Kididdigar masu fitar da hayaki

kididdigar (ko kididdiga masu fitar da hayaki ) lissafin adadin gurbataccen abu ne da aka fitar a cikin yanayi . Kirar kira yawanci tana kunshe da jimillar hayaki daya ko fiye da kayyadaddun iskar gas ko gurbataccen iska, Kuma wanda ya samo asali daga duk nau'ikan tushe a cikin wani yanki na yanki da cikin kayyadadden lokaci, yawanci shekara ta musamman.

Gaba daya kididdige kirkira ana siffanta shi da abubuwa masu zuwa:

Me yasa : Nau'in ayyukan da ke haifar da hayaki
Abin da : Sinadari ko ainihin zahiri na gurbatattun abubuwan da aka hada, da adadinsu
Inda : Yankin yanki da aka rufe
Lokacin : Lokacin lokacin da ake kididdige fitar da hayaki
Ta yaya : Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita

An tattara abubuwan kirkira don aikace-aikacen kimiyya duka da kuma amfani da su a cikin tsarin manufofin.

Amfani[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fitowar hayaki da sakewa ga muhalli sune farkon kowace matsala ta gurbacewar muhalli. Don haka bayani kan hayaki babban bukatu ne wajen fahimtar matsalolin muhalli da kuma lura da ci gaban da ake samu wajen magance wadannan. Kuma Kayayyakin kira suna ba da irin wannan bayanin.

An kirkira abubuwan kirkira don dalilai daban-daban:

Amfani da manufofin: ta masu tsara manufofin zuwa
- bibiyar ci gaban da aka samu zuwa ga makasudin rage fitar da iska
- inganta dabaru da manufofi ko
Amfani da Kimiyya : Masana kimiyya suna amfani da abubuwan kirkira na abubuwan da ke fitar da iskar dabi'a a matsayin abubuwan shigar da samfuran ingancin iska.

Amfani da manufofin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An bullo da fiye ko žasa nau'ikan tsare-tsaren bayar da rahoton masu zaman kansu:

Rahoton shekara-shekara na jimillar fitar da iskar gas da gurbataccen iska na kasa don amsa wajibai a karkashin yarjejeniyoyin kasa da Kasa; irin wannan nau'in rahoton fitar da hayaki yana da nufin sa ido kan ci gaban da aka amince da shi wajen rage yawan hayaki na kasa;
Rahoto na yau da kullun ta wuraren masana'antu guda daya don amsa wajibai na doka; irin wannan nau'in rahotannin fitar da hayaki an habaka shi ne don tallafawa sa hannun jama'a wajen yanke shawara. ^[1]

Misalai na farko su ne abubuwan da ake fitar da hayaki na shekara-shekara kamar yadda aka bayar da rahoto ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFCCC) ^[2] don iskar gas da kuma Yarjejeniyar UNECE kan gurbatar iska mai nisa mai tsayi (LRTAP) don gurbatar iska. A cikin Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta kasar Amurka ce ke buga kididdiga ta kasa kowace shekara. Ana kiran wannan kirga “National Emissions Inventory”, kuma ana iya samun shi a nan: [1]

Misalai na biyu su ne abin da ake kira Fitar da Rajistar Kira da Canja wurin .

Masu amfani da manufofin yawanci suna sha'awar jimillar hayakin shekara-shekara kawai.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

Amfanin kimiyya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuran ingancin iska suna bukatar shigarwa don bayyana duk tushen gurbataccen iska a yankin binciken. Abubuwan da ke fitar da iska suna ba da irin wannan bayanin. Sanna Kuma Dangane da kudurin sararin samaniya da na dan lokaci na kirar, kudurin sararin samaniya da na dan lokaci na abubuwan kirkira akai-akai dole ne a karu fiye da abin da ake samu daga abubuwan kirkira na Kasa kamar yadda aka ruwaito ga yarjejeniyoyin kasa da Kasa.

Tari[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ga kowane dayan gurbataccen abu a cikin abubuwan da ake fitarwa ana kididdige su ta hanyar ninka karfin kowane aikin da ya dace ('kimar aiki') a cikin yanki na yanki da tsawon lokaci tare da karancin dogaro mai kazanta akai-akai (' sabawar fitarwa ').

Me ya sa: tushen nau'ikan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Don tattara kaya mai fitar da hayaki, dole ne a gano da kididdige duk tushen abubuwan da suka gurbata. Sanna Kuma Abubuwan da ake yawan amfani da su akai-akai sune

wadanda Kungiyar Kwararrun ( IPCC ) ta bayyana a cikin 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Archived 2008-03-31 at the Wayback Machine Gas Inventories kuma mafi kwanan nan 2006 Jagoran IPCC don Kayayyakin Gas na Greenhouse na kasa
wadanda aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar UNECE kan gurbacewar iska mai iyaka (LRTAP); kwanan nan Yarjejeniyar LRTAP ta amince da rarrabuwar tushe wanda ya yi daidai da na IPCC, don maye gurbin Karin fasahar da aka daidaita daidaitattun Nomenclature for Air Pollutants (SNAP) da aka yi amfani da shi har zuwa shekarata 2005.

Dukansu nau'ikan tushe suna bayyani sarai tsakanin hanyoyin da ke da alaka da konewar (burbushin man fetur) da wadanda ba konewa ke haifar da su ba. Kuma A mafi yawan lokuta takamaiman man da aka kone a cikin tsohon ana Kara shi zuwa ma'anar tushe. Rukunin tushen sun hada da:

Makamashi
1. Konewar mai
  1. Konewa a tsaye
    1. Konewar masana'antu
    2. dumama wurin zama
  2. Konewar wayar hannu (transport)
2. Fitowar da ake fitarwa daga (burbushin) amfani mai
Hanyoyin Masana'antu
Solvent da sauran amfani da samfur
Noma
LULUCF (Amfani da Kasa, Canjin Amfani da Kasa da Dazuka)
Sharar gida

Yawancin masu bincike da ayyukan bincike suna amfani da rarrabuwar tushen tushen kansu, wani lokacin bisa ko dai IPCC ko nau'ikan tushen SNAP, amma a mafi yawan lokuta za a haɗa nau'ikan tushen da aka jera a sama.

Abin da: gurbataccen[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kirkira abubuwan kirkira kuma har yanzu ana habaka su don manyan kungiyoyi biyu na gurbataccen abu:

Gas na Greenhouse :
- Carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ),
- Methane (CH ₄ ),
- Nitrous oxide (N ₂ O) da
- Yawan Mahadar gaseous masu kyalli (HFCs, PFCs, SF ₆ )
- Sauran iskar gas, ba a hada su a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi ( UNFCCC )
Gurbacewar iska :
- Acidifying gurbatawa : sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ), nitrogen oxides (NO _x, hade da nitrogen monoxide, NO da nitrogen dioxide, NO ₂ ) da kuma ammonia (NH ₃ ).
- Photochemical smog precursors : sake nitrogen oxides da wadanda ba methane maras tabbas Organic mahadi (NMVOCs)
- Karfafawa da barna masu kima
- Guda masu guba kamar karafa masu nauyi da kuma gurbatattun kwayoyin halitta
- Carbon monoxide (CO)

Inda: kudurin yanki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawanci kayan kirkira na kasa suna ba da bayanai da aka takaita a cikin kasa kawai. A wasu lokuta ana samun Karin bayani akan manyan rijiyoyin masana'antu ('spoint source'). Har ila yau, ana kiran tambura maki, shiyasa saboda ba duk hayaki ke fitowa daga tari ba. Sauran hanyoyin masana'antu sun hada da hayaki mai gudu, wadanda ba za a iya danganta su da kowane wurin sakin ba.

An tattara wasu kayan kirkira daga kananan hukumomi kamar jihohi da gundumomi (a cikin Amurka), wadanda zasu iya samar da Karin kudurin sararin samaniya.

A cikin aikace-aikacen kimiyya, inda ake bukatar kudurin mafi girma, bayanan yanki kamar yawan yawan jama'a, amfani da Kasa ko wasu bayanai na iya samar da kayan aiki don rarraba fitar da matakin kasa zuwa kudurin da ake bukata, Kuma daidai da kudurin yanki na samfurin.

Lokacin: kuduri na dan lokaci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hakazalika, masana'antun fitar da hayaki na kasa suna samar da jimillar hayaki a cikin wata takamaiman shekara, bisa kididdigar kasa. A wasu aikace-aikacen kirar ana bukatar mafi girman kuduri na dan lokaci, misali lokacin yin kirar matsalolin ingancin iska mai alaka da jigilar hanya. A irin wadannan lokuta ana iya amfani da bayanai akan karfin zirga-zirga masu dogaro da lokaci (awanni gaggawa, sannnan karshen mako da kwanakin aiki, yanayin tuki na lokacin rani da lokacin sanyi, da sauransu) don kafa kudurin dan lokaci mai girma da ake bukata.

Abubuwan kirkira da aka hada daga Ci gaba da saka idanu masu sakawa (CEMs) na iya samar da bayanan fitar da hayaki na sa'a.

Ta yaya: dabarar tattara kayan da ake fitarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai ta sabunta bugu na uku na littafin jagora a cikin shekarar 2007. Kwamitin UNECE/EMEP ne ya shirya littafin jagora akan Kayayyakin Kayayyaki da Hasashe kuma yana ba da cikakken jagora ga hanyoyin kirkira hayaki na yanayi. Musamman don Sufurin Hanya Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai tana ba da kudin COPERT 4, shirin software don kididdige hayaki wanda za a hada shi cikin kayan kirkira na kasa na shekara-shekara.

inganci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ingancin kayan da ake fitarwa ya dogara da amfani da shi. A cikin aikace-aikacen manufofin, Kuma kididdiga ya kamata ya bi duk abin da aka yanke shawara a karkashin yarjejeniyar da ta dace. Duka UNFCCC da LRTAP yarjejeniya suna bukatar kira don bin ka'idodin ingancin da ke kasa (duba ^[3] ):

Ma'auni	Bayani
m:	zato da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don kira ya kamata a bayyana su a fili don saukake kwafi da kimanta kididdiga ta masu amfani da bayanan da aka ruwaito. Bayyanar abubuwan kira yana da mahimmanci ga nasarar tsarin don sadarwa da la'akari da bayanai
Daidaitawa:	ya kamata kididdigar ta kasance daidai cikin ciki a cikin dukkan abubuwan da ke cikinta tare da kayan aikin wasu shekaru. Kididdiga ta kididdigewa idan aka yi amfani da hanyoyin iri daya don tushe da duk shekaru masu zuwa kuma idan an yi amfani da daidaitattun saitin bayanai don kididdige hayaki. Karkashin wasu yanayi da ake magana a cikin babin kan daidaiton jerin lokaci (Babin Daidaiton Lokaci na Babban Jagorar wannan Littafin Jagora), kididdiga ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na shekaru daban-daban za a iya la'akari da daidaito idan an sake kididdige shi a cikin sarari., la'akari da duk wani kyawawan ayyuka
Kwatanta:	kididdigar fitar da hayaki da }ungiyoyin ke bayar da rahoto a cikin kayayyaki ya kamata su yi kwatankwacinsu a tsakanin }ungiyoyin. Don wannan dalili, bangarorin ya kamata su yi amfani da hanyoyin da tsare-tsaren da aka amince da su a cikin yarjejeniyar don kididdigewa da ba da rahoton abubuwan kima.
Kammala:	Kididdigar kididdiga ta kunshi duk tushe, da duk abubuwan kazanta, wadanda aka hada a cikin Yarjejeniya da Ka'idoji, da kuma sauran nau'ikan tushen da suka dace wadanda ke kebance ga kungiyoyi daya, don haka kila ba za a hada su cikin Littafin Jagora ba. Cikakkun kuma yana nufin cikakken daukar hoto na tushe da nutsewar kungiya.
Daidaito:	ma'aunin dangi na ainihin kimar fitar da hayaki. Yakamata kididdigar ta zama daidai ta ma'anar cewa ba a kan tsari ba ko kuma ba a karkashin hayaki na gaskiya ba, gwargwadon yadda za a iya tantancewa, kuma ana rage rashin tabbas gwargwadon iya yiwuwa. Ya kamata a yi amfani da hanyoyin da suka dace wadanda suka dace da jagora kan ayyuka masu kyau don habaka daidaito a cikin kayayyaki

Ya kamata kayyadadden kayyadaddun kira ya hada da isassun takardu da sauran bayanai don baiwa masu karatu da masu amfani damar fahimtar zato da kuma tantance amfanin sa a cikin aikace-aikacen da aka yi niyya.

Duba wasu abubuwan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Fasali na fitarwa
Habakarwa & Hadin Bayanan Bayanai
Kayayyakin gas na Greenhouse

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

↑ UNECE Arhus Convention
↑ Greenhouse gas emission inventories can be found at the UNFCCC website at
↑ Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part I: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories (following incorporation of the provisions of decision 13/CP.9)

Hanyoyin hadi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwan kirkira na kasa na GhG da aka fitar a cikin 2019 (UNFCCC ta karba a cikin 2021)

Sources da Karin karatu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

[1] UNECE Arhus Convention

[2] Greenhouse gas emission inventories can be found at the UNFCCC website at

[3] Guidelines for the preparation of national communications by Parties included in Annex I to the Convention, Part I: UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories (following incorporation of the provisions of decision 13/CP.9)

[1]

[2]

[3]