Mentuhotep II

Mentuhotep II
Pharaoh nomarch (en)
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	22 century "BCE"
ƙasa	Ancient Egypt (en)
Mutuwa	22 century "BCE"
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama	Neferu I (en)
Yara	view Intef I (en) Intef II (en)
Yare	Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	statesperson (en)

(Tsohon Misira: Nb-ḥpt-Rˁ, ma'ana "Ubangiji na rudder shine Ra"), ya kasance Fir'auna na Masar na dā, mai mulki na shida na daular sha ɗaya. An lasafta shi da sake haɗa Masar, ta haka ya kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali na Farko na Tsakanin Tsakanin Matsakaici kuma ya zama Fir'auna na farko na Masarautar Tsakiya. Ya yi sarauta na tsawon shekaru 51, bisa ga jerin sarakunan Turin. Mentuhotep na biyu ya gaji mahaifinsa Intef III akan karagar mulki sannan dansa Mentuhotep na uku ya gaje shi. Mentuhotep II ya hau gadon sarautar Masar a Babban birnin Thebes na Masar a lokacin Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko. Ba a haɗa Masar a wannan lokacin ba, kuma Daular Goma, kishiyar Mentuhotep ta sha ɗaya ta sha ɗaya, ta mallaki Masarautar Masar daga Herakleopolis. Bayan sarakunan Herakleopolitan sun wulakanta tsattsarkan tsohuwar sarautar Abydos a Masarautar Sama a cikin shekara ta goma sha huɗu ta sarautar Mentuhotep, Fir'auna Mentuhotep II ya aika da sojojinsa zuwa arewa don cin nasara a Masar. A ci gaba da mamayar mahaifinsa Intef III, Mentuhotep ya yi nasarar hada kan kasarsa, watakila jim kadan kafin shekara ta 39 a kan karagar mulki.Bayan da kuma amincewa da haɗin kai, a shekara ta 39 ta mulki, ya canza sarautarsa ​​zuwa Shematawy (Ancient Masar: Šmˁ-tȝ.w(j), ma'ana "wanda ya haɗa ƙasashen biyu"). Bayan hadewar, Mentuhotep na biyu ya gyara gwamnatin Masar. Don sauya tsarin raba mulki, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga rugujewar Tsohuwar Masarautar da kuma alama ta Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko, ya mayar da jihar a Thebes don kwace wasu daga cikin ikon da suke da shi a kan yankuna. Mentuhotep na biyu ya kuma kirkiro sabbin mukamai na gwamnati wadanda mazauna yankin 'yan kabilar Theban ne masu biyayya gare shi, wanda hakan ya baiwa fir'auna karin iko a kasarsa. Jami'ai daga babban birnin kasar na tafiya akai-akai don sarrafa shugabannin yankin. An binne Mentuhotep na II a Theban necropolis na Deir el-Bahari. Haikalin gawawwakinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan gini na Mentuhotep II, kuma ya haɗa da sabbin gine-gine da na addini da yawa. Alal misali, ya haɗa da filaye da hanyoyin tafiya a kusa da tsarin tsakiya, kuma shi ne haikalin gawawwaki na farko wanda ya gano Fir'auna tare da allahn Osiris. Haikalinsa ya ƙarfafa haikalin da yawa daga baya, kamar na Hatshepsut da Thutmose III na daular sha takwas.Wasu hotuna na Mentuhotep na biyu da alama sun nuna cewa yana fama da cutar giwa, wanda ya haifar da kumburin ƙafafu. Abubuwan da ke ciki 1Iyali 2 Mulki 2.1 Farkon Mulki 2.2 Haɗuwa da Masar 2.3 Ayyukan soja a wajen Masar 2.4 Jami'ai 2.5 Sake tsara gwamnati 2.6 Titula 3 Abin tunawa 3.1 Abdos 4 Haikalin gawawwaki na Mentuhotep II 4.1 Hali 4.2 Ganowa da hakowa 4.3 Kyauta ta asali 4.4 Gine-gine 4.4.1 Hanya da tsakar gida 4.4.2 Bangaren gaba na haikalin 4.4.3 Sashin baya na haikalin 4.5 Kabarin sarauta 5 Gallery 6 Nassoshi 7 Karin karatu 8 Hagu na waje

Iyali

Duba kuma: Daular Goma sha ɗaya ta Masarautar iyali itace Silsileh dutsen taimako yana nuna wani katon sarki Mentuhotep II, a hannun dama Intef III da ma'aji Kheti da, a hagu, sarauniya Iah. Mentuhotep II ɗa ne ga Intef III da matar Intef III Iah wanda kuma ƙila ta kasance 'yar uwarsa. An nuna wannan zuriyar ta stele na Henenu (Alkahira 36346), jami'iwanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Intef II, Intef III da ɗansa, wanda stele ya bayyana a matsayin Horus s-ankh-[ib-t3wy], Sunan Horus na farko na Mentuhotep II. Amma game da Iah, ta ɗauki taken mwt-nswt, “mahaifiyar Sarki”.An tabbatar da iyayen Mentuhotep II a kaikaice ta hanyar taimako a Shatt er-Rigal. Wasu malaman sun nuna cewa Mentuhotep II ya fito daga Nubian. Musamman, Wildung da Lobban sun ba da hujjar cewa hoton hoton Masar yana wakiltar Mentuhotep II tare da fayyace, fasalin fuskar Nubian. Crawford ya lura cewa sarakunan daular 11 sun samo asali ne a cikin Theban ko kudancin yankin Upper Masar kuma suna da dangantaka ta kud da kud da Nubia. Mentuhotep na biyu yana da mata da yawa waɗanda aka binne tare da shi a ciki ko kusa da haikalinsa na gawa:[18] Tem (tm) wacce kila ita ce babbar matar Mentuhotep II yayin da ta ɗauki laƙabin ḥmt-nswt "Matar Sarki",       “Matar Sarki, masoyiyarsa” da wrt-ḥts-nbwj "Mai girma ɗaya daga cikin hoji-sandan Ubangiji biyu". Ta ba Mentuhotep II 'ya'ya biyu, daya daga cikinsu tabbas Mentuhotep III ne tun da ana kiran Tem mwt-nswt, ""mahaifiyar sarki" da mwt-nswt-bjtj, "mahaifiyar sarki Dual" A fili ta mutu bayan mijinta kuma aka binne ta. A cikin danta a cikin haikalin Mentuhotep.[19] An gano kabarinta a cikin 1859 ta Lord Dufferin [20] kuma D. Arnold ya hako shi gaba daya a cikin 1968. Neferu II ("Kyakkyawa") ana kiranta "Matar Sarki" da ḥmt-nswt-mryt.f, "Matar Sarki, masoyinsa". Wataƙila ta kasance ƴar'uwar Mentuhotep II tunda ita ma tana da laƙabin sȝt-nswt-šmswt-nt-ẖt.f, "Sarkin Babba 'yar jikinsa", jrjt-pˁt, " gimbiya gadon sarauta" da ḥmwt-nbwt, "farka". ko duka mata". An binne ta a kabarin TT319 na Deir el-Bahri. Sarcophagus na Kawit, Hoton E. Naville, 1907.[22] Kawit (kȝwj.t) ɗaya ce daga cikin matan sakandaren Mentuhotep II. Ta sami lakabin ḥmt-nswt mryt.f "Matar Sarki, masoyinsa" da ẖkrt-nswt, "Adon Sarki". Ta kasance "Firist na allahiya Hathor". An ce ita Nubian ce.[23][24] An binne ta a ƙarƙashin bene na haikalin gawawwaki na Mentuhotep II inda E. Naville ta gano sarcophagus ɗin ta a cikin 1907. Sadeh, Ashayet, Henhenet da Kemsit duk matan Mentuhotep II ne. Suna ɗauke da lakabin ḥmt-nswt mryt.f "Matar Sarki, masoyinsa" da ẖkrt-nswt-wˁtit "Ado na musamman na Sarki". Su limamai ne na Hathor[25] kuma an binne kowannensu a cikin rami guda da aka haƙa a ƙarƙashin filin haikalin Mentuhotep II.[26][27]. Lura cewa wata madaidaicin ka'idar ta ɗauka cewa Henhenet ɗaya ce daga cikin matan sakandaren Intef III, wataƙila mahaifiyar Neferu II. Wataƙila Henhenet ya mutu a lokacin haihuwa. Mwyt, yarinya ’yar shekara biyar binne tare da matan sakandare na Mentuhotep II. Wataƙila ita ce ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata. Mulki [gyara tushe] Ana ɗaukar Mentuhotep II a matsayin mai mulkin farko na Masarautar Tsakiyar Masar. Canon na Turin ya ba shi damar yin sarauta na shekaru 51.[5] Yawancin masana Masarautar Masar sun daɗe suna yin la’akari da wasu gyare-gyaren dutse guda biyu, waɗanda ke nuna Mentuhotep II ya haye kan ƙananan adadi da aka yiwa lakabi da sarki “Intef”, don zama tabbataccen shaida cewa magabacinsa Intef III shine mahaifinsa; amma wannan ba shi da cikakken tabbas, domin waɗannan abubuwan taimako na iya samun wasu dalilai na farfaganda, kuma akwai wasu matsalolin da ke tattare da ainihin asalin Mentuhotep, canjin sunansa guda uku, da ƙoƙarin da ya yi na neman zuriya daga alloli daban-daban.[28]  Mutum-mutumin da aka zana dutsen yashi da aka zana na Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II, Gidan kayan tarihi na Masar, Alkahira.

Mulkin farko

Lokacin da ya hau kan karagar mulkin Theban, Mentuhotep II ya gaji kasar da magabata suka ci daga katarati na farko a kudu zuwa Abydos da Tjebu a arewa. Shekaru goma sha huɗu na farko na mulkin Mentuhotep na II da alama sun kasance cikin lumana a yankin Theban saboda babu wasu tashe-tashen hankula da ke wanzuwa a wannan lokacin. A gaskiya ma, ƙarancin ƙarancinShaidu daga farkon zamanin Mentuhotep na iya nuna cewa yana matashi sa’ad da ya hau kan karagar mulki, hasashe da ya yi daidai da tsawon mulkinsa na shekaru 51.

Sake hadewar Masar

A shekara ta 14 ta sarautarsa, an yi tawaye a arewa. Wataƙila wannan tashin hankalin yana da alaƙa da rikice-rikicen da ke gudana tsakanin Mentuhotep II da ke cikin Thebes da kuma daular 10 mai hamayya da ke Herakleopolis wanda ya yi barazanar mamaye Upper Masar. Shekara ta 14 ta mulkin Mentuhotep hakika ita ce shekarar laifin Thinis. Wannan hakika yana nufin mamaye yankin Thinite da sarakunan Herakleopolitan suka yi waɗanda a fili suka ƙazantar da tsattsarkan gidan sarauta na Abydos a cikin wannan tsari. Daga baya Mentuhotep II ya tura sojojinsa zuwa arewa. Shahararren kabarin mayaka a Deir el-Bahari da aka gano a shekarun 1920, yana dauke da gawarwakin sojoji 60 da aka lullube da lilin, wadanda ba a kashe su a yaki, rigar rigar su dauke da cartouche na Mentuhotep II. Saboda kusancinsa da kaburburan masarautar Theban, an yi imanin kabarin mayakan na jarumai ne da suka mutu a lokacin rikici tsakanin Mentuhotep na biyu da abokan gaba na arewa[29]. Merikare, mai mulkin Ƙasar Masar a lokacin yana iya yiwuwa ya mutu a lokacin rikici, wanda ya kara raunana mulkinsa kuma ya ba Mentuhotep damar sake hada Masar. Ba a san ainihin ranar da aka sake haduwa ba, amma ana kyautata zaton ya faru ne daf da shekara ta 39 ta mulkinsa[6]. Hakika, shaidu sun nuna cewa tsarin ya dauki lokaci, watakila saboda rashin tsaro na kasa baki daya a lokacin: an binne talakawa da makamai, jana'izar jami'ai sun nuna su rike da makamai a maimakon tsarin da aka saba da shi[29] da kuma lokacin da Mentuhotep II ya yi. Magaji ya aika da wani balaguro zuwa Punt bayan shekaru 20 bayan sake haɗewar, har yanzu dole ne su share Wadi Hammamat daga 'yan tawaye. Hatimin Silinda na Mentuhotep II, Musée du Louvre. Bayan haɗuwar, Mentuhotep na biyu talakawansa sun ɗauka a matsayin allahntaka, ko rabin allahntaka. Haka lamarin ya kasance a ƙarshen daular 12 bayan wasu shekaru 200: Senusret III da Amenemhat III sun kafa stelae na tunawa da buɗaɗɗen baki da aka yi a kan mutum-mutumin Mentuhotep II.[30] Ayyukan soji a wajen Masar [gyara tushe] Mentuhotep na biyu ya kaddamar da yakin soji karkashin jagorancin wazirinsa Khety kudu zuwa Nubia, wadda ta samu 'yancin kai a lokacin tsaka mai wuya na farko, a cikin shekaru 29 da 31 na mulki. Wannan shine farkon bayyanar kalmar Kush don Nubia a cikin bayanan Masar. Musamman Mentuhotep ya kafa sansanin soja a tsibirin Elephantine domin a iya tura sojoji cikin sauri zuwa kudu.[29] Akwai kuma shaidar ayyukan soji a kan Kan'ana. An samu wani rubutu a Gabal El Uweinat kusa da kan iyakokin Libiya na zamani da Sudan da Chadi, inda aka ba wa sarki suna da kuma tabbatar da huldar kasuwanci a wannan yanki.[31]

Jami'ai

Sarkin ya sake fasalin kasa ya nada wa shugaban gwamnati. Wazirin mulkinsa su ne Bebi da Dagi. Ma'ajinsa shi ne Kheti wanda ke da hannu wajen shirya bikin iri na sarki. Sauran manyan jami'ai su ne ma'ajin Meketre da kuma mai kula da ma'ajin Meru. Janar shi ne Intef.

Sake tsara gwamnati

A cikin Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko na Farko kuma har zuwa lokacin mulkin Mentuhotep na biyu, masu zaman kansu suna da iko akan Masar. Ofishinsu ya zama na gado a lokacin daular ta 6 kuma rushewar mulkin tsakiya ya ba su cikakken 'yanci a kan filayensu. Bayan hadewar Masar duk da haka, Mentuhotep na biyu ya bullo da wata manufa mai karfi ta hada karfi da karfe, inda ya karfafa ikonsa na sarauta ta hanyar samar da mukamai na Gwamna Upper Masar da Gwamnan Masarautar Masar wadda ke da iko a kan sarakunan yankin[32]. Mentuhotep'sTitular na uku daga haikalinsa na Montu a Tod. Mentuhotep ya kuma dogara da wata runduna ta wayar tafi da gidanka na jami'an fadar sarki wadanda suka kara sarrafa ayyukan nomarch[33]. A karshe, sarakunan da suka goyi bayan daular ta 10, irin su gwamnan Asyut, ba shakka sun rasa ikonsu don amfanin sarki. A halin da ake ciki, Mentuhotep na biyu ya fara wani babban shiri na ƙasƙantar da kai yana mai jaddada yanayin allahntaka na mai mulki.[33]

Titular

Shirin ba da kansa na Mentuhotep II ya fito fili daga haikalin da ya gina inda aka wakilta sa sanye da rigar Min da Amun. Amma watakila mafi kyawun shaida ga wannan manufar ita ce ta uku: Horus na biyu da sunayen Nebty sune allahntaka na farin kambi yayin da ake kiransa ɗan Hathor a ƙarshen mulkinsa. Mentuhotep na biyu ya canza sunan sa sau biyu a lokacin mulkinsa: [8] a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 14 ta mulki, wanda ke nuna nasarorin farko na yakin neman zabensa da Herakleopolis Magna zuwa arewa. A karo na biyu kafin ko kuma jim kaɗan kafin shekara ta 39 ta sarautarsa, wanda ke nuna nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙarshe, da kuma sake haɗewar dukan Masar. Hakazalika, wannan sauyi na biyu ya faru ne a lokacin bikin sed da aka yi a shekara ta 39 a kan karagar mulki[34]. Titular farko Titular na biyu titular Titular na uku sunayen Horus Seankhibtawy S.ˁnḫ-ib-tȝwy "Wanda ya karfafa zuciyar kasashen biyu" Netjerihedjet Nṯrj-ḥḏt "Ubangiji na farin rawanin"Sematawy Smˁ-tȝ.w (j) "Wanda ya hada kasashen biyu" Nebty name Netjerihedjet Nṯrj-ḥḏt "Ubangiji na farin rawanin"Sematawy Smˁ-tȝ.w (j) "Wanda ya haɗa ƙasashen biyu" Golden Horus name Biknebuqashuty Bjk-nbw-qȝ-šwtj "Golden Falcon, maɗaukaki a cikin plumes" Prenomen Seankhibtawy S.ˁnḫ-ib-tȝwy "Wanda ya karfafa zuciyar kasashen biyu" Nebhepetre Nb-ḥpt-Rˁ "Ubangiji Mai Rudder shine Re" Sunaye Mentuhotep Mn-ṯw-ḥtp "Montu ya gamsu" Gabaɗaya, masu sarauta na Mentuhotep II suna nuna sha'awar komawa ga al'adun Tsohuwar Mulki. Musamman ma ya karɓi cikakken tsarin mulki mai ninki biyar bayan sake haɗewar Masar, da alama a karon farko tun daular ta 6, kodayake sanannun bayanan ba su da yawa a yawancin Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko da ya gabace shi. Wata hujjar cewa Mentuhotep II ya ba da kulawa sosai ga al'adun Tsohuwar Mulki ita ce Nomen na biyu, wani lokacin ana samun su kamar Sematawy, Nebet-Iunet, Mentuhotep Ḥw.t-Ḥr nb(.t) jwn.t Mnṯw-ḥtp "Ɗan Hathor, matar Dendera, Mentuhotep" Wannan zancen Hathor maimakon Re yayi kama da titulary na Pepi I. A ƙarshe, a cikin jerin sunayen sarki na baya, an yi magana da Mentuhotep tare da bambance-bambancen titula na uku. 

Abubuwan tunawa

Mentuhotep II ya ba da umarnin gina haikali da yawa kodayake kaɗan ne suka tsira har yau. A yin haka, Mentuhotep ya bi al'adar da kakansa Intef II ya fara: ayyukan gine-ginen sarauta a cikin haikalin lardi na Upper Masar sun fara a ƙarƙashin Intef II kuma suna dawwama a cikin Masarautar Tsakiya.[35] Yawancin ragowar haikalin kuma suna cikin Upper Egypt, mafi daidai a Abydos, Aswan, Tod, Armant, Gebelein, Elkab, Karnak da Denderah.[36]

Abidos

A Abydos, an sami wani babban ɗakin ibada mai suna Mahat Chapel a cikin 2014. Temple na Mortuary na Mentuhotep II a cikin hieroglyphs 3ḫ-swt-nb-ḥpt-Rˁ AkhsutnebhepetRe "An canza su ne wuraren Nebhepetre" 3ḫ-swt-Jmn Akhsutamun "An canza su ne wuraren Amun"[37]

Gidan gawawwaki na Mentuhotep11

Haikalin gawawwaki na Mentuhotep, 1) Bab el-Hosan cache, 2) ƙananan ginshiƙai, 3) Babban zauren, 4) ginin ginin, ƙila dala kuma tsakanin 3) da 4) shine motar asibiti, 5) Zauren Hypostyle, 6 ) Wuri Mai Tsarki. Mentuhotep II mafi buri da sabbin abubuwaAikin ginin ya kasance babban babban ɗakin ajiyar gawa a Deir el-Bahri. Yawancin sabbin fasahohin gine-gine na haikalin suna nuna hutu tare da al'adar tsohuwar masarauta ta rukunin dala kuma suna kwatanta Haikali na Miliyoyin Shekaru na Sabuwar Mulkin.[38] Don haka, haikalin Mentuhotep II ya kasance babban tushen wahayi ga na kusa, amma bayan shekaru 550 haikalin Hatshepsut da Thutmose III. Koyaya, mafi zurfin sabbin abubuwan haikalin Mentuhotep II ba na gine-gine ba ne amma na addini. Na farko, shi ne haikalin gawawwaki na farko inda sarki ba kawai mai karɓar hadayu ba ne, a'a yana aiwatar da bukukuwan gumaka (a cikin wannan yanayin Amun-Ra).[39] Na biyu, haikalin ya nuna sarki tare da Osiris. Hakika, kayan ado da siffar sarauta na haikalin suna jaddada al'amuran Osirian na mataccen mai mulki, akidar da ke bayyana a cikin tarihin jana'izar na fir'auna da yawa daga baya.[40] A ƙarshe, yawancin kayan ado na haikalin aikin masu fasahar Theban na gida ne. Wannan yana tabbatar da mafi girman salon fasaha na haikalin wanda ke wakiltar mutane masu manyan lebe da idanuwa da siraran jiki.[41] Akasin haka, ƙaƙƙarfan ɗakin sujada na matan Mentuhotep II tabbas sun kasance saboda masu sana'ar Memphite waɗanda ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi na Tsohon Mulki suka rinjaye su sosai. Wannan al’amari na rarrabuwar kawuna na salon fasahar ana lura da shi ne a tsawon tsaka-tsakin lokaci na farko kuma sakamakon rarrabuwar siyasar ƙasar ne kai tsaye.[41] Halin da ake ciki [gyara tushe] Haikalin yana cikin dutsen Deir el-Bahri a gabar yammacin Thebes. Zaɓin wannan wurin tabbas yana da alaƙa da asalin Theban na Daular 11: Magabatan Mentuhotep akan kursiyin Theban duk an binne su a kusa da kaburburan saff. Ƙari ga haka, wataƙila Mentuhotep ya zaɓi Deir el-Bahri domin ya yi daidai da haikalin Karnak, a wancan gefen kogin Nilu. Musamman ma ana kawo mutum-mutumin Amun duk shekara zuwa Deir el-Bahri a lokacin Kyakkyawar Bikin Kwarin, wani abu da kila sarki ya gane yana da amfani ga wannan ibada ta jana'izar[38]. Sakamakon haka, kuma har sai da aka gina Djeser-Djeseru bayan wasu ƙarni biyar, haikalin Mentuhotep II shine makoma ta ƙarshe na barque na Amun yayin bikin.[42][43]

Ganowa da hakowa

A farkon karni na 19, rugujewar haikalin Mentuhotep II ya cika da tarkace. Sakamakon haka ba a lura da su ba har zuwa rabin na biyu na karni, duk da fa'idar tona asirin da aka yi a Haikalin Gawawwaki na Hatshepsut da ke kusa. Don haka sai a cikin 1859, Lord Dufferin da mataimakansa, Dr. Lorange da Cyril Clerke Graham, sun fara tono kusurwoyin kudu maso yamma na zauren haikalin Mentuhotep. Da suke share tarkacen tarkace, ba da daɗewa ba suka gano kabarin Sarauniya Tem, ɗaya daga cikin matan Mentuhotep. Da suka fahimci yuwuwar wurin, sai a hankali suka yi tafiya zuwa Wuri Mai Tsarki, inda suka gano bagadin dutse na Mentuhotep tare da wakilcin Amun-Re da sauran abubuwan da aka gano kamar kabarin Neferu TT319. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1898, Howard Carter ya gano ma'ajiyar Bab el-Hosan[44] a gaban kotuna, inda ya gano sanannen gunkin baƙar fata na sarki.[45] Sashe na haikalin gawawwaki na Mentuhotep II na E. Naville Ayyukan tono na gaba na gaba sun gudana daga 1903 zuwa 1907 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Henri Édouard Naville, wanda ya yi aiki a wurin a madadin Asusun Binciken Masar. Shi ne na farko da ya fara binciken haikalin a tsanake. Kimanin shekaru goma bayan haka, tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1931, Herbert E. Winlock ya kara hako haikalin don Gidan Tarihi na Art. Duk da haka, an buga sakamakonsa ne kawai ta hanyar rahotannin farko a taƙaice.[46] A ƙarshe, daga 1967 zuwa 1971, Dieter Arnold ya gudanar da bincike a kanwurin a madadin Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeological ta Jamus. Ya buga sakamakonsa a juzu’i uku[47].  Mutum-mutumin dutse mai yashi da aka fentin na Mentuhotep II sanye da kambin Deshret, wanda H. Winlock ya gano.

Kyauta na asali

A ƙarƙashin kusurwoyi huɗu na filin haikalin, H. Winlock ya gano ramuka huɗu a lokacin bincikensa na 1921-1922. An haƙa waɗannan ramuka a cikin ƙasa kafin a gina haikalin don manufar tushen tushe. Hakika, lokacin da H. Winlock ya gano su, har yanzu sun ƙunshi hadayu da yawa: kwanyar shanu, tulu da kwano cike da 'ya'yan itace, sha'ir da burodi da bulo mai laka mai ɗauke da sunan Mentuhotep II.[48] Ƙarin tona ramukan da Dieter Arnold ya yi a cikin 1970 ya bayyana ƙarin hadayun abinci kamar burodi da haƙarƙarin naman sa, amma har da wasu abubuwan tagulla, sandar faience da zanen gado. An yi wa zanen gadon alama a cikin jajayen tawada a kusurwar, bakwai mai sunan Mentuhotep na biyu da uku tare da na Intef II.[49]

Gine-gine

[that's tushe]

Hanya da tsakar gida

Hakazalika ga rukunin gawawwaki na Tsohuwar Mulki, rukunin gawawwakin Mentuhotep II ya ƙunshi haikali biyu: babban haikalin Deir el-Bahri da haikalin kwari da ke kusa da Kogin Nilu akan filayen noma. Haikalin kwarin yana da alaƙa da babban haikalin ta hanyar mai tsawon kilomita 1.2 da faɗin mita 46 da ba a buɗe ba. Hanyar hanyar ta kai ga wani babban fili da ke gaban haikalin Deir el-Bahri. An kawata farfajiyar da wani doguwar gadon fure mai siffar rectangular, wanda aka dasa itatuwan sikamore hamsin da biyar a cikin kananan ramuka da tamarisk guda shida tare da bishiyun dawa guda biyu da aka dasa a cikin rami mai zurfi cike da kasa[50]. Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙalilan da aka rubuta a cikin haikali na tsohuwar Masar waɗanda aka san su sosai game da sake gina kamanninsa.[51] Kula da irin wannan lambun fiye da kilomita 1 daga kogin Nilu zuwa cikin hamada maras busassun dole ya buƙaci aikin lambu da yawa da kuma tsarin ban ruwa mai fa'ida. Mutum-mutumin da ke zaune na Mentuhotep II kusa da hanyar Hagu da dama na hanyar muzaharar sun kasance aƙalla mutum-mutumin mutum-mutumi 22 na Mentuhotep II sanye, a gefen kudu, Farin Kambi na Upper Egypt da kuma a gefen arewa Red Crown na Lower Egypt. Wataƙila an ƙara waɗannan a cikin haikali don bikin Mentuhotep II na Sed a cikin shekara ta 39 a kan karaga.[52] Wasu mutum-mutumin dutsen yashi marasa kai har yanzu suna kan wurin a yau. An gano wani a cikin 1921 a lokacin da Herbert Winlock ya yi tono kuma yanzu ana nunawa a Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan [53].

Bangaren gaba na haikalin

Yammacin hanyar hanyar ita ce babban haikalin, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa biyu. An keɓe ɓangaren gaba na haikalin ga Montu-Ra, haɗin gwiwar allahn rana Ra tare da Theban gunkin yaƙi Montu, musamman waɗanda ake bautawa a lokacin daular 11th. Tumaki mai daidaitawa da tsakiyar tsakiyar haikalin ya kai ga filin bene. Edouard Naville ne ya gina shi a shekara ta 1905 bisa ragowar gangaren tudun, wanda kawai ake iya gani a wurare biyu a matsayin mafi ƙanƙanta yadudduka biyu na ƙulla dutsen farar ƙasa.[54] Bangaren gabas na gabas na haikalin, a ɓangarorin biyu na hawan hawan, ya ƙunshi ƙofofi biyu masu jeri biyu na ginshiƙai rectangular, waɗanda ke sa haikalin ya yi kama da kabari mai saff, binne gargajiya na magabatan daular Mentuhotep II na 11th-Dynasty. 55]  Rugujewar motar daukar marasa lafiya A kan filin haikalin, faɗin mita 60, zurfin zurfin mita 43 da tsayin mita 5 yana goyon bayan babban zauren da ke kewaye da motar asibiti da ginin ginin. Motar motar, wacce aka raba ta da babban falo da katanga mai kauri mai tsawon kamu 5, ta ƙunshi jimillar ginshiƙai guda 140 da aka jefa a cikin layuka uku.[56] Ga mafi yawan waɗannan ginshiƙai, tushe ne kawai ake iya gani a yau.[57] Filin motar daukar marasa lafiya gaba daya ya cika da babban ginin, wani katon gini mai tsayin mita 22 da tsayin mita 11. WannanEdouard Naville ne ya tono ginin, wanda ke tsakiyar ginin haikalin, a cikin 1904 da 1905. Ya sake gina shi a matsayin wani tsari mai murabba'i wanda ƙaramin dala ya ɗaga sama, wakilcin tsaunin fari wanda mai yiyuwa yayi kama da manyan gine-ginen kaburburan sarki a Abydos. Wannan sake ginawa, wanda H. E. Winlock ya goyi bayan, D. Arnold ya yi takara, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa, saboda dalilai na tsari, haikalin ba zai iya tallafawa nauyin ƙaramin dala ba. Maimakon haka, sai ya ba da shawarar cewa ginin yana da rufin asiri.[58] Sake gina haikalin gawawwaki na Mentuhotep II na Édouard Naville. Ana muhawara akan kasancewar dala.

Sashen baya na haikalin

Bayan ginshiƙin ginin shine cibiyar bautar sarki. An yanke gefen bayan haikalin kai tsaye a cikin dutsen kuma ya ƙunshi fili mai buɗewa, falo mai ginshiƙai mai ginshiƙai 82 da ɗakin sujada na mutum-mutumi na sarki.[59] An keɓe wannan ɓangaren haikalin ga Amun-Ra. Wurin da yake buɗe yana gefen arewa da kudu da jeri na ginshiƙai biyar, a wajen gabas kuma yana da jeri biyu na ginshiƙai goma sha shida. A tsakiyar farfajiyar gidan akwai dromos mai zurfi da ke kaiwa kabarin sarki. Abubuwan da aka gano na archaeological a wannan ɓangaren haikalin sun haɗa da bagadin dutsen ƙasa, takalmi mai dutsen dutse da mutum-mutumi na granite guda shida na Senusret III.[60] Zuwa yamma, tsakar gidan yana kaiwa zuwa zauren hypostyle mai jeri goma na ginshiƙai takwas kowanne, tare da ƙarin ginshiƙai biyu a gefen ƙofar. Zauren da aka keɓe yana raba shi da tsakar gida da bango kuma, kasancewar shi ma mafi girma, ana isa gare shi ta wani ɗan ƙaramin tudu.[61] A ƙarshen yamma na zauren salon munafunci ya ta'allaka mafi tsarkin wurin haikalin, wani wuri mai tsarki da aka keɓe ga Mentuhotep da Amun-Ra wanda ke jagorantar wani ɗan ƙaramin ƙwaƙƙwal wanda ke da babban mutum-mutumin sarki. Wuri Mai Tsarki da kansa yana da mutum-mutumi na Amun-Re kuma an kewaye shi a gefe uku da bango kuma a gefe ɗaya da dutse. Fuskokin ciki da na waje na waɗannan katangar duk an yi musu ado da fentin fenti da alamun sarakuna da alloli cikin walwala.[62] Gutsuguntsin agajin da suka tsira sun nuna sarkin da aka keɓe ya kewaye shi da manyan alloli na Sama da Ƙasar Masar, Nekhbet, Seth, Horus da Wadjet, kuma yana daidai da su.[63] Allolin sun ba wa sarki tarin rassan dabino, alamar miliyoyin shekaru. Wannan sassaucin wata alama ce ta sauye-sauye na addini a cikin akidar sarauta tun daga Tsohuwar Mulki: A cikin Tsohon Mulki, sarki ya kasance mai mulkin dala, [...] yanzu an rage shi zuwa mai mulkin ɗan adam wanda ya dogara da yardar alloli. Dawwamawarsa ba ta cikinsa; wajibi ne a yi masa baiwar Ubangiji[64].

Kabarin sarauta

Corridor da ke kaiwa zuwa kabarin Mentuhotep II Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, farfajiyar buɗewa na ɓangaren baya na haikalin yana ba da dromos a tsakiyarsa. Wannan dromos, madaidaiciyar hanya mai tsayin mita 150, tana kaiwa zuwa wani babban dakin da ke karkashin kasa mai nisan mita 45 a karkashin kotun wanda babu shakka kabarin sarki ne. Wannan ɗakin gabaɗaya an lulluɓe shi da jajayen granite kuma yana da rufin mai nuni. Ya ƙunshi ɗakin sujada na alabaster a cikin siffar Wuri Mai Tsarki na Sama-Masar Per-wer.[65] An taɓa rufe wannan ɗakin sujada da kofa biyu yanzu ta ɓace. Ya ƙunshi akwatin gawa na katako da tasoshin maganin shafawa waɗanda suka bar alamun a cikin ƙasa. Yawancin kayayyakin kaburburan da tabbas an ajiye su a can sun dade a sakamakon sace-sacen kabarin. Kadan daga cikin abubuwan da suka rage sun hada da sanda, kibiyoyi da dama, da tarin samfura da suka hada da jiragen ruwa, dakunan ajiye kaya da gidajen burodi.[66] ===Gallery=== Babban mutum-mutumi na Mentuhotep II asali a Thebes, yanzu ana nunawa a Museo Gregoriano Egiziano, Vatican.    Mentuhotep II yana karɓar kyauta, Musée du Louvre.    Silinda hatimin Mentuhotep II, Musée du Louvre.    Cartouche na Mentuhotep II akan jerin sarki Abydos.    Duban iskaHaikalin gawawwaki na Mentuhotep II a Deir el-Bahari.