Makullin aiki
 Makullin aiki |
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Ana amfani da kalmar kulle-kulle don bayyana rashin iyawar ma'aikaci ya bar aiki kyauta saboda yin hakan zai haifar da asarar fa'idodin ma'aikayi (yawanci lafiya ko ritaya). A cikin ma'ana mai zurfi, kulle-kulle na aiki na iya bayyana halin da ake ciki inda ake biyan ma'aikaci sama da sikelin ko kuma ya tara fa'idodi masu mahimmanci, don haka canza ayyukan ba wani zaɓi ne na gaskiya ba saboda zai haifar da karamin albashi, karancin lokacin hutu, da sauransu.
Bayani na gaba ɗaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Saboda babbar hanyar inshora ga yawancin Amurkawa ita ce Inshorar Lafiya da Ma'aikaci (EPHI) kuma ma'aikaci ba zai iya ɗaukar EPHI tare da su ba lokacin da suka bar aikinsu, kulle-kulle na aiki mai alaƙa da fa'idodi damuwa ne a Amurka.
Rashin jigilar EPHI shine abin da ke sa ma'aikata su kulle cikin ayyukansu na yanzu, saboda haka kalmar kulle aikin. Bridget Madrian ta yi jayayya a cikin 1994 cewa alaƙar da ke tsakanin EPHI da motsi na Kasuwar aiki muhimmiyar mahimmanci ce wajen kimanta shawarwari da yawa don sake fasalin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Amurka.[1] Binciken da Madrian ya yi (1994) ya kiyasta cewa toshewar aiki ya rage yawan masu sa kai na waɗanda ke da EPHI da kashi 25 cikin dari.
Ƙoƙarin majalisa waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su magance kulle-kulle na aikin da ya shafi inshora na kiwon lafiya a Amurka sune Dokar sulhu ta kasafin kudi ta 1985 (COBRA) da Dokar Kula da Inshora ta Kiwon Lafiya da Dokar Kulawa ta 1996 (HIPAA). [ana buƙatar hujja]Koyaya, ma'aikata na iya buƙatar tsoffin ma'aikatan su biya kashi 102 cikin 100 na cikakken kuɗin COBRA tsakanin sauran matsaloli da yawa kuma HIPAA ba ta tabbatar da cewa ma'aikatan da ke canza ayyukan za su sami damar ɗaukar inshorar lafiya a kan sabon aikin ko kuma ɗaukar da aka bayar zai kasance mai araha. Don haka, COBRA ko HIPAA ba su tabbatar da iya biyan inshorar kiwon lafiya ba - babban dalilin kulle-kulle.[2][3][4][5][6]
Dalilan da suka haifar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Halin da za a iya samun karancin kiwon lafiya a sabon aikin yana kara Hadarin kudi da ke tattare da motsa ayyukan, yana mai da canji a cikin ayyukan da ke da tsada sosai, don haka ma'aikata suna iya kasancewa a kulle a cikin ayyukansu na yanzu maimakon yin hadarin canja wurin aiki.
Idan ma'aikata sun san cewa duk cututtukan su za su sami irin wannan ɗaukar hoto ba tare da la'akari da ko suna aiki ba, inda suke aiki, ko kuma tsawon lokacin da suka kasance a aiki, inshorar lafiya ba za ta zama abin hana ma'aikacin motsi ba.[1]
Duk da yake ana iya siyan inshorar kiwon lafiya a kan mutum a cikin jihohin da ke ba da izinin biyan kuɗi na likita, ana iya ƙin ɗaukar mutane da ke da yanayin kiwon lafiya da kuma fuskantar manyan kudade ko cirewa.
Misali na kulle-kulle na aiki saboda shirin fansho mai fa'ida zai zama wanda ke aiki ga kamfani na tsawon shekaru 20, don haka samun fa'idar samun ritaya. Idan sun bar yin aiki ga wani kamfani ana sake dawo da fa'idodinsu kuma a ƙarshe sun fahimci ƙananan fa'idodi na ritaya.
Yaduwar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Binciken Kudin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa na 1987 (NMES) wanda ya samo samfurori ga maza masu aure a Amurka masu shekaru 20-55 ya gano cewa yawan tafiye-tafiye na aiki ya kasance 30-31% ƙasa da waɗanda ke da inshorar lafiya da aka ba su aiki, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da shi. Wani bita na wallafe-wallafen NMES a cikin wannan shekarar ya gano cewa binciken yawanci ya ba da rahoton raguwar kashi 20-40% a cikin motsi saboda inshorar lafiya da ke da alaƙa da aiki. Nazarin Kwamitin 1984 na Dynamics na Ingilishi wanda ke nazarin yawan motsi tsakanin ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci masu shekaru 25-55 bai sami sakamako mai mahimmanci ba. Binciken Kasuwanci da Shirin Shirin (SIPP) (1985, 1986, 1987) ya gano cewa manufofin jihohi da tarayya don ba da umarnin ci gaba da ɗaukar hoto sun kara yawan aikin ma'aikatan maza na farko. A 1984 SIPP ya gano cewa ga maza da mata masu aure biyu, akwai "shaida mai ƙarfi" na kulle-kulle tsakanin mata, amma "shaida mara ƙarfi" na rufe-kulle na aiki tsakanin maza.
Lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin kimanta yadda sau da yawa kulle-kulle na aiki ke faruwa, dole ne mutum ya sarrafa abubuwan da ke waje waɗanda zasu iya rinjayar shawarar ma'aikaci ban da haɗarin rasa kulawar lafiya. Sauran dalilai na iya haɗawa da albashi na farko da tayin albashi da ake tsammani a sabon aiki, wasu fa'idodi, gogewa, da Tsaro na aiki.
Tasirin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rufewar aiki yana da mummunan sakamako uku ga al'umma. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da shi shine waɗanda suke so su sauya ayyukan sun fi son wani aiki saboda akwai amfani mafi girma da ke da alaƙa da shi (misali ya fi dacewa da ƙwarewarsu da basirarsu). Koyaya, idan sun "ƙuntata" a cikin aiki, mummunan waje shine cewa suna da ma'aikata marasa inganci kuma ba masu amfani ga kamfanin da al'umma ba. Ma'aikata suna hana su sauyawa zuwa ayyukan da suka fi dacewa da samarwa, kuma wannan rashin motsi na albarkatun ma'aikata yana haifar da ƙananan matakin yawan aiki da kuma kudin shiga na kasa.
Ma'anar ta biyu ita ce masu amfani da babbar haɗari sun fi fuskantar kullewar aiki saboda tsoron rasa ɗaukar kuɗi don kuɗin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun (sun san darajar da ake tsammani na kudaden kiwon lafiya). Ma'aikata suna ba da fa'idodin inshorar lafiya don tabbatar da cewa ma'aikatan su suna da lafiya kuma, sabili da haka, ma'aikata masu aiki. Koyaya, tunda kulle-kulle na aiki ya zama ruwan dare a cikin ma'aikatan da ke da haɗari sosai, masu ba da aiki suna riƙe da ma'aikatan haɗari a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfaninsu.
Masana tattalin arziki sun kirkiro ma'anar ta uku a matsayin "kulle na kasuwanci".[7] Hakazalika da batun kulle-kulle na aiki, "kulle-kashen kasuwanci" yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutum ya yi jinkirin barin aikinsa ya zama ɗan kasuwa, saboda tsoron rasa inshorar lafiya da sauran fa'idodi da ke da alaƙa da aikin da aka biya. Koyaya, a wannan yanayin ba sa barin aiki daban, amma don yin aiki da kansu. An nuna cewa ma'aikacin inshorar kiwon lafiya ya rage yawan masu aiki da kansu, kuma haɗuwa da inshorar kiwo da aiki tare, yana da mummunar tasiri ga ƙirƙirar kasuwanci a Amurka.[8] An gano inshorar kiwon lafiya ta jama'a (kamar a Turai) tana da tasiri mai kyau a kan samar da kasuwanci a cikin tattalin arziki, saboda gudummawar da ɗan kasuwa ya bayar ga tattalin arziki ta hanyar kirkirar aiki, kirkire-kirkire da ci gaban tattalin arziki.[9] Makullin kasuwanci yana da mummunar tasiri ga al'umma da ma'aikaci. Dangane da al'umma, raguwar aikin kai da kasuwanci na iya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga kirkire-kirkire. Bugu da ƙari, an nuna kasuwanci don ƙara gamsuwa da rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da matsayi na albashi.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Canja shingen
- Hannun hannu na zinariya - ƙarin albashi, don ƙarfafa ma'aikaci ya zauna tare da kamfanin
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Madrian, Brigitte C. (1994). "Employment-Based Health Insurance and Job Mobility: Is There Evidence of Job-Lock?" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 109 (1): 27–54. doi:10.2307/2118427. JSTOR 2118427. S2CID 154121014.
- ↑ ""Job Lock" Not Diminished by New HIPAA Law, EBRI Reports | EBRI". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
- ↑ "Quitting for Obamacare: Trapped workers may seek relief in new health exchanges". NBC News. September 29, 2013.
- ↑ "COBRA insurance too expensive for most people". WRAL.com. January 22, 2009.
- ↑ Muir, Jennifer (2019-01-19). Cobra insurance is too expensive for unemployed, report says Orange County Register.
- ↑ "Study: COBRA Insurance Too Expensive for Unemployed – The Commonwealth Fund". Archived from the original on 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
- ↑ Gumus, Gulcin (2015). "Self-employment and the Role of Health Insurance in the U.S.". Journal of Business Venturing. 30 (3): 357–374. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.01.001 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Fairlie, Robert (2010). "Is Employer-Based Health Insurance A Barrier to Entrepreneurship?" (PDF). Journal of Health Economics. 30 (1): 146–162. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.09.003. PMID 20952079. S2CID 15756921.
- ↑ Olds, Gareth. "Entrepreneurship and Public Health Insurance" (PDF). Harvard Business Review.
Ƙarin karantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Adams, S. J. (2004). "Employer-provided Health Insurance and Job Change". Contemporary Economic Policy. 22 (3): 357–369. doi:10.1093/cep/byh026.
- Bansak, Cynthia da Steven Raphael (2007). "The State Children's Health Insurance Program and Job Mobility: Gano Job Lock tsakanin Iyaye masu aiki a cikin Kusan Talakawa, "Manufar Masana'antu da Harkokin Ma'aikata Review, Vol. 61, Na 4, Mataki na 7.
- Berger, Mark C.; Black, Dan A.; Scott, Frank A. (2004). "Is There Job Lock? Evidence from the Pre-HIPAA Era". Southern Economic Journal. 70 (4): 953–976. doi:10.2307/4135282. JSTOR 4135282.
- Gruber, Jonathan; Madrian, Brigitte C. (1994). "Health Insurance and Job Mobility: The Effects of Public Policy on Job-Lock". Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 48 (1): 86–102. doi:10.1177/001979399404800107. JSTOR 2524628. S2CID 153554866.
- [Hasiya] "Kulle-Aiki: Wani Matsala ga Motsawar Ma'aikata? Shin Inshorar Lafiya tana gurgunta Kasuwar Ma'aikata?," Tattalin Arziki Taƙaitaccen Tarihi na 10, Cibiyar Tattalin Ruwa.
- Johnson, Richard W., Davidoff, Amy J. da Kevin Perese (2003). "Kayan Inshora na Lafiya da Shawarwarin Fitowa na Farko," Binciken Harkokin Masana'antu da Ayyuka, Vol. 56, Na 4, Mataki na 9.
- Kapur, Kanika (1998). "The Impact of Health on Job Mobility: A Measure of Job Lock" (PDF). Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 51 (2): 282–298. doi:10.1177/001979399805100208. JSTOR 2525219. S2CID 154262057.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - Kapur, Kanika da Jeannette Rogowski (2006). " Matsayin Inshorar Lafiya a cikin Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Ma'aurata," Industrial & Labor Relations Review, Vol. 60, Na 3, Mataki na 2.
- Madrian, Brigitte C. (1994). "Employment-Based Health Insurance and Job Mobility: Is There Evidence of Job-Lock?" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 109 (1): 27–54. doi:10.2307/2118427. JSTOR 2118427. S2CID 154121014.
- [Hasiya] "Kulle-Kulle da Manufofin Jama'a: Dokar Clinton ta Biyu," Industrial & Labor Relations Review, Vol. 59, Na 3, Mataki na 5.
- Stinson, Martha Harrison (2002 Yuli). "Kimanin Dangantaka tsakanin Inshorar Lafiya da Ma'aikaci ke bayarwa, Motsawar Ma'aikaciya, da Albashi," Takardar da aka gabatar a Taron Duniya na 10 kan Bayanan Kwamitin, Berlin.
- Stroupe, K. T.; Kinney, E. D.; Kniesner, T. J. J. (2001). "Chronic Illness and Health Insurance-Related Job Lock". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 20 (3): 525–44. doi:10.1002/pam.1006. PMID 12693417. S2CID 10490171.