Leonid Brezhnev
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Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev [ b ] [lower-alpha 1] (19 Disamba 1906 – 10 Nuwamba 1982) ɗan siyasa ne na Soviet wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet daga 1964 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1982. Ya kuma riƙe muƙamin Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Babban Soviet (shugaban ƙasa) daga 1960 zuwa 1964 sannan daga baya daga 1977 zuwa 1982. Wa'adinsa na Babban Sakatare kuma shugaban Tarayyar Soviet ya kasance na biyu bayan na Joseph Stalin a tsawon lokacin.
An haifi Leonid Brezhnev a cikin dangin ma'aikata a Kamenskoye a cikin Gundumar Yekaterinoslav ta Daular Rasha . Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba ya kafa Tarayyar Soviet, Brezhnev ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta jam'iyyar Kwaminis mai mulki a 1923 kafin ya zama memba na hukuma a 1929. Lokacin da Jamus ta Nazi ta mamaye Tarayyar Soviet a watan Yunin 1941, ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama a matsayin kwamishina kuma ya tashi cikin sauri zuwa matsayi don zama babban janar a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, an ɗaukaka Brezhnev zuwa Kwamitin Tsakiya na jam'iyyar a 1952 kuma ya zama cikakken memba na Politburo a 1957. A 1964, ya shiga cikin cire Nikita Khrushchev a matsayin shugaban Tarayyar Soviet kuma ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin Sakataren Farko na CPSU . Lokacin da aka hambarar da Khrushchev, Brezhnev ya kafa ƙungiya mai ƙarfi tare da Firayim Minista Alexei Kosygin da Sakataren CC Nikolai Podgorny waɗanda suka fara jagorantar ƙasar a madadin Khrushchev. [3] [4] A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ya yi nasarar haɗa iko don zama babban mutum a cikin shugabancin Soviet. [5] [6] [7]
A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, mulkin Brezhnev ya inganta matsayin Tarayyar Soviet a duniya yayin da yake daidaita matsayin jam'iyyar da ke mulki a gida. Yayin da Khrushchev ke aiwatar da manufofi akai-akai ba tare da tuntuɓar ofishin siyasa ba, Brezhnev ya yi taka tsantsan wajen rage rashin amincewa tsakanin manyan jam'iyyun ta hanyar cimma matsaya ta hanyar amincewa, ta haka ne ya dawo da kamannin shugabancin gama gari . Bugu da ƙari, yayin da yake ƙoƙarin samun nutsuwa tsakanin manyan ƙasashe biyu na Yaƙin Cacar Baki, ya cimma daidaito tsakanin makaman nukiliya da Amurka kuma ya ƙarfafa ikon Moscow akan Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai . Bugu da ƙari, yawan makamai da ƙasar ta tara da kuma tsoma bakin soja a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Brezhnev ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa tasirin Soviet a ƙasashen waje, musamman a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970, masu lura da jama'a da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa Tarayyar Soviet ta zarce Amurka ta zama babbar ƙarfin soja a duniya.
Akasin haka, shugabancin Brezhnev ya kuma shaida ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin danniya da takunkumi a duk faɗin Tarayyar Soviet idan aka kwatanta da shekarun sassaucin ra'ayi na Khrushchev Thaw . [8] A ƙarshe, ƙiyayyar Brezhnev ga gyare-gyaren siyasa da tattalin arziki ta haifar da zamanin koma bayan tattalin arziki da ake kira Zamanin Tsayawa . Baya ga cin hanci da rashawa da ya yaɗu a cikin ƙasar, wannan lokacin ya kasance da raguwar wadatar kayan masarufi da raguwar ci gaban tattalin arziki.
Bayan shekarar 1975, lafiyar Brezhnev ta tabarbare cikin sauri kuma ya ƙara janye kansa daga mulkin ƙasar duk da cewa ya ci gaba da riƙe madafun iko. Daga ƙarshe ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1982 kuma Yuri Andropov ya gaje shi a matsayin Babban Sakatare. Da ya hau mulki a shekarar 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev ya yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Brezhnev saboda rashin inganci da rashin sassauci kafin ya fara kamfen na ' yantar da Tarayyar Soviet. Duk da sukar manufofin gwamnatinsa a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, mulkin Brezhnev ya sami babban yabo a cikin kuri'un jama'a da aka gudanar a Rasha bayan Soviet.
Rayuwar farko da farkon aikin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]1906–1939: Asali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 1906 a Kamenskoye (yanzu Kamianske, Ukraine ) a cikin Gundumar Yekaterinoslav ta Daular Rasha ga ma'aikacin ƙarfe Ilya Yakovlevich Brezhnev (1874–1934) da matarsa, Natalia Denisovna Mazalova (1886–1975). [9] Mahaifinsa yana zaune a Brezhnevo, Gundumar Kursk, kafin ya koma Kamenskoye. Iyayen mahaifiyar Brezhnev sun fito ne daga Yenakieve . [10] An ba da ƙabilar Brezhnev a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Ukraine a wasu takardu, ciki har da fasfo ɗinsa, da kuma Rashanci a wasu. [3]
'Yar'uwar Brezhnev ta rubuta cewa a shekarar 1913, Brezhnev ya shiga makarantar coci . Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an shigar da shi makarantar nahawu. [9] Brezhnev ya bar Kamenskoe zuwa Kursk saboda yunwar 1921-1923 kuma ya sami aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya a wani masana'antar mai da girki . [9]
A shekarar 1923, Brezhnev ya shiga Komsomol, ƙungiyar matasa ta Bolshevik. Marubucin tarihin rayuwarsa Paul J. Murphy ya yi imanin cewa ya yi hakan ne saboda dalilai na aiki. [9] A wannan shekarar, Brezhnev ya yi rajista a wata kwaleji kuma bayan shekaru huɗu ya sami digiri a fannin kula da ƙasa . [9] Ya fara aiki shekara guda kafin kammala karatunsa, da farko a matsayin mai horo a Byelorussian SSR, kuma bayan ya sami takardar shaidar, a Gundumar Kursk sannan daga baya a Ural Oblast . [9] A lokacin aikinsa a can, Brezhnev ya nemi zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a 1929, inda ya shafe shekaru biyu a matsayin ɗan takara kafin ya zama cikakken memba na Jam'iyyar shekaru biyu bayan haka. [9] Brezhnev ya kai matsayin shugaban rajistar filaye na Sverdlovsk a 1930, amma ya bar shi bayan rabin shekara guda ya koma Moscow don yin rajista a Cibiyar Injinan Noma. Masanin tarihi Susanne Schattenberg ta yi hasashen cewa ya yi hakan ne don guje wa wuce gona da iri na tattara bayanai da Tarayyar Soviet ke yi a wancan lokacin. [9]
manazarta
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- ↑ Samfuri:Cite Collins Dictionary
- ↑ "Brezhnev". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- 1 2 Bacon 2002.
- ↑ Daniels 1998.
- ↑ McCauley 1997 "In October 1964, Brezhnev became First Secretary (renamed General Secretary in 1966) of the Party with Aleksei Kosygin taking over as USSR Prime Minister, and Nikolai Podgorny becoming Soviet President. Just as after Stalin's death there was a collective leadership but Brezhnev wanted to become boss. His opportunity came in 1968 when the Prague Spring developed to such an extent that it appeared that the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia might lose power. In August 1968 the Soviet Union and several of its allies intervened and began the process of 'normalisation'. Brezhnev, as Party leader, took prime position during the conflict because Czechoslovakia was a socialist country and therefore under the supervision of the Soviet Communist Party. Kosygin who had launched some useful reforms, was pushed aside as economic orthodoxy became the order of the day. He lacked the political guts to fight for primacy. By 1969, one can regard Brezhnev as top dog."
- ↑ Reynolds 2000 "...For several years after Khrushchev's demise [in 1964], power within the [Soviet] collective leadership remained both dispersed and balanced: Nikolai Podgorny, the hard-line head of state, dominated relations with Third World countries; Prime Minister Kosygin handled the economy and urged détente with the West; Brezhnev, the party secretary, looked after Eastern Europe, harping on the threat from Germany and the United States. Gradually, in the late 1960s, Brezhnev maneuvered his way into preeminence. Partly, like Stalin and Khrushchev before him, he used his control of the party apparatus to promote allies and topple enemies. But he also raised his profile by moving into the foreign-policy arena, stealing some of Kosygin's ideas while retaining his own reputation as a hard-liner on security. It was Brezhnev who put the new 'peace program' to the twenty-fourth party congress in April 1971. During the summer, Gromyko indicated that in future Nixon should write to Brezhnev, and not Kosygin, about foreign policy."
- ↑ Rigby 1989 "The record suggest that at least up to the late 1960s the power and authority of the new General Secretary were hardly adequate to ensure coherent and expeditious top-level decision-making. From about 1969 [Brezhnev's] primacy gradually became more evident and soon a 'cult' emerged embodying formulas that marked him out as clearly superordinated over the other party and state leaders. Gradually he succeeded in insinuating old cronies into high level posts and the first of them appeared in the top executive bodies. In 1977 Brezhnev was able to add to the General Secretaryship the post of President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, a post whose importance had been builty up in the preceding years. In his last years in office the 'cult' intensified and several more of his old associates were added to the top executive."
- ↑ Zubok 2009 "Both Stalinists and anti-Stalinists approved of Khrushchev's removal in October 1964. People who supported the Thaw and de-Stalinization believed that Khrushchev was a spent force and any future leadership would be better than his. Soon, however, they realized how wrong they were. The new guard in the Kremlin quickly terminated de-Stalinization from above. The majority of party leaders and ideologists did not like what they saw in the educated strata of society; growing individualism, creeping Westernism, popularity of American music and mass culture, growing pacifism, and pluralistic attitudes. Where the party ideologists failed, the KGB began to step in: a special division of Soviet secret police had the task of 'guiding' Soviet cultural and intellectual elites and 'shielding' them from 'harmful influences'...[¶]The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 substantiated the fears of the Soviet anti-Stalinist intelligentsia that the post-Khrushchev leadership might take the country in a neo-Stalinist direction. The crushing of the Prague Spring and its 'socialism with a human face' dashed the hopes of many educated Soviet patriots that the existing system could be reformed...[¶] Under Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet leadership abandoned reformist projects. It was content to live with the fossilized ideology and sought to repress cultural dissent and force its participants into exile and immigration."
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Schattenberg 2021.
- ↑ Brezhnev, Leonid (1981). "Воспоминания. Жизнь по заводскому гудку" [Memories: Life by the Factory Whistle]. Kommunist (in Rashanci): 13–14. ISSN 0131-1212. Archived from the original on 2025-01-20. Retrieved 2026-03-30.