe. Stacey Abrams ta musanta zaɓen gwamna na 2018 a Jojiya “zaɓe ne na gaskiya da adalci” kuma ya kashe dala miliyan 22 a cikin ƙarar “ba a yi nasara sosai ba.[79] A cikin Amurka yayin 2022, ana ci gaba da satar ka'idar makirci game da zaben shugaban kasa na 2020.

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Negationism na tarihi, musun gaskiyar tarihi da aka yarda da ita, babban abin damuwa ne tsakanin masana tarihi kuma galibi ana amfani da su don gurbata[80][81] ko kuma karkatar da abubuwan tarihi da aka yarda da su. A yunƙurin sake fasalin abubuwan da suka gabata, an bambanta masu adawa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun da ba za a yarda da su ba a cikin maganganun tarihi da suka dace, kamar gabatar da takaddun jabun da aka sani a matsayin na gaske, ƙirƙira ƙwararrun ƙwararru amma dalilan da ba za a iya yarda da su ba don ƙin yarda da ingantattun takardu, suna danganta ƙarshe ga littattafai da tushe waɗanda ke ba da rahoton akasin haka. , yin amfani da jerin ƙididdiga don tallafawa ra'ayi da aka bayar, da kuma karkatar da rubutu da gangan.[82].

Wasu kasashe, kamar Jamus, sun haramta sake fasalin wasu al'amura na tarihi, yayin da wasu ke daukar matakin taka tsantsan saboda wasu dalilai, kamar kare 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Wasu kuma suna ba da izinin ra'ayi na rashin amincewa, kamar California, inda aka hana yara makaranta koyo game da kisan kiyashin California.[83][84]

Inkarin kisan kiyashin Armeniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Musanya kisan kiyashin Armeniya ita ce da'awar cewa Daular Ottoman da jam'iyyarta mai mulki, wato Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), ba su yi kisan kiyashi ga 'yan kasar Armeniya ba a lokacin yakin duniya na daya - wani laifi da aka rubuta a cikin manyan shaidu kuma ya tabbatar da shi. mafi rinjayen malamai[85][86]. Masu laifin sun musanta kisan kiyashin a yayin da suke aiwatar da shi, suna masu ikirarin cewa Armeniyawa a daular Usmaniyya an sake tsugunar da su saboda dalilai na soji, ba wai an kashe su ba. A sakamakon kisan kiyashin da aka yi, an lalata wasu takardu da aka tsara bisa tsari, kuma kin amincewa ya kasance manufar kowace gwamnati ta Jamhuriyar Turkiyya, tun daga shekarar 2023, sannan Jamhuriyar Azarbaijan ta karbe shi tun daga shekarar 1991.

Aron hujjojin da CUP ta yi amfani da su wajen tabbatar da ayyukanta, kin amincewa da kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Armeniya ya dogara ne a kan zaton cewa “matsawar” Armeniyawa wani mataki ne na halal na kasa don mayar da martani ga wani bore na gaske ko na Armeniyawa wanda ya yi barazana ga wanzuwar daular a lokacin yaki. . Masu karyatawa sun ce CUP na da niyyar sake tsugunar da Armeniyawa maimakon kashe su. Suna da'awar cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu ya wuce gona da iri ko kuma suna danganta mutuwar da wasu dalilai, kamar yakin basasa da ake zargin, cuta, rashin kyawun yanayi, jami'an 'yan damfara, ko kungiyoyin Kurdawa da baragurbi. Masanin tarihi Ronald Grigor Suny ya taqaita babbar gardamar da cewa: “Ba a yi kisan kare dangi ba, kuma Armeniyawa ne suka aikata laifin”[87]. Musu yawanci yana tare da "kalmomin ha'incin Armeniya, zalunci, aikata laifuka, da kishin yanki"[88]

Daya daga cikin muhimman dalilan da suka sa aka musanta hakan shi ne kisan gillar da aka yi ya ba da damar kafa kasar Turkiyya. Ganewa zai ci karo da tatsuniyoyi na kafa Turkiyya[89]. Tun daga shekarun 1920, Turkiyya ta yi aiki don hana amincewa da kisan kiyashin a hukumance ko ma ambatonsa a wasu kasashe; wadannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da miliyoyin daloli da aka kashe wajen fafutuka, ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin bincike, da tsoratarwa da barazana. Har ila yau rashin amincewa ya shafi manufofin gida na Turkiyya kuma ana koyar da su a makarantun Turkiyya; Wasu ‘yan kasar Turkiyya da suka amince da kisan kiyashin sun fuskanci shari’a saboda “cin mutuncin Turkiyya”. Yunkurin da gwamnatin Turkiyya ta yi na karyata kisan kiyashin da aka kwashe tsawon karni na yi ya sanya ta bambanta da sauran al'amuran da suka shafi kisan kiyashi a tarihi.[90]

Ita ma Azerbaijan ta musanta kisan kiyashin da ake yi na nuna adawa da amincewarta a duniya. Galibin 'yan kasar Turkiyya da jam'iyyun siyasa a Turkiyya na goyon bayan manufofin gwamnatin kasar. Inkarin kisan kiyashin na taimaka wa rikicin Nagorno-Karabakh da kuma cin zarafin Kurdawa a Turkiyya. Kuri'ar 2014 na mutane 1500 da EDAM, cibiyar tuntuba ta Turkiyya ta gudanar, ya nuna cewa kashi 9 cikin 100 na 'yan kasar Turkiyya sun amince da kisan kare dangi.[91][92]

Inkarin Holocaust[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙin Holocaust yana nufin ƙaryata kisan kiyashin da Nazis suka yi wa Yahudawa miliyan 5 zuwa 6 a Turai a lokacin yakin duniya na 2. Yana da ainihin aikin da ba daidai ba wanda ya hana tabbatar da kwarewa ko wani abu na tarihi."[93] A cikin wannan mahallin, kalmar. wani bangare ne na inkarin kisan kare dangi, wanda wani nau'i ne na inkarin siyasa.[94]

Nakba musunta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Inkarin Nakba yana nufin yunƙurin rage daraja, ƙaryatawa da kuma kwatanta tsarkake ƙabilanci da aka yi wa Falasɗinawa a lokacin Nakba.[95] [96] [97]inda aka kori kashi huɗu cikin biyar na dukkan Falasɗinawa daga ƙasashensu da gudun hijira.

Kisan kisa na Srebrenica[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sonja Biserko, shugabar kwamitin Helsinki mai kula da ‘yancin ɗan adam a Sabiya, da Edina Bečirević, tsangayar laifuffuka, da binciken laifuka da na jami’ar Sarajevo, sun yi nuni da wata al’ada ta ƙaryata kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Srebrenica a cikin al’ummar Serbia, wanda ya ɗauki salo da yawa. da kuma gabatar da su musamman a cikin maganganun siyasa, kafofin watsa labarai, doka da tsarin ilimi.[98]

Magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inkari&oldid=415236"