Kusa
kusa wata na’ura ce da ake amfani da ita don ɗaura abubuwa ko kayan tare, kuma tana iya samun nau'ikan jiki guda uku: guntun kayan da ba za a iya canzawa ba ana nufin saka su a cikin rami, tsagi, ko rami (kamar yadda pivots, hinges, da jigs) ; gindin da aka haɗa da kai kuma yana ƙarewa a cikin kaifi mai kaifi wanda ake nufin huda ɗaya ko fiye na kayan laushi kamar zane ko takarda (madaidaiciya ko turawa); tsiri guda ɗaya mai ƙarfi amma mai sassauƙa (misali waya ) wanda tsawonsa ya ninku zuwa madaidaiciyar kusurwa ta irin wannan yanayin cewa tsaka -tsakin kowannensu yana lanƙwasa zuwa ɗayan don, lokacin da aka saka wani abu tsakanin su, suna aiki azaman matsa (misali fil ɗin bobby), ko tsummoki guda biyu na madaidaicin kayan da aka haɗa tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a ƙarshen ƙarshen don haka, lokacin da bazara ta buɗe, mutum zai iya saka wasu kayan tsakanin ramuka a ɗayan ƙarshen cewa, an ba da izinin rufewa, sannan a dunƙule kayan da aka saka. Dangane da aikin su, ana iya yin fil da ƙarfe (misali ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe, ko tagulla ), itace, ko filastik .
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An samo fil a wuraren binciken archaeological tun daga Paleolithic, wanda aka yi da kashi da ƙaya, kuma a wuraren Neolithic, Celtic da tsoffin wuraren Roman. Shafukan Neolithic suna da wadataccen fil na katako, kuma har yanzu ana samun su ta hanyar zamanin Elizabethan. An samo fil ɗin ƙarfe wanda ya fara zuwa zamanin Bronze a Asiya, Arewacin Afirka da Turai, kamar sanannun filun-kanun guduma daga jana'izar Kurgan a arewa maso gabashin Caucasus .
Dinki da fashion fil
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ci gaban fil ɗin ya yi daidai da na takwaransa mai huɗu, allura . Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa an yi amfani da fil ɗin mai lankwasa sama da shekaru dubu huɗu. Asalin asali, waɗannan mutanen Sumerians ne suka ƙera su daga ƙarfe da ƙashi kuma ana amfani da su don haɗa riguna tare. Daga baya, an kuma yi amfani da fil don riƙe shafukan littattafai tare ta hanyar sanya allurar ta saman kusurwar su. [1]
Yawancin fil ɗin daga baya an yi su da tagulla, ƙarfe mai ɗanɗano mai ɗorewa wanda ya kasance yana samuwa a lokacin Zamanin Bronze . Wannan ci gaban ya biyo bayan amfani da ƙarfe wanda ya fi ƙarfi amma ya yi tsatsa lokacin da iska mai ɗumi. Ƙaddamar da dabarun yin amfani da wutar lantarki mai arha ya ba da damar sanya baƙin ƙarfe da nickel . Nickel bai yi tsatsa ba, amma ya kasance yana toshe baƙin ƙarfe a cikin yanayin danshi, kuma yana sake ba shi damar tsatsa. Koyaya, wannan ya ɗauki watanni da yawa ko ma shekaru don faruwa, kuma kamar yadda galibi ana amfani da fil ɗin baƙin ƙarfe na nickel don ɗaukar masana'anta a wurin kafin dinki, babu wani ƙarin tsaftacewa da ake ganin ya zama dole. Note, duk da haka, cewa wasu zamani sana'a dari aka sanya daga tsatsa-hujja da kuma karfi sosai titanium . [2]
Production
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A pinners guild aka farko kafa a London a shekara ta dubu daya da Dari Tara da hamsin da shida 1356, yada zuwa sauran garuruwa, amma fadowa takaice daga cikin ingancin samar da Faransa pinmakers, tattauna a Art de l'épinglier dubu days Dari bakwai da sittin da daya (1761) inda Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau ba da cikakken bayani game da division na aikin da masu amfani da Faransawa ke amfani da su:
Babu wanda bai yi mamakin ƙananan farashin fil ba; amma za mu ma fi mamaki, lokacin da muka san ayyuka daban -daban da yawa, mafi yawansu suna da taushi, wajibi ne don yin fil mai kyau.
Adam Smith ya bayyana kera fil a matsayin wani bangare na tattaunawarsa game da rabe -raben aiki a cikin Arzikin Kasashe .
John Ireland Howe ya ƙirƙiro injin ƙera fil a shekara ta dubu daya da Dari takwas da talatin da biyu 1832, da ingantaccen injin a dubu daya da dari takwas da arba'in da daya 1841; Kamfaninsa na Howe Manufacturing Company na Derby, Connecticut, yayi amfani da injina uku don samar da fil dubu saba'in da biyu 72,000 a kowace rana a cikin dubu daya da Dari takwas da talatin da tara 1839.
Walter Hunt ya ƙirƙiri fil ɗin aminci ta hanyar ƙirƙirar fil na tagulla mai inci takwas a cikin lanƙwasa mai lanƙwasa tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da tsaro. Ya sayar da haƙƙoƙin ƙirarsa don biyan bashi ga abokinsa, bai san cewa zai iya samun miliyoyin daloli ba.
| Nau'in fil | Girman hankula [Note 1] | Tsawon hankula | Siffofin |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beading fil | 14 | 7⁄8 inch (22 mm) | Fadi-mai-kai fiye da yadda aka saba yana ba da damar wannan fil ɗin ya riƙe beads cikin sauƙi. |
| T-fil | 0.75 mm | 1 1⁄4 inches (32 mm) | Waɗannan fil ɗin suna da lanƙwasa kai a cikin babban harafin "T" don sauƙaƙe ɗauka tare da yatsun yatsa. |
| Dressmaker fil | 17-20 | 1 1⁄16 inches (27 mm) | Mafi yawan nau'in fil ɗin dinki, ana amfani da su don yadudduka masu nauyi zuwa matsakaicin nauyi kuma suna iya samun ko dai ƙaramin kai mai lebur ko filastik mai zagaye. |
| Fil masu faranta rai | 17 | 1 1⁄16 inches (27 mm) | An yi la'akari da "ƙarin tarar", ana amfani da su don ƙulla ƙira da yadudduka masu nauyi. |
| Appliqué fil | 0.6mm ku | 3⁄4 inch (19 mm) | Fil ɗin suna da ƙananan kawunan gilashin zagaye waɗanda suke da sauƙin aiki a kusa; Hakanan, saboda fil ɗin gajere ne, ba sa iya '' tsayawa '' lokacin riƙe ƙananan ƙananan masana'anta akan babban. |
| Bridal and lace pins | 17 | 1 1⁄4 inches (32 mm) | Waɗannan fil ɗin an yi su gaba ɗaya da bakin karfe kuma ba za su yi tsatsa ba; ana amfani dasu don yadudduka masu kyau da mara nauyi. |
| Patchwork fil | 22 (0.5 mm) | Page Samfuri:Fraction/styles.css has no content. 1 + 7 ⁄ 16 a cikin (37 mm) | Fil ɗin yana da ƙarin ƙaƙƙarfan nasihu don shiga ƙyallen ƙarfe mai kauri; girmansu da tsayinsu kuma yana sa su dace da quilting; suna da kawunan gilashi waɗanda ba za su narke ba idan aka matsa su cikin ƙarfe. |
| Quilting fil | 30 (0.6 mm) | 1 7⁄8 inches (48 mm) | Fuskokin rufewa suna da tsayi sosai kuma galibi suna da kawunan gilashi. |
| Filin siliki | 0.5mm ku | 1 7⁄16 inches (37 mm) | Filin siliki ya dace da yadudduka masu nauyi kuma suna da kan gilashi wanda ba zai narke ba lokacin da aka guga. |
| Pearlized fil | 24 | 1 1⁄2 inches (38 mm) | Waɗannan suna da kawunan filastik zagaye waɗanda aka fentin su (galibi cikin launuka masu haske) don yin kama da kama da lu'u -lu'u. |
| Sequin fil | 8 (0.5 mm) | 1⁄2 inch (13 mm) | Tsawonsu na gajere na musamman yana sa waɗannan fil ɗin su dace da appliqué; babban kan lebur yana sa su iya riƙe sequins a wuri. |
| Tsarkin fil | - | 1 1⁄2 inches (38 mm) | Ana amfani da fil ɗin U-shaped ba tare da kai ba don riƙe murfin zamewa da doilies a wuri; sau da yawa an yi su da tagulla don kada su yi tsatsa; Har ila yau, ana kiran fil. |
| Hatpins | - | 8 inches (20 cm) | Waɗannan su ne dogayen fil ɗin adon da ake amfani da su don riƙe hular mace a wuri. |
Babban manufar fil
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A tura fil da aka ƙirƙira a 1900 da Edwin Moore , kuma da sauri ya zama wata nasara. Ana kuma kiran waɗannan fil ɗin "fil fil" kuma ana rarrabe su ta hanyar samun sauƙin riƙe kai. Akwai kuma wani sabon fil na turawa da ake kira " paper cricket ".
Fil fil ba tare da kawuna ba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Za a iya tura sirrin, masu tauri cikin itace tare da guduma tare da manufar ba a ganin su.
Maƙallan injiniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin aikin injiniya da ƙirar injin, fil wani nau'in injin ne wanda ke tabbatar da matsayin sassa biyu ko fiye na injin kusa da juna. An san manyan nau'ikan iri iri na dogon lokaci; mafi akasari ana amfani da su shine dindindin fil ɗin cylindrical, m fil ɗin da aka ɗora, fil ɗin tsagi, ramukan bazara da ramuka masu jujjuyawa .
Bayanan kula
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Nassoshi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Henry Petroski, Juyin Halittar Abubuwa Masu Amfani, Babi na 4. ISBN 0-679-74039-2 .
- Robert Parmley, Littafin Jagora na Daidaitawa da Haɗawa . Buga na 1. Babi na 2. McGraw-Hill (New York). 1977. ISBN 0-07-048511-9
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