Levonorgestrel
 Levonorgestrel | |
|---|---|
type of chemical entity (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
progesterone congener (en) , steroid (en) da norgestrel (en) |
| Amfani | magani |
| Stereoisomer of (en) |
dextronorgestrel (en) da (8S,9R,10S,13R,14R,17R)-13-ethyl-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one (en) |
| Sinadaran dabara | C₂₁H₂₈O₂ |
| Canonical SMILES (en) | CCC12CCC3C(C1CCC2(C#C)O)CCC4=CC(=O)CCC34 |
| Isomeric SMILES (en) | CC[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@@H](CCC4=CC(=O)CC[C@H]34)[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(O)C#C |
| World Health Organisation international non-proprietary name (en) | levonorgestrel |
| Medical condition treated (en) |
endometriosis (en) da adenomyosis (en) |
| Ta jiki ma'amala da |
progesterone receptor (en) |
| Subject has role (en) |
synthetic oral contraceptives (en) , female contraceptive agent (en) , female reproductive toxicant (en) , emergency contraception (en) da essential medicine (en) |
| NCI Thesaurus ID (en) | C47585 |
Levonorgestrel magani ne na hormonal wanda ake amfani dashi a yawancin hanyoyin hana haihuwa.[1] Ana hada shi da isrogen don yin hadin gwiwar maganin hana haihuwa.[2] A matsayin maganin hana haihuwa na gaggawa, ana siyar da shi ƙarƙashin alamar sunan Plan B da sauransu, yana da amfani a cikin sa'o'i 120 na jima'i mara kariya.[1] Yawancin lokacin da ya wuce tun lokacin jima'i, ƙananan maganin ya zama ƙasa da tasiri, kuma ba ya aiki bayan ciki (shigarwa) ya faru.[1] Yana rage yiwuwar daukar ciki da kashi 57 zuwa 93%.[3] A cikin na'urar intrauterine (IUD), irin su Mirena da sauransu, yana da tasiri don rigakafin dogon lokaci na ciki.[1] Hakanan ana samun shuka mai sakin levonorgestrel a wasu ƙasashe.[4]
Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da tashin zuciya, taushin ƙirji, ciwon kai, da ƙaruwa, raguwa, ko zubar jinin haila na yau da kullun.[1] Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman maganin hana haihuwa na gaggawa, idan ciki ya faru, babu wata shaida cewa amfani da shi yana cutar da jariri.[1] Yana da aminci don amfani yayin shayarwa. Tsarin haihuwa wanda ya ƙunshi levonorgestrel ba zai canza haɗarin cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta jima'i ba.[1] Yana da progestin kuma yana da tasiri kamar na hormone progesterone.[1] Yana aiki da farko ta hana ovulation da kuma rufe bakin mahaifa don hana wucewar maniyyi.[1]
Levonorgestrel an ba da izini a cikin 1960 kuma an gabatar da shi don amfanin likita tare da ethinylestradiol a cikin 1970.[5][6] Yana cikin Jerin Mahimman Magunguna na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.[7] Akwai shi azaman magani na gama-gari. Farashin farashi a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa tsakanin $0.23 da $1.65 US don adadin da ake buƙata don hana haihuwa na gaggawa.[8] A {asar Amirka, ana samun kulawar gaggawar haihuwa mai ɗauke da levonorgestrel akan ma'auni (OTC) na kowane shekaru.[9] A cikin 2016, shi ne na 223 mafi yawan magunguna a Amurka, tare da magunguna fiye da miliyan biyu.[10]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 "Progestins (Etonogestrel, Levonorgestrel, Norethindrone)". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2015-09-07. Retrieved Aug 21, 2015.
- ↑ Postgraduate Gynecology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub. 2011. p. 159. ISBN 9789350250822. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26.
- ↑ Gemzell-Danielsson, K (November 2010). "Mechanism of action of emergency contraception". Contraception. 82 (5): 404–9. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.05.004. PMID 20933113.
- ↑ "Chapter 1". Research on reproductive health at WHO : biennial report 2000-2001. Geneva: World health organization. 2002. ISBN 9789241562089. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26.
- ↑ Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 479. ISBN 9783527607495.
- ↑ Roth, Klaus (2014). Chemische Leckerbissen. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-3-527-33739-2.
[Levonorgestrel (24): The product generated by Smith's norgestrel total synthesis was a racemate, so half of each consisted of the left- and the right-handed enantiomer. Chemists at Schering discovered that only the levorotatory enantiomer was effective [49] and developed a biotechnological process for the preparation of the pure levorotatory enantiomer. This was the active ingredient levonorgestrel born. With the single-acting enantiomer, the dose and thus the liver burden could be halved again. The resulting Neogynon® contained 0.25 mg levonorgestrel and 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol and was introduced in 1970.]
- ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ↑ Hamilton, Richard J. (2014). Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2014 deluxe lab-pocket edition (15th ed.). Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 310–312. ISBN 9781284053999. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26.
- ↑ "FDA approves Plan B One-Step emergency contraceptive for use without a prescription for all women of child-bearing potential" (Press release). June 20, 2013. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
- ↑ "Levonorgestrel - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 11 April 2020.