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Ma'akacin Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli

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Jami'in kiwon lafiya na muhalli (EHO; wanda kuma ake kira likitan kiwon lafiya, EHP, ko mai binciken kiwon lafiya ta jama'a) mutum ne da ke da alhakin aiwatar da matakan kare lafiyar jama'a, [1] wanda ya haɗa da gudanarwa da aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi lafiyar muhalli da haɗarin tsaro.

EHOs suna da niyyar kiyaye ruwa, abinci, iska, ƙasa, wurare, da sauran halayen muhalli daidai da dokokin yankin. Suna sarrafa haɗarin kiwon lafiya, gami da na halitta, sunadarai, ko na zahiri ta hanyar amfani da dokar tsaro ta muhalli. EHOs suna magance abubuwan da ke rinjayar halayyar ɗan adam a waje da wurin aiki. Sabanin haka, abubuwan da ke faruwa a wurin aiki, kamar raunin da ke wurin aiki, jami'an tsaro da kiwon lafiya ne ke magance su.[2][3] Har ila yau, suna tantancewa da sarrafa abubuwan muhalli waɗanda zasu iya shafar kiwon lafiya don hana cututtuka da ƙirƙirar yanayin tallafin kiwon lafiya.[4]

Abubuwan da ke ƙayyade muhalli na kiwon lafiya, kamar iska, ruwa, da ingancin abinci, muhimman abubuwa ne a cikin lafiyar al'umma da jin daɗi gaba ɗaya. Masu dubawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar rage yawan cututtuka da sakamakonsu.

Ana horar da EHOs don kula da yanayi mai aminci da lafiya ga jama'a.[5] Hanyoyin aiki a wannan fagen na iya buƙatar digiri ko ƙarin horo da takaddun shaida, gami da binciken kiwon lafiya na jama'a, ci gaban manufofi, amsawar gaggawa, rigakafin cututtuka da sarrafawa, da inganta kiwon lafiya da ilimi.[6][7] EHOs suna da alhakin hanawa da magance haɗarin kiwon lafiya da kuma ilimantar da al'umma game da waɗannan haɗarin.

EHOs na iya zama sananne tare da microbiology, epidemiology, sunadarai, toxicology, kimiyyar muhalli, da kimiyyar abinci. Suna da ƙwarewa wajen bin diddigin da sarrafa cututtukan da ke yaduwa da kuma binciken abubuwan da suka faru na lafiyar muhalli.[8][9] Dole ne su saba da dokokin da suka dace da ka'idoji da suka shafi lafiyar jama'a da aminci a yankin su. A matsayin masu aiki, suna aiki tare da hukumomin gwamnati, kananan hukumomi, kamfanoni, da kungiyoyin al'umma don kare lafiyar jama'a. Dangane da takamaiman dokoki da ma'anoni a cikin ikonsu, likitocin kiwon lafiya na muhalli na iya zuwa wasu lakabi, gami da masanin kiwon lafiya, mai binciken kiwon lafiya ya jama'a, da jami'in kiwon lafiya. Wasu lakabi na tarihi don wannan rawar sun haɗa da mai binciken damuwa, mai tsabta, da mai binciken tsabta.[10]

Ma'aikatun kiwon lafiya na gida, jihohi, ko tarayya galibi suna amfani da masu kiwon lafiya da muhalli don ba da shawara da aiwatar da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya. Koyaya, mutane da yawa suna aiki a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sojoji, da sauran hukumomin sashi na uku kamar kungiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba.

Matsayi da alhakin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jami'an Lafiya na Muhalli suna da hannu a cikin:

  • Bincike da ayyukan tilasta
  • Shawarwarin kiwon lafiya da ilimi
  • Binciken cututtukan cututtuka da kuma kula da barkewar cutar
  • Horar da lafiyar abinci
  • Shirye-shiryen al'umma
  • Shirye-shiryen tsarin zubar da ruwa
  • Ka'idodin gidaje / binciken inganci da sarrafawa
  • Rigakafin kamuwa da cuta da sarrafawa (IPAC)
  • Shirye-shiryen gaggawa da aiwatarwa
  • Kula da hayaniya da sa ido kan ingancin iska
  • Lafiya da aminci a wurin aiki dubawa da sarrafawa
  • Kare ruwa da gwaji
  • Samfurin muhalli, bincike, da fassarar sakamako
  • Lasisin kula da al'umma
  • Inganta inganci

EHOs suna aiki ne daga sassan kiwon lafiya na gida, jihohi, ko tarayya, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sojoji, da hukumomin sashi na uku kamar kungiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.

  • Hukumomi na Ƙasa: Tabbatar da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya a majalisun ƙauyuka.
  • Hukumomin Gwamnati: Yin aiki a cikin hukumomi kamar CDC's NCEH ko EPA.
  • Kungiyoyin Lafiya na Jama'a: Tabbatar da bin ka'idodin kiwon lafiya da aminci.
  • Kamfanoni masu ba da shawara masu zaman kansu: Kwarewa a cikin kiwon lafiya da sabis na tsaro na muhalli.
  • Sashin masu zaman kansu da kiwon lafiya: Matsayi a cikin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, kiwon lafiya, tsaron aiki, da sauransu.
  • Lafiya da Tsaro na Aiki: Tabbatar da amincin ma'aikata a bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu.
  • Kare muhalli da dorewa: Magana da batutuwan da suka shafi canjin yanayi da dorewa. [11] [12][13]

EHO yana binciken haɗarin kiwon lafiya a wurare da yawa kuma zai ɗauki mataki don rage ko kawar da haɗari.[14] Dangane da ikon, EHOs na iya samun ayyuka masu yawa, gami da bincika wuraren yin iyo, yanayin gidaje marasa kyau, mafaka, makarantun jama'a, masu kula da yara, gidajen tsofaffi, jigilar kaya (misali, jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama, jiragen kasa), da kuma cibiyoyin sabis na mutum (misali., ɗakunan tattoo, wuraren fata, salons masu kyau, wuraren cire gashi na laser, wuraren barbershops).

EHOs na iya ba da izini da kuma bincika rijiyoyi, tsarin ruwa mai zaman kansa, da kuma tsarin zubar da shara na mutum (septic). Sauran ayyuka sun haɗa da binciken sansanin, binciken abubuwan da suka faru na musamman, binciken kula da sharar gida, binciken gidan zoo, binciken kayan gyarawa, binciken filin shakatawa na gida, da binciken sansani marasa gida.

Wasu EHOs ana horar da su a cikin kula da cututtukan cututtuka da rigakafi. A lokacin barkewar cutar suna iya bincikawa da ba da shawarar / yin amfani da tsoma baki don dakatar da yaduwar cutar. Hakanan ana iya horar da su a cikin rigakafi da sarrafa cututtukan da ba su yaduwa ba (NCD). Za su iya aiki don hana NCDs da sarrafa abubuwan haɗari. EHOs kuma na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan al'umma kamar waɗanda suka shafi inganta kiwon lafiya, daidaito na kiwon lafiya، rage amfani da taba, yanayin da aka gina lafiya / al'ummomin lafiya, tsaro na abinci, da shirye-shiryen gaggawa.

Hakanan suna iya amsa korafe-korafe kamar cinye dabbobi (tsare-tsare), korafe-rikicen shara, korafe-kashen hayaniya, korafe'in wari, ko yaduwar datti. Dangane da asalin iliminsu da horo, za su iya samar da bayanai da turawa game da gubar, radon, ƙira, da cututtukan da ke tasowa (misali, Kwayar cutar Nilu ta Yamma, mura ta tsuntsaye, COVID-19). Har ila yau, filin ya haɗu da kayan haɗari (haismat), kuma yawancin masu amsa haɗari masu lasisi ne masu kula da lafiyar muhalli ko ƙwararrun masu kula da muhalli.

A lokacin gaggawa na kiwon lafiya na jama'a, kamar annoba, suna iya ɗaukar muhimmiyar matsayi na gaggawa, samar da ilimi da shawarwari na jama'ar, aiwatar da umarnin kiwon lafiya, da kuma ɗaukar matakan da suka dace don kare lafiyar jama'a. Hakazalika, suna amsawa ga wasu gaggawa kamar bala'o'i ta hanyar ɗaukar rawar da aka tsara a cikin shirye-shiryen gaggawa.

Matsayi masu alaƙa sun haɗa da masana kimiyyar muhalli, masu tsara manufofi, masu binciken tsaro, da sauransu.

Abinda ake amfani da shi wajen gano ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na muhalli shi ne cewa suna da alhakin ganowa, kimantawa, da kuma gudanar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam daga abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli, ko a madadin hukumomin gwamnati ko kungiyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.[13]

Yanayin aiki

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Jami'an Lafiya na Muhalli (EHOs), wanda aka fi sani da Masu Binciken Lafiya na Jama'a, suna da yanayin aiki wanda ke da dalilai da yawa:

  • Yanayin aiki: EHOs yawanci suna aiki a wurare daban-daban, gami da hukumomin gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.  Matsayin su sau da yawa ya haɗa da ziyartar wurare daban-daban, kamar gidajen abinci, wuraren jama'a, da wuraren masana'antu, don tabbatar da bin ƙa'idodin lafiya da aminci.
  • Jadawalin: Jadawalin aikin EHO na iya zama mai canzawa.  Yayin da wasu na iya bin sa'o'in kasuwanci na yau da kullun, wasu na iya yin aiki da maraice, karshen mako, ko kuma a kira don amsa ga gaggawar lafiyar jama'a.
  • Bukatun jiki: Aikin na iya zama mai wuyar jiki, yana buƙatar EHOs su ciyar da dogon lokaci akan ƙafafunsu kuma wani lokacin suna aiki ƙarƙashin yanayi masu wahala.  Sarrafa da gwada samfuran suma wani ɓangare ne na ayyukansu, yana buƙatar ƙaƙƙarfan aikin hannu da tsananin bin ƙa'idodin aminci.
  • Bukatun tunani da tunani: EHOs suna fuskantar ƙalubalen ci gaba da zamani tare da hadaddun tsarin tsari da jagororin lafiyar jama'a.  Ma'amala da ma'aikatan da ba su yarda da su ba ko kula da abubuwan gaggawa na lafiyar jama'a na iya ƙara matakan damuwa.
  • Tafiya: Tafiya akai-akai a cikin ikonsu ya zama ruwan dare ga EHOs, kuma wani lokaci suna buƙatar yin tafiya mai nisa don horo ko taro.
  • Hadarin aminci: EHOs wani lokaci ana fallasa su ga lafiya da haɗari na aminci, gami da abubuwa masu haɗari, gurɓataccen muhalli, ko cututtuka masu yaduwa.  Wannan yana buƙatar amfani da kayan kariya da tsauraran matakan tsaro.
  • Horowa da ci gaba da koyo: Digiri a cikin lafiyar muhalli ko filin da ke da alaƙa galibi ana buƙata, tare da ci gaba da haɓaka ƙwararru don kasancewa tare da ƙa'idodi da mafi kyawun ayyuka.
  • Haɗin kai: Matsayin ya ƙunshi muhimmiyar hulɗa tare da jama'a, masu gudanar da kasuwanci, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki, yana buƙatar sadarwa mai ƙarfi da ƙwarewar tattaunawa.
  • Gamsuwa Aiki: Yawancin EHOs suna samun gamsuwa da rawar da suke takawa, saboda yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga lafiyar jama'a da aminci.
  • Ci gaban sana'a: Damar ci gaba na iya haɗawa da ayyuka na musamman, matsayi na kulawa, ko motsi cikin fannoni masu alaƙa kamar haɓaka manufofi ko shawarwarin muhalli.[1][2]li.[15][16]

Tarihi

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Matsayin jami'an kiwon lafiya na muhalli (EHOs) ya samo asali sosai a cikin shekaru aru-aru, tun farkon Renaissance a Jamhuriyar Venice, inda aka kafa wani nau'in kotu na masu duba lafiya don shawo kan yaduwar cututtuka.  Waɗannan sufetocin, waɗanda Majalisar Dattijan Venetian ta nada daga baya kuma ta Majalisar Goma, sun kasance cikin farkon nau'ikan ƙoƙarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na farko.

A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na farko, musamman a karkashin Dokar Masana'antu ta 1802, mahukunta na gida a Ingila sun nada masu binciken tsabta guda biyu don kula da tsabtace masana'antu. Wadannan masu binciken farko, ciki har da tsohon malamin addini da mai shari'a na zaman lafiya, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen magance matsalolin kiwon lafiya da tsabtace muhalli da suka taso daga masana'antu.

Yankin kiwon lafiya na muhalli kamar yadda muka sani a yau ana iya gano shi zuwa shekarun 1840 a Ingila. Edwin Chadwick, Kwamishinan Shari'a na Talauci, ya gudanar da bincike game da abubuwan da ke haifar da talauci, yana nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin rashin lafiya da mummunan yanayin muhalli. Yakin Chadwick don inganta tsabtace muhalli ya haifar da Dokar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta 1848 (11 & 12 Vict. c. 63), kafa Babban Kwamitin Lafiya da kuma ba da damar allon gida don gyara batutuwan da aka gano bisa ga binciken mai bincike.

A cikin 1883, an kafa Ƙungiyar Masu Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a, wanda daga baya ya zama Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasar Ingila. Wannan ya nuna gagarumin ci gaba a cikin ƙwarewar fagen. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, rawar da cancantar likitocin kiwon lafiya na muhalli sun samo asali, sun canza zuwa aikin digiri a cikin shekarun 1960. An kara amincewa da rawar da sana'ar ke takawa da kuma matsayi tare da bayar da takardar shaidar sarauta a shekarar 1984.

Nuna canje-canje a cikin matsayinsu da bukatun ilimi, sunayen sarauta na waɗannan masu sana'a sun samo asali a cikin shekaru, daga masu binciken damuwa zuwa masu binciken tsabta, sannan zuwa masu binciken kiwon lafiya na jama'a ko jami'an kiwon lafiya. Wannan ci gaba kuma ya nuna abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya, kamar yadda lakabi da matsayi na jami'an kiwon lafiya na muhalli suka daidaita don nuna ilimin su na gaba da fadada alhakin.

A cikin tarihi, Jami'an Lafiya na Muhalli sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga lafiyar jama'a, suna daidaita matsayinsu da ƙwarewarsu don fuskantar ƙalubalen lokutan su, daga yaduwar annoba a Renaissance Venice zuwa rikitarwa na bukatun kiwon lafiyar jama'ar al'ummomin zamani.[17][18][19]

Mai binciken damuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

"Inspector of Nuisances" lakabi ne da aka ba jami'ai a yankuna daban-daban na Turanci, da farko suna da alaƙa da lafiyar jama'a da tsabta daga tsakiyar karni na 19 zuwa gaba. Duk da yake yanzu ana ɗaukarsa archaic a wurare da yawa, muhimmancin tarihi ya kasance sananne.

Inspector na farko na Nuisances wanda kwamitin kula da lafiya na karamar hukumar Burtaniya ya nada shi ne Thomas Fresh a Liverpool a 1844. An tsara aikin tare da zartar da Dokar Cire Cututtuka da Cututtuka 1855 da Dokar Gudanarwa na Metropolis 1855, karkashin taken 'Sanitary Inspector'.  A cikin hukunce-hukuncen hukumomin kiwon lafiya, taken shine 'Inspector of Nuisances'.  Daga ƙarshe, 'Sanitary Inspector' ya zama daidaitaccen take a duk ƙananan hukumomin Burtaniya.  A cikin 1900 Majalisar Mata ta Ostiraliya ta ja hankalin hukumomi game da nasarar da mata suka samu a matsayin masu duba tsafta a Ingila wanda Thomas Orme Dudfield ya nada..

An canza taken aikin a Burtaniya zuwa 'Mai Binciken Kiwon Lafiya na Jama'a' ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar a shekarar 1956. An kafa irin wannan ofisoshin a duk faɗin Daular Burtaniya.

A cikin mahallin zamani, mafi kusa daidai a Burtaniya shine 'Ma'aikacin Kiwon Lafiya na Muhalli', taken da aka karɓa biyo bayan Dokar Karamar Hukumar 1972, bisa ga shawarar Gwamnatin Tsakiya.

A Amurka, misali na ci gaba da amfani da take 'Sufeto na Nuisances', ko da yake yana da wata fa'ida, ana samunsa a Sashe na 3767 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ohio.  Wannan yana bayyana rawar da binciken ɓarna da ke rufe wuraren da ke da alaƙa da lalata da barasa.  Matsayin kiwon lafiyar muhalli a cikin ƙananan hukumomin Amurka yawanci jami'ai ne masu taken 'Masanin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli' mai Rijista' ko 'Mai Rijistar Sanitari', ya danganta da hurumi.  A cikin Sabis na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Amurka, ana gudanar da waɗannan ayyukan ta hanyar jami'an kiwon lafiya na muhalli.' .[1][20]

cancanta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lafiya ta muhalli aiki ne na digiri a yawancin ƙasashe. Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu a yawancin ƙasashe sun haɗa da shirin digiri na jami'a da aka amince da shi, horo a fagen, da takardar shaidar ƙwararru da rajista.

Ostiraliya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lafiya ta Muhalli ta Australia (EHA) ta ba da izini ga Digiri na Kiwon Lafiya na Muhalli na Australiya da shirye-shiryen Digiri na Digiri daidai da Manufar Kula da Lafiya ta Australiya don tabbatar da abubuwan da ke cikin darasi sun cika buƙatun ƙasa don aiki a matsayin EHO a ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya. Ya zuwa 1 ga , akwai jami'o'in da aka amince da su a kowace jiha da Yankin Arewa.

Victoria

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Abubuwan da ake buƙata na yanzu don zama jami'in da aka ba da izini a ƙarƙashin Dokar Abinci ta 1984 a Victoria Sakataren Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ne ya bayyana su. Za'a iya karɓar ƙwarewar digiri da digiri daga Victoria, tsakanin jihohi da ƙasashen waje.[21]

Yammacin Ostiraliya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dokar Lafiya ta 1911 (kamar yadda aka gyara) ta bayyana rawar da 'ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya na muhalli' kuma ta ba da ikon Babban Darakta, Lafiya ta Jama'a don nada EHOs ga hukumomin kiwon lafiya da kuma jami'an kiwon lafiya ta jama'a da gwamnatin jihar ke aiki. Babban Darakta, na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a yana ba da shawara daga Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Muhalli ta Yammacin Australiya kan cancantar digiri da digiri na biyu waɗanda aka ɗauka sun dace don ba da damar aikin kiwon lafiya na muhalli a Yammacin Australia, kuma ana buga cancantar lokaci zuwa lokaci a cikin Gazette na Gwamnati.

A halin yanzu, Jami'ar Curtin da Jami'ar Edith Cowan suna ba da digiri na kiwon lafiya na muhalli a Yammacin Australia wanda kuma EHA ta amince da shi.

Kanada

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EHOs dole ne su riƙe aƙalla digiri na farko a cikin kiwon lafiyar muhalli da takardar shaidar ƙwararru ta ƙasa - Takardar shaidar a Binciken Kiwon Lafiya na Jama'a (Kanada) (CPHI (C)).

Takaddun shaida da rajista ana sarrafa su ne ta Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Kanada (CIPHI). Don zama masu takardar shaidar ƙasa, masu binciken kiwon lafiya na jama'a dole ne su kammala shirin digiri da aka amince da shi, su kammala aikin horo na filin, kuma su wuce jarrabawar Hukumar Tabbatar da Cibiyar (wanda ya ƙunshi rahotanni da aka rubuta da jarrabawar baki). Don kula da takardar shaidar CPHI (C), dole ne a yi rajista da ma'aikata tare da CIPHI kuma su gabatar da lokutan ci gaban ƙwararru a kowace shekara.

Makarantu shida ne kawai a Kanada ke ba da shirye-shiryen digiri da CIPHI ta amince da su don biyan bukatun ilimi don takaddun shaida: Cibiyar Fasaha ta British Columbia, Jami'ar Cape Breton, Jami'an Concordia ta Edmonton, Kwalejin Conestoga, Jami'a ta Toronto, da Jami'ar Montreal. Wadannan shirye-shiryen galibi suna da tsawon shekaru hudu; duk da haka, shirye-shirye masu sauri suna samuwa a wasu makarantu ga waɗanda ke da digiri na kimiyya na baya.

New Zealand

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A New Zealand, Masu shiga aikin dole ne su sami ko dai BAppSc Lafiya ko BHSc Lafiya ta Muhalli. A madadin haka, masu karatun kimiyya da suka cancanta za su iya samun difloma na digiri a fannin kiwon lafiyar muhalli.

Ireland

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Don zama EHO a Ireland, ya zama dole a riƙe digiri na kiwon lafiya na muhalli da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta amince da shi. Nazarin kiwon lafiyar muhalli a Ireland kuma yana buƙatar ɗalibai su gudanar da wani lokaci na aikin ƙwararru tare da Babban Jami'in Kula da Lafiya. Bayan lokacin aikin sana'a, dole ne a nuna ƙwarewa ta hanyar littafin ilmantarwa na kwarewa da jarrabawar baki.

Sri Lanka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Don zama Inshorar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (PHI) a Sri Lanka, ana buƙatar masu nema su zama maza, don zama sama da 5' 2 " tsayi, kuma dole ne su wuce batutuwa 2 daga Chemistry, Physics, Agriculture, Combined Mathematics, Biology with a Credit Pass for Biology or Combined Mathematics a zaune daya a G.C.A..Emin Examinci dole ne A.L.  Makarantar Masu duba Lafiyar Jama'a a Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa.

Ƙasar Ingila

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

]EHOs suna riƙe aƙalla digiri na farko (ko digiri na biyu) wanda Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta Chartered ta gane.[1]  Irin wannan tanadi yana wanzu a Scotland, inda Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta Royal ta Scotland (REHIS) ke tsara aikin.  [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need]

Biye da bukatun ilimi da lokacin horo mai amfani, dole ne a nuna ƙwarewa ta hanyar littafin ilmantarwa na kwarewa da jarrabawar baki kafin a ba da rajista.

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kwararren lafiyar muhalli dole ne ya sami digiri na farko a fannin lafiyar muhalli ko manyan abubuwan da ke da alaƙa, amma da yawa suna riƙe da digiri na biyu ko na uku a lafiyar muhalli ko sana'a.  Dole ne Majalisar Kula da Lafiya ta Jama'a (CEPH) ta amince da digiri gabaɗaya.(USPHS) Rajista na kwararrun kiwon lafiyar muhalli (wanda kuma aka sani da rajistar masu tsafta) yana da ikon gida, kamar jiha, da kuma Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta ƙasa.

Dubi kuma

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  • Babban Jami'in Green (CGE)
  • Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Kanada
  • Lafiyar jama'a
  • Lafiyar muhalli
  • Tsaro da Lafiya a Aiki
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Environmental Health". Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  2. ↑ "Environmental Health". Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  3. ↑ "Occupational Health & Safety Specialist". Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  4. ↑ https://www.ekoetiket.com/ha/ekoloji/ekolojik-cevre/
  5. ↑ "Becoming and Environmental Health Practitioner – Environmental Health Australia Ltd". www.eh.org.au. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  6. ↑ "How do I become an EHP?". CIEH (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  7. ↑ Miller, Mark (24 October 2023). "The Role of Environmental Health Practitioners in a Public Health Emergency" (PDF). Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  8. ↑ "Becoming and Environmental Health Practitioner – Environmental Health Australia Ltd". www.eh.org.au. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  9. ↑ unknown (24 October 2023). "Skills and interests (environmental health professional)". National Health Service. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  10. ↑ https://www.rfi.fr/ha/shirye-shirye/muhallinka-rayuwarka/20210523-illolin-da-leda-ke-haifar-wa-muhalli
  11. ↑ "What does an environmental health officer do?". CareerExplorer. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
  12. ↑ "25 Environmental Health and Safety Jobs". Emory University. Retrieved 2023-12-04.[permanent dead link]
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Career pathways in Environmental Public Health". Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington. Retrieved 2023-12-04.[permanent dead link]
  14. ↑ "Environmental Health Officer Roles". Master's in Public Health Degree Programs (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  15. ↑ "Environmental Health Officer Job Description". Work Chron. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  16. ↑ "Environmental Scientists and Specialists: Occupational Outlook Handbook". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  17. ↑ "Emergence of Public Health in the United States". OHSU. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
  18. ↑ "Public health – National Developments, 18th & 19th Centuries". Britannica. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
  19. ↑ "Environmental Health Officer Professional Advisory Committee". U.S. Public Health Service. Retrieved 2023-12-04.[permanent dead link]
  20. ↑ "Ohio Revised Code Section 3767". Cornell Law School. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
  21. ↑ Services, Department of Health & Human. "Environmental health officer qualifications". www2.health.vic.gov.au.
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