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Kayan miya

Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
kayan miya
food group (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na cultivated edible plant (en) Fassara, plant-based food (en) Fassara, kayan haɗin abinci da vegetables and gourds (except potatoes) (en) Fassara
Bangare na fruits and vegetables (en) Fassara
Kayan haɗi cultigen (en) Fassara
Karatun ta Ilimin kimiyyar noma da ethnobiology (en) Fassara
Hashtag (mul) Fassara vegetables da vegetable
Kayan lambu a kasuwa a cikin Filipinas
tumatur
kayan miya

Kayan lambu sune sassan tsire-tsire waɗanda mutane ko wasu dabbobi ke cinsu a matsayin abinci. Ana kuma amfani da ma'anar asali har yanzu ana amfani da shi ga tsire-tsire tare don alaqa da duk abubuwan da ake amfani da shi na tsire-tsire, ciki har da furanni, 'ya'yan itatuwa, mai tushe, ganye, tushen da tsaba. Ana kuma amfani da muhimmin ma'anar kalmar kayan lambu da yar tsaye ba bisa ka'ida ba. Galibi al'adun gargajiya da al'adun gargajiya. Yana Kuma iya ware kayan abinci da aka samo daga wasu tsire-tsire wadanda suka kasance 'ya'yan itace, furanni, kwayoyi, da hatsi na hatsi, amma sun haɗa da' ya'yan itaciyar kamar tumatir da courgettes, furanni kamar su broccoli, da tsaba kamar su.

Asalinsu, an tattara kayan lambu daga daji daga mafarautan kuma suka shiga namo a yawancin sassan duniya, watakila a cikin lokacin dubu goma 10,000 zuwa dubu bakwai 7,000 BC, lokacin da sabon hanyar aikin gona ya bunkasa. Da farko, za a iya shuka ciyawar da ta girma a cikin gida, amma yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, ciniki ya kawo kayan amfanin gona daga wani wuri don kara wa nau'in gida. A zamanin yau, yawancin kayan lambu suna girma a duk duniya kamar yadda izinin yanayi, kuma ana iya noma amfanin gona a cikin wurare masu kariya a wurare marasa dacewa. Kasar Sin ita ce mafi girma wajen samar da kayan lambu, kuma kasuwancin duniya a cikin kayan aikin gona yana ba masu amfani damar sayen kayan lambu da aka shuka a cikin ƙasashe masu nisa. Gwargwadon samarwa ya bambanta daga manoma mai wadatar abinci wanda ke wadatar da bukatun danginsu don abinci, zuwa matsanancin wahala na amfanin gona guda. Ya danganta da nau'in kayan lambu da ake damuwa, girbin amfanin gonar yana biyo bayan grading, adanawa, sarrafawa da tallatawa.

Za'a iya cin kayan lambu ko dai a dafa shi ko a daka Ko Aci hakanan kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abincin dan adam, yana da yawanci mai mai yawa da kwayar carbohydrates, amma yana da yawa a cikin bitamin, ma'adanai da fiber na abin da ake ci. Yawancin masana ilimin abinci suna karfafa mutane don cin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari da yawa, kashi biyar ko sama da haka a kullun ana ba da shawarar su.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Domestic vegetable garden in London

Kafin zuwan noma, mutane 'yan farauta ne. Sun tsorata don 'ya'yan itace da ake ci, kwayoyi, mai tushe, ganyayyaki, corms, da kuma karar, sun tsoratar da dabbobin da suka mutu da wadanda ke rayuwa don neman abinci. Tsarin gandun daji a cikin share gandun dajin yana zaton shine farkon misalin aikin gona; An gano nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu amfani kuma an ƙarfafa su don haɓaka yayin da aka cire nau'ikan da ba a ke so. Shuka shuka ta hanyar zaɓar nau'ikan kyawawan halaye kamar su 'ya'yan itace babba da hadaka mai ƙarfi nan da nan. Yayin da aka samo tabbaci na farko game da ciyawar ciyawa kamar alkama da sha'ir a cikin Tsarin Tsira a Gabas ta Tsakiya, da alama mutane da yawa a duniya sun fara shuka amfanin gona a cikin dubu goma 10,000 zuwa dubu bakwai 7,000 BC. Tallafin aikin gona ya ci gaba har zuwa yau, tare da manoma da yawa na karkara a Afirka, Asiya, Kudancin Amurka, da sauran wurare suna amfani da filayen filayensu don samar da isasshen abinci ga iyalansu, yayin da kowane irin kayan abinci yake amfani da shi don musayar wasu kayayyaki.

kayan miyan lambu

Dukkanin tarihin da aka rubuta, attajirai sun sami damar wadatar abinci da dama da suka haɗa da nama, kayan marmari da 'ya'yan itace, to amma ga talakawa, nama ya kasance abin alatu kuma abincin da suka ci ya zama maras wahala, galibi yana ƙunshe da kayan abinci da aka yi da shinkafa, hatsin rai , sha'ir, alkama, gero ko masara. Additionarin kayan lambu ya samar da wasu iri-iri ga abincin. Babban abincin Aztecs da ke Amurka ta Tsakiya shine masara kuma sun noma tumatir, avocados, wake, barkono, kabewa, kuɓewa, gyada, da kuma ƙwayar amaranth don kara azama da kwayoyin su. A cikin Peru, Incas ya dogara da masara a kananan kwari da dankali a tsaunuka masu yawa. Sun kuma yi amfani da tsaba daga quinoa, suna inganta abincinsu da barkono, tumatir, da avocados.

A tsohuwar ƙasar Sin, shinkafa ita ce babbar ciyawar a kudu kuma alkama a arewaci, ƙarshen da aka yi shi cikin magudanar abinci, noodles, da masara. Kayan lambu da ke biye da waɗannan sun haɗa da yummu, waken soya, wake da yawa, guna, albasa mai yadu, da tafarnuwa. Abincin tsohuwar Masarawa ta samo asali ne daga burodi, galibi yana gurɓata da yashi wanda yake hana haƙoransu. Nama ya kasance mai wadatarwa amma kifi ya fi yawa. Wadannan kayan sun hada da kayan marmari da dama da suka hada da marmara, wake mai yawa, lentil, albasa, leas, tafarnuwa, radishes, da letas.

Babban abincin tsohuwar Girka shine gurasa, kuma wannan yana tattare da cukuwan akuya, zaitun, fig, kifi, da kuma lokaci-lokaci nama. kayan lambu sun hada da albasa, tafarnuwa, alkama, guna, da lentil. A cikin tsohuwar Roma, an sanya garin shinkafa mai kauri irin alkama ko wake, tare da kayan lambu amma kananan nama, da kifi ba su da daraja. Romawa sun girma wake masu yawa, gyada, albasa da toyaran ci kuma sun ci ganyen beets maimakon asalinsu.

Wasu kayan marmari na yau da kullun

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Some common vegetables
Image Species Parts used Origin Cultivars Kayan duniya

(×106 tons, 2012)[1]

Brassica oleracea leaves, axillary buds, stems, flower heads Europe cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, kohlrabi,

red cabbage, Savoy cabbage, Chinese broccoli, collard greens

70.1
Brassica rapa root, leaves Asia turnip, Chinese cabbage, napa cabbage, bok choy
Raphanus sativus root, leaves, seed pods, seed oil, sprouting Southeastern Asia radish, daikon, seedpod varieties
Daucus carota root, leaves, stems Persia carrot 36.9[n 1]
Pastinaca sativa root Eurasia parsnip
Beta vulgaris root, leaves Europe and Near East beetroot, sea beet, Swiss chard, sugar beet
Lactuca sativa leaves, stems, seed oil Egypt lettuce, celtuce 24.9
Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus coccineusPhaseolus lunatus pods, seeds Central and South America green bean, French bean, runner bean, haricot bean, Lima bean 44.6[n 2]
Vicia faba pods, seeds Mediterranean and Middle East broad bean
Pisum sativum pods, seeds, sprouts Mediterranean and Middle East pea, snap pea, snow pea, split pea 28.9[n 2]
Solanum tuberosum tubers South America potato 365.4
Solanum melongena fruits South and East Asia eggplant (aubergine) 48.4
Solanum lycopersicum fruits South America tomato, see list of tomato cultivars 161.8
Cucumis sativus fruits Southern Asia cucumber, see list of cucumber varieties 65.1
Cucurbita spp. fruits, flowers Mesoamerica pumpkin, squash, marrow, zucchini (courgette), gourd 24.6
Allium cepa bulbs, leaves Asia onion, spring onion, scallion, shallot, see list of onion cultivars 87.2[n 2]
Allium sativum bulbs Asia garlic 24.8
Allium ampeloprasum leaf sheaths Europe and Middle East leek, elephant garlic 21.7
Capsicum annuum fruits North and South America pepper, bell pepper, sweet pepper 34.5[n 2]
Spinacia oleracea leaves Central and southwestern Asia spinach 21.7
Dioscorea spp. tubers Tropical Africa yam 59.5
Ipomoea batatas tubers, leaves, shoots Central and South America sweet potato, see list of sweet potato cultivars 108.0
Manihot esculenta tubers South America cassava 269.1
  1. ↑ Includes both carrots and turnips.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Productions of dry and green vegetables added up.

Abincin gina jiki da lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kayan lambu (da wasu fruitan itace) na siyarwa a kan titi a Guntur, Indiya

Kayan lambu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abincin mutane. Yawancinsu suna da ƙarancin mai da adadin kuzari amma sun yi yawa kuma suna cikewa. Suna samar da fiber na abinci kuma sune tushen mahimmancin bitamin, ma'adanai, da abubuwan da aka gano.[2] Musamman mahimmanci sune bitamin antioxidant A, C, da E. Lokacin da aka hada kayan lambu a cikin abincin, an sami raguwar cutar kansa, bugun jini, cututtukan zuciya, da sauran cututtukan cututtukan fata.[3][4] Bincike ya nuna cewa, idan aka kwatanta da mutane wadanda ke ci kasa da uku na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari a kowace rana, wadanda ke cin abinci sama da sau biyar, suna da kusan kashi ashirin cikin kananan hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya ko bugun jini. Abubuwan da ke cikin abinci mai mahimmanci na kayan lambu sun bambanta da yawa; wasu suna dauke da kwayoyin furotin masu amfani kodayake yawanci suna dauke da mai mai yawa,[5] da abubuwa masu yawa dabam dabam kamar su Vitamin A, Vitamin K, da Vitamin B6; maganin zalunci; ma'adinai na abinci; da kuma carbohydrates.[6][7]

Koyaya, kayan lambu sau da yawa ma suna da gubobi da antinutrients wadanda ke tsoma baki tare da daukar abubuwan gina jiki. Wadannan sun hada da α-solanine, α-chaconine, enzyme inhibitors (na cholinesterase, protease, amylase, da sauransu), cyanide da kuma abubuwan kirar cyanide, oxalic acid, tannins da sauransu. kwari, da masu farauta da fungi wadanda zasu iya kai hari ga shuka. Wasu wake suna dauke da phytohaemagglutinin, kuma tushen roba yana dauke da glycoside cyanogenic kamar yadda ake yin harbe-harbe. Wadannan gubobi ana iya kashe su ta hanyar girkin da ya dace. Ganyen dankali ya kunshi glycoalkaloids kuma ya kamata a guji shi.

'Ya'yan itace da kayan marmari, musamman kayan lambu, an shanye su a cikin kusan rabin cututtukan gastrointestinal da ke haifar da noroirus a Amurka. Wadannan abinci ana cin abinci da yawa kankani ne kuma mai yiwuwa ya kazantu yayin shirye-shiryen abincin da ke dauke da cutar. Tsabtacewa yana da mahimmanci yayin sarrafa abinci da za a ci da shi, kuma irin wadannan samfuran suna bukatar tsabtace da kyau, sarrafa su, da adana su don iyakance gurbataccen aiki.[8][9][10][11]

Shawara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Vegetable consumption per capita in 2013[12]

Hukumar ka'idodin Abinci na USDA na Amurkawa sun ba da shawarar cin abinci guda biyar zuwa tara na 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari a kullum.[13] Jimlar adadin da ake cinyewa zai bambanta dangane da shekaru da jinsi, kuma an ƙaddara shi bisa daidaitattun girman rabo da aka saba cinyewa, da kuma abubuwan gina jiki gabaɗaya. Ba a haɗa dankali a cikin kirgawa saboda galibi masu samar da sitaci ne. Ga mafi yawan kayan lambu da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, abinci ɗaya shine rabin kofi kuma ana iya ci danye ko dafa shi. Ga ganyen ganye, irin su latas da alayyahu, abinci guda ɗaya yawanci kofi ne.[14] Ya kamata a zabi nau'o'in kayayyaki kamar yadda babu 'ya'yan itace ko kayan lambu da ke samar da dukkanin sinadarai da ake bukata don lafiya.[15]

Production

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Noma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Growing vegetables in South Africa

Kayan lambu sun kasance wani ɓangare na abincin ɗan adam tun a tarihi. Wasu abinci ne masu mahimmanci amma yawancin kayan abinci ne na kayan abinci, suna ƙara nau'o'in abinci tare da dandano na musamman kuma a lokaci guda, suna ƙara kayan abinci masu mahimmanci ga lafiya. Wasu kayan lambu suna da yawa amma yawancin shekara-shekara ne da biennials, yawanci ana girbe su a cikin shekara ɗaya na shuka ko dasa. Duk wani tsarin da ake amfani da shi wajen noman amfanin gona, noman yana bin irin wannan tsari; shirya ƙasa ta hanyar sassauta shi, cirewa ko binne ciyawa, da ƙara taki ko taki; shuka iri ko dasa tsire-tsire matasa; kula da amfanin gona yayin da yake girma don rage gasar ciyayi, magance kwari, da samar da isasshen ruwa; girbin amfanin gona lokacin da ya shirya; rarrabuwa, adanawa, da tallata amfanin gona ko cin sabo daga ƙasa.[16]

Weeding cabbages in Colorado, US

A kan sikelin cikin gida, spade, cokali mai yatsa, da fartanya kayan aikin zaɓi ne yayin da a kan gonakin kasuwanci ana samun kewayon kayan aikin injiniya. Bayan tarakta, waɗannan sun haɗa da garma, harrows, drills, masu dasawa, masu noma, kayan ban ruwa, da masu girbi. Sabbin dabaru suna canza hanyoyin noma da ke tattare da shuka kayan lambu tare da tsarin sa ido na kwamfuta, masu gano GPS, da shirye-shiryen sarrafa kai don injunan marasa direba suna ba da fa'idodin tattalin arziki.[17]

Girbi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Harvesting beetroot in the United Kingdom

Idan aka girbe kayan lambu, ana yanke shi daga tushen ruwa da abinci. Yana ci gaba da fitowa kuma yana rasa danshi yayin da yake yin haka, tsarin da aka fi sani a cikin bushewar kayan lambu masu kore. Girbi tushen kayan lambu lokacin da suka girma yana inganta rayuwarsu ta ajiya, amma a madadin haka, ana iya barin waɗannan tushen amfanin gona a cikin ƙasa kuma a girbe su na tsawon lokaci. Tsarin girbi yakamata ya nemi rage lalacewa da rauni ga amfanin gona. Za a iya shanya albasa da tafarnuwa na ’yan kwanaki a gona kuma amfanin gona kamar dankalin turawa suna cin gajiyar ɗan gajeren lokacin girma a cikin yanayi mai dumi da ɗanɗano, a lokacin raunukan suna warkewa kuma fata ta yi kauri ta yi tauri. Kafin kasuwa ko adanawa, ana buƙatar yin grading don cire kayan da suka lalace da zaɓen kayan amfanin gona gwargwadon ingancinsa, girmansa, girmarsa, da launinsa.[18]

Adana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk kayan lambu suna amfana daga kulawar da ta dace bayan girbi. Yawancin kayan lambu da abinci masu lalacewa suna ɓacewa bayan girbi a lokacin ajiya. Wannan asarar na iya kaiwa kashi talatin zuwa hamsin cikin dari a kasashe masu tasowa inda babu isassun wuraren ajiyar sanyi. Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da asara sun haɗa da lalacewa ta hanyar danshi, gyaggyarawa, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, da kwari.[19]

Temporary storage of potatoes in the Netherlands

Adana na iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci ko na dogon lokaci. Yawancin kayan lambu suna lalacewa kuma ajiyar ɗan gajeren lokaci na ƴan kwanaki suna ba da sassauci a cikin tallace-tallace. A lokacin ajiya, kayan lambu masu ganye suna rasa danshi, kuma bitamin C a cikin su yana raguwa da sauri. Wasu ƴan samfurori irin su dankali da albasa suna da kyawawan halaye kuma ana iya siyar da su idan ana samun farashi mai yawa, kuma ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin tallace-tallace, ana iya siyar da yawan amfanin gona. Idan ba a sami ajiya mai sanyi ba, fifiko ga yawancin amfanin gona shi ne adana kayan amfanin gona masu inganci, da kiyaye yanayin zafi mai yawa, da kuma kiyaye amfanin gona a cikin inuwa.[20]

Matsayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) tana tsara ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa don tabbatar da cewa samfura da ayyuka suna da aminci, abin dogaro, kuma masu inganci. Akwai ma'auni da yawa na ISO dangane da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari.[21] TS EN ISO 1991-1: 1982 ya lissafa sunayen tsirrai na nau'ikan tsire-tsire sittin da daya da aka yi amfani da su azaman kayan lambu tare da sunayen gama gari na kayan lambu a cikin Ingilishi, Faransanci, da Rashanci.[22] ISO 67.080.20 ya ƙunshi ajiya da jigilar kayan lambu da samfuran da aka samu.[23]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "FAOSTAT Query page". Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2015-09-16. Aggregate data: may include official, semi-official or estimated data
  2. ↑ "Vegetables". www.myplate.gov. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
  3. ↑ Terry, Leon (2011). Health-Promoting Properties of Fruits and Vegetables. CABI. pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-1-84593-529-0.
  4. ↑ Büchner, Frederike L.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas; Ros, Martine M.; Overvad, Kim; Dahm, Christina C.; Hansen, Louise; Tjønneland, Anne; Clavel-Chapelon, Françoise; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine (2010-09-01). "Variety in fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of lung cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 19 (9): 2278–86. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0489. ISSN 1538-7755. PMID 20807832.
  5. ↑ Li, Thomas S.C. (2008). Vegetables and Fruits: Nutritional and Therapeutic Values. CRC Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-4200-6873-3.
  6. ↑ "What teeth reveal about the lives of modern humans". What teeth reveal about the lives of modern humans (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-16.
  7. ↑ Boughner, Julia (9 November 2018). "Bad molars? The origins of wisdom teeth". The Conversation (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-16.
  8. ↑ https://www.dw.com/image/16687924_303.jpg
  9. ↑ https://img-global.cpcdn.com/recipes/1e0a6c6e233cc83d/751x532cq70/yankakun-kayan-miya-da-kayan-lambu-ainihin-hoton-girkin.jpg
  10. ↑ https://www.vegetables.co.nz/vegetables-a-z/
  11. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3VMhj6LkKI
  12. ↑ "Vegetable consumption per capita". Our World in Data. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  13. ↑ Fabulous fruits... versatile vegetables. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
  14. ↑ "What is a serving?". American Heart Association. 2014-12-18. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
  15. ↑ "Vegetables and Fruits". Harvard School of Public Health. 2012-09-18. Retrieved 2015-09-14.
  16. ↑ Brickell, Christopher, ed. (1992). The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 303–08. ISBN 978-0-86318-979-1.
  17. ↑ Field, Harry; Solie, John (2007). Introduction to Agricultural Engineering Technology: A Problem Solving Approach. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-36915-0.
  18. ↑ Dixie, Grahame (2005). "8. Post-harvest handling: Storage". Horticultural Marketing. FAO. Retrieved 2015-03-21.
  19. ↑ Garg & Prakash; Garg, H.P. (2000). Solar Energy: Fundamentals and Applications. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-07-463631-2.
  20. ↑ Kohli, Pawanexh (2008) "Why Cold Chain for Vegetables" in Fruits and Vegetables Post-Harvest Care: The Basics Archived 2020-11-03 at the Wayback Machine. Crosstree Techno-visors
  21. ↑ "ISO - 67.080 - Fruits. Vegetables". www.iso.org. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  22. ↑ "ISO 1991-1:1982: Vegetables – Nomenclature". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
  23. ↑ "67.080.20: Vegetables and derived products". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
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