Martuthunira language

 

Martuthunira wani yare ne na asalin Ostraliya, wanda shine harshen gargajiya na Mutanen Martuthunira na Yammacin Australia.

Mai magana da Martuthunira na karshe, Algy Paterson, ya mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta a shekarar 1995. Daga 1980 ya yi aiki tare da masanin harshe Alan Dench don adana Martuthunira a rubuce, kuma daga aikinsu ne mafi yawan iliminmu na Martuthunura a yau ya zo.

Sunan

Sunan Martuthunira, wanda masu [maɽʊðʊneɻa] da asali ke furta, yana nufin "waɗanda ke zaune a kusa da Kogin Fortescue". Yana da bambance-bambance da yawa, ciki har da: 'Mardatuna', 'Mardudhunira', Mardathon, Mardathoni, Mardathoonera, 'Mardutunera', Mardudhoonera, Mardudhunera, Marduthunira, Mardudjungara, Marduduna, Mardudunera, Marduthhunira, Sardutunera, Mardutunira, Marduyunira, Martuthinya, da Martuyhunira.

Rarraba

An rarraba Martuthunira a matsayin memba na reshen Ngayarta na yarukan Pama-Nyungan . A karkashin rarrabuwa na Carl Georg von Brandenstein na 1967, an sanya Martuthunira a matsayin harshen Ngayarda na Coastal, amma rarraba harsunan Ngayarda zuwa kungiyoyin Coastal da Inland ba a sake la'akari da inganci ba.

Fasahar sauti

Martuthunira tana da daidaitattun sauti na Australiya. R. M. W. Dixon ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin misali mai mahimmanci a cikin littafinsa na 2002 Australian Languages: Su nature and development .

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

	Yankin waje		Laminal		Abinda ke da ban sha'awa
	Biyuwa	Velar	Palatal	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex
Dakatar da	p	k	c	t̪	t	ʈ
Hanci	m	ŋ	ɲ	n̪	n	ɳ
Hanyar gefen			ʎ ~ ɟʎ	l̪ ~ d̪l̪	l ~ dl	ɭ ~ ɖɭ
Rhotic					r	ɻ
Semivowel	w		j

gefe - amma watakila ba hanci ba - suna da allophonically prestopped.

Tsayar da laminal /c/ yana da muryar murya [ɟ] tsakanin wasula.

<[ð̞] about="#mwt41" class="IPA nowrap" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Template:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"[ð]"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwtw" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">[da] wasula, tsayawar hakora /t̪/ na iya zama [d̪], [ð], [[[], [j], [w], ko ma kawai raguwar syllable. A wasu kalmomi ana amfani da wani abu na musamman, a wasu akwai bambancin kyauta.

Tsayar da alveolar /t/ yana da muryar murya [d] bayan hanci. Yana faruwa tsakanin wasula kawai a cikin kalmomi kaɗan, mai yiwuwa duk kalmomin aro, inda yake da tsawon lokacin rufewa fiye da sauran tsayawa [tː].

Tsayar /ʈ/ retroflex yana da muryar murya [ɖ] bayan hanci, da kuma muryar muryar murmushi [ɖ] tsakanin wasula.

Baya ga maganganun murya da aka ambata a sama, tsayawa yawanci ba su da murya kuma ba su da numfashi.