Mentuhotep II

 

Mentuhotep II
Pharaoh 2055 "BCE" - 2004 "BCE" ← Intef III (en) - Mentuhotep III (en) → Q110884310 ← Intef III (en) - Mentuhotep III (en) → Q110550696
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	21 century "BCE"
ƙasa	Tsohuwar Masar
Mutuwa	2013 "BCE"
Makwanci	Deir el-Bahari (en)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	Intef III
Mahaifiya	Iah
Abokiyar zama	Neferu II (en) Ashayet (en) Kawit (en) Kemsit (en) Tem (en) Sadeh (Sarauniya) Henhenet (en)
Yara	view Mentuhotep III (en)
Ahali	Neferu II (en)
Yare	Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt (en)
Sana'a
Sana'a	sarki

Mentuhotep II ( Ancient Egyptian </link></link> , ma'ana " Mentu ya gamsu"), wanda kuma aka sani a ƙarƙashin prenomen Nebhepetre ( Ancient Egyptian </link></link> , ma'ana "Ubangijin rudder shine Ra "), tsohon Fir'auna ne na Masar, mai mulki na shida na daular sha ɗaya . An lasafta shi da sake haɗa Masar, don haka ya kawo ƙarshen tashin hankali na Farko na Tsakanin Tsakanin Matsakaici kuma ya zama Fir'auna na farko na Masarautar Tsakiyar . Ya yi mulki shekaru 51, bisa ga jerin sarakunan Turin . [1] Mentuhotep II ya gaji mahaifinsa Intef III a kan karagar mulki kuma dansa Mentuhotep III ya gaje shi.

Mentuhotep II ya hau gadon sarautar Masar a Babban birnin Thebes na Masar a lokacin Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko. Ba a haɗa Masar a wannan lokacin ba, kuma Daular Goma, abokin hamayyar Mentuhotep na sha ɗaya, ya mallaki Masarautar Masar daga Herakleopolis . Bayan sarakunan Herakleopolitan sun wulakanta tsattsarkan tsohuwar sarautar Abydos a Masarautar Sama a shekara ta goma sha huɗu ta sarautar Mentuhotep, Fir'auna Mentuhotep na biyu ya aika da sojojinsa zuwa arewa don cin nasara a Masar. A ci gaba da mamayar mahaifinsa Intef III, Mentuhotep ya yi nasarar hada kan kasarsa, watakila ba da jimawa ba kafin shekara ta 39 a kan karagar mulki. [1] [2] Bayan kuma don amincewa da haɗin kai, a cikin shekara ta 39, ya canza sarautarsa zuwa Shematawy ( Ancient Egyptian </link></link> , ma'ana "Wanda ya haɗa ƙasashen biyu"). [3]

Bayan hadewar, Mentuhotep na biyu ya gyara gwamnatin Masar. Don sauya tsarin raba mulki, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga rugujewar Tsohuwar Masarautar da kuma alama ta Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko, ya mayar da jihar a Thebes don kwace wasu daga cikin ikon da suke da shi a kan yankuna. Mentuhotep na biyu ya kuma kirkiro sabbin mukamai na gwamnati wadanda mazauna yankin 'yan kabilar Theban ne masu biyayya gare shi, wanda hakan ya baiwa Fir'auna karin iko a kan kasarsa. Jami'ai daga babban birnin kasar na tafiya akai-akai don sarrafa shugabannin yankin.

Mentuhotep II an binne shi a cikin Theban necropolis na Deir el-Bahari . Haikalin gawawwakinsa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan gine-gine na Mentuhotep II, kuma ya haɗa da sabbin gine-gine da na addini da yawa. Alal misali, ya haɗa da filaye da hanyoyin tafiya a kusa da tsarin tsakiya, kuma shi ne haikalin gawawwaki na farko wanda ya gano Fir'auna tare da allahn Osiris. Haikalinsa ya yi wahayi zuwa haikalin da yawa daga baya, kamar na Hatshepsut da Thutmose III na daular sha takwas . Wasu hotuna na Mentuhotep na biyu da alama suna nuna cewa ya sha fama da cutar giwa, wanda ya haifar da kumburin ƙafafu.

Iyali

Silsileh dutsen taimako yana nuna babban sarki Mentuhotep II, a hannun dama Intef III da ma'aji Kheti da, a hagu, sarauniya Iah.

Mentuhotep II shi ne ɗan Intef III da Intef Matar III Iah wanda watakila ita ma 'yar uwarsa ce. An nuna wannan zuriyar ta stele na Henenu (Cairo 36346), wani jami'in da ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Intef II, Intef. III da dansa, wanda stele ya bayyana Horus s-ankh-[ib-t3wy], [1] [2] Mentuhotep. II sunan farko Horus. Ita kuwa Iah, tana da taken mwt-nswt, “mahaifiyar Sarki”. [3] Mahaifiyar Mentuhotep II kuma an tabbatar da shi kai tsaye ta hanyar taimako a Shatt er-Rigal. Wasu malaman sun nuna cewa Mentuhotep II ya fito daga Nubian. Musamman, Wildung da Lobban sun ba da hujjar cewa hoton hoton Masar yana wakiltar Mentuhotep II tare da fayyace, fasalin fuskar Nubian. Crawford ya lura cewa masu mulkin daular ta 11 sun kasance a yankin Theban ko kudancin kasar Masar kuma suna da kusanci da Nubia. [4] [5] [6] Mentuhotep II yana da mata da yawa waɗanda aka binne tare da shi a cikin ko kusa da haikalinsa: [7]

• Tem ( tm ) wanda watakila ya kasance Mentuhotep Babbar matar II yayin da ta ɗauki laƙabi na ḥmt-nswt "Matar Sarki", ḥmt-nswt mryt.f "Matar Sarki, Masoyinsa" da wrt-ḥts-nbwj "Babban daya daga cikin sandar Ubangiji biyu". Ta ba Mentuhotep II yara biyu, daya daga cikinsu tabbas Mentuhotep III ne tun da ana kiran Tem mwt-nswt, ""mahaifiyar sarki" da mwt-nswt-bjtj, "mahaifiyar sarki Dual". Da alama ta mutu bayan mijinta kuma ɗanta ya binne ta a haikalin Mentuhotep. Lord Dufferin ne ya gano kabarinta a cikin 1859 kuma D.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAVU"> </span>Arnold .
• Neferu II ("Kyakkyawa") ana kiranta "Matar Sarki" da ḥmt-nswt-mryt.f, "Matar Sarki, ƙaunataccensa". Wataƙila ta kasance Mentuhotep 'Yar'uwar II tunda ita ma ta sami lakabin sȝt-nswt-šmswt-nt-ẖt.f, "Babban sarki 'yar jikinsa", jrjt-pˁt, " gimbiya gadon sarauta" da ḥmwt-nbwt, "matar mata duka". An binne ta a kabarin TT319 na Deir el-Bahri.

Sarcophagus na Kawit, hoto na E. Naville, 1907.

• Kawit ( kȝwj.t ) na ɗaya daga cikin Mentuhotep II matan sakandare. Ta sami lakabin ḥmt-nswt mryt.f "Matar Sarki, masoyinsa" da ẖkrt-nswt, "Adon Sarki". Ta kasance "Firist na allahiya Hathor ". An ce ita Nubian ce. An binne ta a karkashin filin Mentuhotep Gidan gawa na II inda E. Naville ta gano sarcophagus a cikin 1907.
• Sadeh, Ashayet, Henhenet da Kemsit duk Mentuhotep ne II matan sakandare. Suna da lakabin ḥmt-nswt mryt.f "Matar Sarki, Masoyinsa" da ẖkrt-nswt-wˁtit "Adon Sarki Na Musamman". Sun kasance firistoci na Hathor kuma kowannensu an binne su a cikin rami guda da aka haƙa a ƙarƙashin filin Mentuhotep. II ta haikali. Lura cewa madadin ka'idar tana ɗaukar cewa Henhenet ɗaya ne na Intef Matan sakandare na III, watakila mahaifiyar Neferu II. Wataƙila Henhenet ya mutu a lokacin haihuwa.
• Mwyt, yarinya 'yar shekara biyar da aka binne tare da Mentuhotep II matan sakandare. Wataƙila ita ce ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mata.

Mulki

Ana ɗaukar Mentuhotep II a matsayin mai mulkin farko na Masarautar Tsakiyar Masar . Turin Canon ya ba shi sarauta na shekaru 51. [1] Yawancin masana Masarautar Masar sun daɗe suna la'akari da abubuwan taimako na dutse guda biyu, wanda ke nuna Mentuhotep II ya tashi sama da ƙananan adadi da aka yiwa lakabin sarki "Intef", don zama tabbataccen shaida cewa magajinsa Intef III shine mahaifinsa; wannan, duk da haka, bai tabbata ba, domin waɗannan abubuwan taimako na iya samun wasu dalilai na farfaganda, kuma akwai wasu matsalolin da suka shafi ainihin asalin Mentuhotep, canjin sunansa guda uku, da ƙoƙarinsa na neman zuriya daga alloli daban-daban. [2]

Mutum-mutumin da aka zana dutsen yashi na Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II, Gidan kayan tarihi na Masar, Alkahira.

Mulkin farko

Lokacin da ya hau kan karagar mulkin Theban, Mentuhotep na biyu ya gaji babbar kasa da magabata suka mamaye tun daga farkon fari a kudu zuwa Abydos da Tjebu a arewa. Shekaru goma sha huɗu na farko na mulkin Mentuhotep na II da alama sun kasance cikin lumana a yankin Theban saboda babu wasu tashe-tashen hankula da ke wanzuwa a wannan lokacin. Haƙiƙa, ƙarancin shaidar da aka yi a farkon mulkin Mentuhotep na iya nuna cewa yana matashi sa’ad da ya hau kan karagar mulki, hasashe da ya yi daidai da tsawon mulkinsa na shekaru 51.

Sake hadewar Masar

A shekara ta 14 ta sarautarsa, an yi tawaye a arewa. Wataƙila wannan tashin hankalin yana da alaƙa da rikice-rikicen da ke gudana tsakanin Mentuhotep II da ke cikin Thebes da kuma daular 10 mai hamayya da ke Herakleopolis wanda ya yi barazanar mamaye Upper Masar. Shekara ta 14 ta mulkin Mentuhotep hakika ita ce shekarar laifin Thinis . Wannan hakika yana nufin mamaye yankin Thinite da sarakunan Herakleopolitan suka yi waɗanda a fili suka ƙazantar da tsattsarkan gidan sarauta na Abydos a cikin wannan tsari. Daga baya Mentuhotep II ya tura sojojinsa zuwa arewa. Shahararren kabarin mayaka a Deir el-Bahari da aka gano a shekarun 1920, yana dauke da gawarwakin sojoji 60 da aka lullube da lilin, wadanda ba a kashe su a yaki, rigar rigar su dauke da cartouche na Mentuhotep II. Saboda kusancinsa da kaburburan sarauta na Theban, an yi imanin kabarin mayakan na jarumai ne da suka mutu a rikicin da aka yi tsakanin Mentuhotep na biyu da abokan gaba na arewa. [1] Merikare, mai mulkin Ƙasa-Masar a lokacin ya mutu a lokacin rikici, wanda ya kara raunana mulkinsa kuma ya ba Mentuhotep damar sake hada Masar. Ba a san ainihin ranar da aka sake haduwa ba, amma ana kyautata zaton ya faru ne daf da shekara ta 39 ta mulkinsa. [2] Tabbas, shaidu sun nuna cewa tsarin ya ɗauki lokaci, watakila saboda rashin tsaro na ƙasar gaba ɗaya a lokacin: an binne talakawa da makamai, jana'izar jami'ai sun nuna su rike da makamai maimakon kayan ado na yau da kullum [1] da kuma lokacin da Mentuhotep II's. magajin ya aika da balaguro zuwa Punt bayan shekaru 20 bayan sake hadewar, har yanzu sun kawar da Wadi Hammamat daga 'yan tawaye.

Silinda hatimin Mentuhotep II, Musée du Louvre .

Bayan haɗuwar, Mentuhotep na biyu talakawansa sun ɗauka a matsayin allahntaka, ko rabin allahntaka. Hakan ya kasance har yanzu a ƙarshen daular 12 bayan shekaru 200: Senusret III da Amenemhat III sun kafa stelae na tunawa da buɗaɗɗen baki da aka yi a kan mutum-mutumin Mentuhotep II.

Ayyukan soji a wajen Masar

Mentuhotep na biyu ya kaddamar da yakin neman zabe karkashin jagorancin wazirinsa Khety kudu zuwa Nubia, wadda ta samu 'yancin kai a lokacin tsaka-tsaki na farko, a cikin shekaru 29 da 31 na mulki. Wannan shine farkon bayyanar kalmar Kush don Nubia a cikin bayanan Masar. Musamman, Mentuhotep ya sanya wani sansanin sojoji a tsibirin Elephantine domin a iya tura sojoji cikin sauri zuwa kudu. Akwai kuma shaidar ayyukan soji a kan Kan'ana. An sami wani rubutu a Gabal El Uweinat kusa da kan iyakokin Libya na zamani, Sudan da Chadi, suna mai suna sarki tare da tabbatar da aƙalla hulɗar kasuwanci da wannan yanki.

Jami'ai

Sarkin ya sake fasalin kasa ya nada wa shugaban gwamnati. Hakiman mulkinsa sune Bebi da Dagi . Ma'ajinsa shine Kheti wanda ke da hannu wajen shirya bikin sed ga sarki. Sauran manyan jami'ai sune ma'ajin Meketre da mai kula da sitirai Meru . Janar shi ne Intef .

Sake tsara gwamnati

A cikin Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko na Farko kuma har zuwa lokacin mulkin Mentuhotep na biyu, masu zaman kansu suna da iko akan Masar. Ofishinsu ya zama na gado a lokacin daular ta 6 kuma rushewar mulkin tsakiya ya ba su cikakken 'yanci a kan filayensu. Bayan haɗewar Masar duk da haka, Mentuhotep na biyu ya ƙaddamar da ƙaƙƙarfan manufofin daidaitawa, yana ƙarfafa ikonsa na sarauta ta hanyar samar da mukaman Gwamnan Upper Masar da Gwamnan Ƙasar Masar waɗanda ke da iko a kan masu zaman kansu na gida.

Titulari na uku na Mentuhotep daga haikalinsa na Montu a Tod.

Mentuhotep ya kuma dogara da rundunar tafi da gidanka na jami'an fadar sarki wadanda suka kara sarrafa ayyukan nomarch. A ƙarshe, sarakunan da suka goyi bayan daular ta 10, irin su gwamnan Asyut, ba shakka, sun yi hasarar ikonsu saboda ribar sarki. A halin da ake ciki, Mentuhotep na biyu ya fara babban shiri na ƙasƙantar da kai yana mai jaddada yanayin allahntaka na mai mulki.

Titulary

Shirin ba da kansa na Mentuhotep II ya fito fili daga haikalin da ya gina inda aka wakilta sa sanye da rigar Min da Amun. Amma watakila mafi kyawun shaidar wannan manufar ita ce ta uku: Horus na biyu da sunayen Nebty sune allahntaka na farin kambi yayin da ake kiransa ɗan Hathor a ƙarshen mulkinsa.

Mentuhotep II ya canza titula nasa sau biyu a lokacin mulkinsa: a karon farko a cikin shekararsa ta 14, wanda ke nuna nasarorin farko na yakin neman zabensa da Herakleopolis Magna zuwa arewa. A karo na biyu ko kuma jim kaɗan kafin shekara ta 39 ta sarautarsa, wanda ke nuna nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙarshe, da kuma sake haɗewar da ya yi na dukan Masar. Hakazalika, wannan canji na biyu na iya faruwa a lokacin bikin <i id="mwAfY">sed</i> da aka yi a shekara ta 39 a kan karagar mulki.

	First titulary	Second titulary	Third titulary
Horus name	Seankhibtawy S.ˁnḫ-ib-tȝwy "He who invigorates the heart of the two lands"	Netjerihedjet Nṯrj-ḥḏt "The divine one of the white crown"	Sematawy Smˁ-tȝ.w(j) "He who unifies the two lands"
Nebty name		Netjerihedjet Nṯrj-ḥḏt "The divine one of the white crown"	Sematawy Smˁ-tȝ.w(j) "He who unifies the two lands"
Golden Horus name			Biknebuqashuty Bjk-nbw-qȝ-šwtj "The Golden Falcon, lofty in plumes"
Prenomen	Seankhibtawy S.ˁnḫ-ib-tȝwy "He who invigorates the heart of the two lands"	Nebhepetre Nb-ḥpt-Rˁ "The Lord of the rudder is Re"
Nomen	Mentuhotep Mn-ṯw-ḥtp "Montu is satisfied"

Gabaɗaya, titularies na Mentuhotep II suna nuna sha'awar komawa ga al'adun Tsohuwar Mulki. Musamman ya karɓi cikakken tsarin mulki mai ninki biyar bayan sake haɗewar Masar, da alama a karon farko tun daular ta 6, kodayake sanannun bayanan ba su da yawa na yawancin Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko da ya gabace shi. Wata hujjar cewa Mentuhotep II ya ba da kulawa sosai ga al'adun Tsohuwar Mulki ita ce Nomen na biyu, wani lokacin ana samun su kamar

Sematawy, Nebet-Iunet, Mentuhotep
sȝ Ḥw.t-Ḥr nb(.t) jwn.t Mnṯw-ḥtp
"The son of Hathor, the lady of Dendera, Mentuhotep"

Wannan zancen Hathor maimakon Re yana kama da titulary na Pepi I. A ƙarshe, a cikin jerin sunayen sarki na baya, an kira Mentuhotep tare da bambance-bambancen titula na uku

Abubuwan tunawa

Mentuhotep II ya ba da umarnin gina haikali da yawa ko da yake kaɗan ne suka tsira har yau. A cikin yin haka, Mentuhotep ya bi al'adar da kakansa Intef II ya fara: ayyukan gine-ginen sarauta a cikin haikalin lardi na Upper Masar sun fara a ƙarƙashin Intef II kuma suna dawwama a cikin Mulkin Tsakiya. Yawancin ragowar haikalin kuma suna cikin Upper Egypt, mafi daidai a Abydos, Aswan, Tod, Armant, Gebelein, Elkab, Karnak da Denderah .

Abidos

A Abydos, an sami wani babban ɗakin ibada mai suna Mahat Chapel a cikin 2014.  

Gidan gawawwaki na Mentuhotep II

I Haikalin gawawwaki na Mentuhotep, 1) Bab el-Hosan cache, 2) ƙananan ginshiƙai, 3) Zaure na sama, 4) babban gini, watakila dala kuma tsakanin 3) da 4) shine motar asibiti, 5) Zauren Hypostyle, 6) Wuri Mai Tsarki.

Babban aikin gini na Mentuhotep II shine babban haikalin ajiyar gawa a Deir el-Bahri . Yawancin sabbin fasahohin gine-gine na haikalin suna nuna hutu tare da al'adar tsohuwar masarauta ta rukunin dala kuma suna kwatanta Haikalin Miliyoyin Shekaru na Sabuwar Mulkin. Don haka, haikalin Mentuhotep II ya kasance babban tushen wahayi ga na kusa, amma bayan shekaru 550 haikalin Hatshepsut da Thutmose III .

Koyaya, mafi zurfin sabbin abubuwan haikalin Mentuhotep II ba na gine-gine ba ne amma na addini. Na farko, shi ne haikali na farko na gawawwaki inda sarki ba kawai mai karɓar hadayu ba amma yana aiwatar da bukukuwan gumaka (a wannan yanayin Amun-Ra). Na biyu, haikalin ya nuna sarki tare da Osiris . Lallai, kayan ado da statuary na sarauta na haikalin suna jaddada al'amuran Osirian na mataccen mai mulki, akidar da ke bayyana a cikin jana'izar jana'izar na fir'auna da yawa daga baya.

A ƙarshe, yawancin kayan ado na haikalin aikin masu fasahar Theban na gida ne. Wannan yana tabbatar da mafi girman salon fasaha na haikalin wanda ke wakiltar mutane masu manyan lebe da idanuwa da siraran jiki. Akasin haka, ingantattun wuraren ibada na matan Mentuhotep II tabbas sun kasance saboda masu sana'a na Memphite waɗanda ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi na Tsohon Mulki suka rinjaye su sosai. Wannan al'amari na rarrabuwar kawuna na salon fasaha ana lura da shi ne a cikin Tsakanin Tsakanin Farko na Farko kuma sakamakon wargajewar siyasar ƙasar ne kai tsaye.

Halin da ake ciki

Haikalin yana cikin dutsen Deir el-Bahri a gabar yammacin Thebes. Zaɓin wannan wurin tabbas yana da alaƙa da asalin Theban na Daular 11: Magabatan Mentuhotep akan kursiyin Theban duk an binne su a kusa da kaburburan saff. Bugu da ƙari, Mentuhotep mai yiwuwa ya zaɓi Deir el-Bahri saboda yana da alaƙa da haikalin Karnak, a wancan gefen Nilu. Musamman ma, ana kawo mutum-mutumin Amun duk shekara zuwa Deir el-Bahri a lokacin Kyawun Bikin Kwarin, wani abu da kila sarki ya gane yana da amfani ga wannan ibada ta jana'izar. Sakamakon haka, kuma har sai da aka gina Djeser-Djeseru bayan wasu ƙarni biyar, haikalin Mentuhotep II shine makoma ta ƙarshe na barque na Amun a lokacin bikin.

Ganowa da hakowa

A farkon karni na 19, rugujewar haikalin Mentuhotep II ya cika da tarkace. Sakamakon haka ba a lura da su ba har zuwa rabin na biyu na karni, duk da yawan tona asirin da aka yi a Haikalin Gawawwaki na Hatshepsut da ke kusa. Don haka sai a cikin 1859, Lord Dufferin da mataimakansa, Dokta Lorange da Cyril Clerke Graham, suka fara tono kusurwoyin kudu maso yamma na zauren hypostyle na haikalin Mentuhotep. Da suke share tarkacen tarkace, ba da daɗewa ba suka gano kabarin Sarauniya Tem, ɗaya daga cikin matan Mentuhotep. Da suka fahimci yuwuwar wurin, sai a hankali suka yi tafiya zuwa Wuri Mai Tsarki, inda suka sami bagadin dutse na Mentuhotep tare da wakilcin Amun-Re da sauran abubuwan da aka samo kamar kabarin Neferu TT319 . A ƙarshe, a cikin 1898, Howard Carter ya gano ma'ajiyar Bab el-Hosan [1] a gaban kotu, inda ya gano sanannen baƙar fata mutum-mutumi na sarki. [2]

Cross-section of Mentuhotep II mortuary temple by E. Naville

Ayyukan tonowa na gaba sun faru ne daga 1903 zuwa 1907 a karkashin jagorancin Henri Édouard Naville, wanda ya yi aiki a can a madadin Asusun Bincike na Masar. Shi ne na farko da ya gudanar da bincike na tsarin haikalin.Kimanin shekaru goma bayan haka, tsakanin 1920 da 1931, Herbert E. Winlock ya ci gaba da tono haikalin don Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan. Koyaya, an buga sakamakon sa ne kawai a cikin nau'ikan rahotanni na farko a cikin taƙaitaccen tsari. A ƙarshe, daga 1967 zuwa 1971, Dieter Arnold ya gudanar da bincike a shafin a madadin Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeological ta Jamus. Ya buga sakamakon sa a cikin kundi uku.

Mutum-mutumin dutsen yashi da aka zana na Mentuhotep II sanye da kambin Deshret, wanda H. Winlock ya gano.

Kyauta na asali

A ƙarƙashin kusurwoyi huɗu na filin haikalin, H. Winlock ya gano ramuka huɗu a lokacin bincikensa na 1921-1922. An haƙa waɗannan ramuka a cikin ƙasa kafin a gina haikalin don manufar tushen tushe. Lallai, lokacin da H. Winlock ya gano su, har yanzu suna ƙunshe da hadayu da yawa: kwanyar shanu, tulu da kwanoni cike da 'ya'yan itace, sha'ir da burodi da bulo mai laka mai ɗauke da sunan Mentuhotep II.

Ƙarin tono ramukan da Dieter Arnold ya yi a cikin 1970 ya bayyana ƙarin hadayun abinci kamar burodi da haƙarƙarin naman sa, amma har da wasu abubuwa na tagulla, sandar faience da zanen gado. An yi wa zanen gadon alama a cikin jan tawada a kusurwar, bakwai da sunan Mentuhotep II da uku tare da na Intef II .

Gine-gine

Hanya da tsakar gida

Hakazalika ga rukunin gawawwaki na Tsohuwar Mulki, rukunin gawawwakin Mentuhotep II ya ƙunshi haikali biyu: babban haikalin Deir el-Bahri da haikalin kwari da ke kusa da Kogin Nilu akan filayen noma. An haɗa haikalin kwarin zuwa babban haikalin ta hanyar 1.2 km tsawo da kuma 46 m faffadan hanyar da ba a rufe ba. Hanyar hanyar ta kai ga wani babban fili da ke gaban haikalin Deir el-Bahri.

A farfajiyar gidan an kawata shi da wata doguwar gadon fure mai siffar rectangular, tare da bishiyoyi hamsin da biyar da aka dasa a cikin kananan ramuka da tamarisk guda shida tare da bishiyun dawa guda biyu da aka dasa a cikin ramuka masu zurfi cike da kasa. Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙalilan da aka rubuta a cikin haikali-lambuna na d ¯ a Masar waɗanda aka san su sosai don sake fasalin bayyanarsa. Kula da irin wannan lambun fiye da 1 kilomita daga kogin Nilu zuwa cikin hamada mai busasshiyar dole ya buƙaci aikin lambu da yawa da kuma tsarin ban ruwa mai fa'ida.

Mutum-mutumin da ke zaune na Mentuhotep II kusa da hanyar

Hagu da dama na hanyar tafiya sun kasance aƙalla mutum-mutumi 22 na Mentuhotep II sanye, a gefen kudu, Farin Kambi na Upper Egypt da kuma a gefen arewa Red Crown na Lower Egypt . Wataƙila an ƙara waɗannan a haikali don bikin Mentuhotep II na <i id="mwA-k">Sed</i> a cikin shekara ta 39 a kan karaga. Wasu mutum-mutumin dutsen yashi marasa kai har yanzu suna kan wurin a yau. An gano wani a cikin 1921 a lokacin da Herbert Winlock ya tono kuma a yanzu yana nunawa a Gidan Tarihi na Art na Metropolitan .

Bangaren gaba na haikalin

Yammacin hanyar hanyar ita ce babban haikalin, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa biyu. An keɓe ɓangaren gaba na haikalin ga Montu-Ra, haɗin gwiwar allahn rana Ra tare da Theban allahn yaƙi Montu, musamman waɗanda aka yi sujada a lokacin daular 11th. Tumaki mai daidaitawa da tsakiyar tsakiyar haikalin ya kai ga saman bene. Edouard Naville ne ya gina shi a cikin 1905 a kan ragowar tudun tudun, wanda kawai ake iya gani a wurare biyu a matsayin mafi ƙanƙanta yadudduka biyu na ƙulla dutsen farar ƙasa. Bangaren gabas na gabas na haikalin, a ɓangarorin biyu na hawan hawan, ya ƙunshi ƙofofi biyu masu jeri biyu na ginshiƙai rectangular, waɗanda ke sa haikalin ya yi kama da kabari mai saff, binne gargajiya na magabatan daular Mentuhotep II na 11th-Dynasty.

Rushewar motar daukar marasa lafiya

A kan filin haikalin, faɗin mita 60, zurfin zurfin mita 43 da tsayin mita 5 yana goyan bayan babban ɗakin da ke kewaye da motar asibiti da ginin ginin. Motar motar, wacce aka ware daga babban falon da katanga mai kauri mai kamu 5, ta ƙunshi jimillar ginshiƙan octagonal 140 da aka jefa a cikin layuka uku. Ga mafi yawan waɗannan ginshiƙan, tushe kawai ake iya gani a yau.

Filin motar daukar marasa lafiya gaba daya ya cika da babban ginin, katafaren gini guda 22 ne m babba kuma 11 m babban gini. Edouard Naville ne ya hako wannan ginin, wanda ke tsakiyar ginin haikalin, a cikin 1904 da 1905. Ya sake gina shi a matsayin wani tsari mai murabba'i wanda ƙaramin dala ya ɗaga sama, wakilcin tsaunin fari wanda mai yiyuwa yayi kama da manyan gine-ginen kaburburan sarki a Abydos. Wannan sake ginawa, wanda HE Winlock ya goyi bayan, D. Arnold ya fafata, wanda yayi jayayya cewa, saboda dalilai na tsari, haikalin ba zai iya tallafawa nauyin ƙaramin dala ba. Maimakon haka, ya ba da shawarar cewa ginin yana da rufin rufi.

Sake gina haikalin gawawwaki na Mentuhotep II na Édouard Naville . Ana muhawara akan kasancewar dala.

Sashen baya na haikalin

Bayan ginshiƙin ginin shine cibiyar bautar sarki. An sassare ɓangaren bayan haikalin kai tsaye a cikin dutsen kuma ya ƙunshi fili mai buɗewa, wani falo mai ginshiƙai mai ginshiƙai 82 da ɗakin sujada na mutum-mutumi na sarki. An keɓe wannan ɓangaren haikalin ga Amun-Ra .

Wurin da yake buɗe yana gefen arewa da kudu da jeri na ginshiƙai biyar, a wajen gabas kuma yana da jeri biyu na ginshiƙai goma sha shida. A tsakiyar farfajiyar gidan akwai wani dromos mai zurfi wanda zai kai kabarin sarki. Abubuwan da aka gano na archaeological a cikin wannan ɓangaren haikalin sun haɗa da bagadin farar ƙasa, takalmi mai dutsen dutse da mutum-mutumi na granite guda shida na Senusret III . Zuwa yamma, tsakar gidan yana kaiwa zuwa gidan hypostyle mai jeri goma na ginshiƙai takwas kowanne, tare da ƙarin ginshiƙai biyu a gefen ƙofar. Zauren hypostyle an raba shi da tsakar gida da bango kuma, kasancewar shi ma mafi girma, ana samun dama ta hanyar ƙaramin tudu.

A ƙarshen yammacin zauren hypostyle akwai wuri mafi tsarki na haikalin, wani wuri mai tsarki da aka keɓe ga Mentuhotep da Amun-Ra wanda ke jagorantar ƙaramin speos wanda ke da mutum-mutumi mafi girma fiye da rayuwa na sarki. Wuri mai tsarki da kansa yana da mutum-mutumi na Amun-Re kuma an kewaye shi a bangarori uku da bangon kuma a gefe ɗaya da dutsen. An yi wa fuskokin ciki da na waje na waɗannan ganuwar ado da rubutun da aka zana da kuma wakiltar sarakuna da alloli a cikin babban taimako. Rashin raguwa da suka tsira sun nuna sarki mai tsarki kewaye da manyan alloli na Upper da Lower Egypt, Nekhbet, Seth, Horus da Wadjet, kuma a kan daidaituwa tare da su. Alloli sun gabatar da sarki tare da rassan dabino, alamar Miliyoyin Shekaru. Wannan taimako alama ce ta manyan canje-canje na addini a cikin akidar sarauta tun daga Tsohon Mulki:

In the Old Kingdom, the king had been the lord of the pyramid complex, [...] now he is reduced to a human ruler dependent on the gods' goodwill. His immortality is no longer innate; it has to be bestowed on him by the gods.

Kabarin sarauta

Corridor da ke kaiwa zuwa kabarin Mentuhotep II

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, farfajiyar buɗewa na ɓangaren baya na haikalin yana ba da dromos a tsakiyarsa. Wannan dromos, a 150 m madaidaiciyar corridor mai tsayi, yana kaiwa zuwa babban ɗakin karkashin kasa 45 m kasa kotun wanda babu shakka kabarin sarki ne. Wannan ɗakin gabaɗaya an lulluɓe shi da jajayen granite kuma yana da rufin mai nuni. Ya ƙunshi ɗakin sujada na alabaster a cikin nau'in Wuri Mai Tsarki na Sama-Masar Per-wer. An taɓa rufe wannan ɗakin sujada da kofa biyu yanzu ta ɓace. Ya ƙunshi akwatin gawa na katako da tasoshin maganin shafawa waɗanda suka bar alamun a cikin ƙasa. Yawancin kayayyakin kaburburan da tabbas an ajiye su a can sun dade da wuce gona da iri sakamakon wawashe kabari. Kadan abubuwan da suka rage sun kasance sanda, kibiyoyi da yawa, da tarin samfura da suka haɗa da jiragen ruwa, ɗakunan ajiya da gidajen burodi.

Kara karantawa

• Gae Callender: Zamanin Mulkin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, A cikin: Ian Shaw (gyara): Tarihin Oxford na Tsohon Misira, Jami'ar Oxford Press, Oxford, 2000, , shafi. 148-183
• W. Grajetzki, Masarautar Tsakiyar Masar ta dā: Tarihi, Archaeology da Society, Duckworth, London 2006 , 18-23
• Habachi, Labib 1963. Sarki Nébhepetre Menthuhotp: abubuwan tunawa da shi, wuri a cikin tarihi, deification da wani sabon abu wakilci a cikin nau'i na alloli. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 19, 16–52.

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