Rape during the first and second congo wars

fyade a lokacin yakin kongo na farko dana biyu

A lokacin tashe-tashen hankula na farko da na biyu a Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kongo (DRC), dukkanin bangarorin da ke rikici da juna sun aiwatar da manufar yin fyaden kisan kiyashi, tare da manufar farko ita ce lalata al'ummomi da iyalai gaba daya.Irin wannan shi ne tashin hankalin da aka yi wa mata da Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta bayyana shi a matsayin "yaki a cikin yaki".Kungiyar ta HRW ta bayar da rahoton cewa, ya zuwa watan Maris din shekarar 2013, rikicin cikin gida ya sake barkewa a lokacin da kungiyar 'yan ta'adda, wato M23 Movement (M23), ta sake kai farmaki bayan tsagaita bude wuta.

An ci zarafin 'yan mata masu shekaru biyar zuwa mata masu shekaru tamanin da lalata da su. An yi wa wasu fyade kuma aka tilasta wa iyalansu kallo.[a] A shekara ta 2008 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) ta kiyasta cewa mata har 200,000 sun sha fama da wani nau'i na cin zarafi Mummunan fyaden ya haifar da dadewa matsalolin lafiya, zamantakewa, iyali, da kuma tunani. An samu rahotannin cewa an yi wa jarirai masu shekara daya fyade, da kuma mata ‘yan shekara casa’in. Kungiyar likitoci ta Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) ta bayar da rahoton cewa sama da kashi 50 cikin 100 na wadanda suka tsira sun yi imanin cewa yin amfani da fyade wata dabara ce da aka yi amfani da ita da gangan don kawar da al'ummar Kongo. Yayin da mata suka kasance kan gaba wajen cin zarafin mata, maza da maza kuma ana cin zarafinsu. A cikin 2009, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama da suka hada da HRW da Amnesty International (AI) sun ba da rahoton cewa fyaden maza a DRC ya kasance cikin tsari, kuma yana karuwa.Galibin fyaden dai ‘yan bindiga ne, irin su Lord’s Resistance Army, Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda, Mai-Mai da Congrès national pour la défense du peuple. Tun daga shekara ta 2009, fyade, kashe-kashe da take hakin bil'adama da sojojin (FARDC) na DRC ke yi ya karu

Fyade a matsayin kisan Kare dangi

A cewar Amnesty, yin amfani da fyade a lokutan yaki ba wai sakamakon tashe-tashen hankula ba ne, amma dabarar soji ne da aka riga aka tsara kuma da gangan. A cikin kwata na karnin da ya gabata, yawancin tashe-tashen hankula sun rikide daga yake-yake tsakanin jihohin kasar zuwa yakin basasa na gamayya da na cikin gida. A yayin wadannan tashe-tashen hankula ana yawan samun yawaitar amfani da fyade a matsayin makami ga farar hula daga bangaren gwamnati da wadanda ba na jiha ba. 'Yan jarida da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun rubuta kamfen na fyade na kisan kare dangi a lokacin rikice-rikice a kasashen Balkans, Saliyo, Rwanda, Laberiya, Sudan, Uganda, da DRC.[9]

Manufofin wadannan manyan laifukan fyaɗe biyu ne. Na farko shi ne sanya ta'addanci a cikin farar hula, da nufin kwace su daga dukiyoyinsu. Na biyu shi ne wulakanta damar da za a iya dawowa da sake fasalin kasa ta hanyar wulakanta jama'ar da aka yi niyya. Wadannan tasirin suna da mahimmanci ga waɗanda ba na gwamnati ba, saboda ya zama dole su cire yawan mutanen da aka yi niyya daga ƙasar. Yin fyade kamar yadda kisan kiyashi ya dace da yakin da ya hada da kawar da kabilanci da kisan kiyashi, domin manufar ita ce a lalata ko kawar da mutanen da aka yi niyya da karfi da kuma tabbatar da cewa ba su dawo ba.[9] A DRC, fyade na kisan kiyashi ya mayar da hankali ne kan lalata iyali da al'umma. Tattaunawa da wanda ya tsira ya ba da labarin fyade ga ƙungiyoyi, tilasta cin naman ɗan tayi daga wata mace da aka kora da kisan yara.[1]

Kiyasin Wanda abun Ya shafa

A cikin 2006 Jean-Marie Guéhenno ya ba da rahoto ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya cewa a cikin watanni shida da suka gabata an yi wa mata da 'yan mata 12,000 fyade.[10][11] A shekara ta 2009 an yi kiyasin cewa ana yi mata fyade sau 1100 a kowane wata, inda kashi 72 cikin 100 na wadanda suka tsira suka ce an azabtar da su a lokacin da suke kai farmaki.[12] A shekarar 2011 kadai an yi kiyasin cewa an yi fyade har 400,000.[13] A cikin 2013 HRW ta bayar da rahoton cewa M23 ta kashe fararen hula 44 tare da yi wa mata da 'yan mata akalla 61 fyade a kusa da birnin Goma[14].

Wani labari a cikin Jarida na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Amurka ya ba da kiyasin mutane miliyan biyu da aka yi wa fyade a shekara ta 2011.[15] Bisa kididdigar da aka nuna wa Shelly Whitman na wadanda aka yi wa fyaden a wata ziyara da ta kai asibitin Panzi da ke Bukavu a shekarar 2010, an kwantar da 'yan mata 66 'yan kasa da shekaru uku da kuma mata 50 da suka haura shekaru 65 a asibiti domin yi musu magani a tsakanin watan Janairu. da Yuli 2010.[16] Alkaluman da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na yankin suka bayar sun nuna cewa kashi 13 cikin 100 na wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu ‘yan kasa da shekaru goma sha hudu ne. Jami'ar HRW a DRC, Anneke Van Woudenberg, ta ce game da yadda ake yawan amfani da fyade da cewa "ya zama wata ma'ana mai ma'ana" rikicin.[17]

Bayan haka

Kungiyar ta HRW ta ruwaito cewa, an ci zarafin ‘yan mata masu shekaru biyar zuwa tamanin da wukake da reza wajen yankan farji. An tilasta wa iyalai kallon yadda ake lalata da mata. Wadanda suka tsira daga hare-haren sun ba da rahoton manyan matsalolin lafiya a sakamakon fyaden. Kashi 87 cikin 100 sun ba da rahoton fitowar al'aurar kuma kashi 79 cikin dari sun ba da rahoton ciwon ciki na ƙasa. Ciwon yoyon fitsari ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin wadanda suka tsira, kashi 41 cikin 100 sun bayar da rahoton fitar da fitsari da fitsari daga farji.[4]

Ciwon kwakwalwa ya haɗa da mafarki mai ban tsoro da rashin barci, tare da kashi 77 cikin dari sun ba da rahoton cewa sun sha wahala daga waɗannan. Kashi 91 cikin 100 na waɗanda suka tsira sun ba da rahoton cewa suna rayuwa cikin tsoro kuma suna jin kunya game da hare-haren. A Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Saint Paul da ke Uvira, a cikin nazarin bayanan likita daga 658 da suka tsira da kashi tara sun dawo da kwayar cutar HIV. Sauran cututtukan da suka shafi jima'i sune syphilis, tare da kashi goma sha uku na kamuwa da cutar, sannan kashi 31 kuma sun kamu da cutar gonorrhea. Kadan daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa ke zuwa neman magani, saboda tsadar da ake kashewa wajen kula da lafiya, da kuma kasancewar idan aka bayyana a fili cewa an yi musu fyade, to wadannan wadanda suka tsira za a wulakanta su a cikin al’umma[4].

A cikin wani rahoto daga MSF sama da kashi 50 cikin 100 na wadanda suka tsira sun ce an kai musu hari yayin da suke aiki a gonaki. Galibi gungun maza ne da ke dauke da makamai suke kai wadannan hare-hare, ana yi wa mata duka sannan aka yi musu fyade aka bar su a kwance. Wasu kuma sun ce an ci zarafinsu ne a lokacin da aka kai musu farmaki a kauyukan su kuma mata da yawa sun bayyana cewa an yi musu fyade ne a cikin gonakin da suka je buya a lokacin da suka gudu daga gidajensu.[4]

Lokacin da aka yi nazari kan ra'ayoyinsu game da abin da ke haifar da cin zarafi na jima'i, kashi 83 cikin 100 sun yi imanin cewa rashin tsari, horarwa da rashin da'a sun taka rawa. Kashi 57 cikin 100 sun yi imanin cewa an yi amfani da cin zarafin jima'i a matsayin wata dabara don halakar da jama'ar Kongo da gangan, daga bayanan shaidun MSF ta yanke shawarar cewa "An danganta cin zarafin jima'i a fili da dabarun soja na bangarorin da ke fada da juna. ya faru ne ta hanyar da aka tsara ta yadda ba daidai ba ne a yi la’akari da shi a matsayin illar yaki”[4].

Gwajin laifukan yaki

A shekarar 2013 ne aka fara gudanar da shari'a ga sojojin FARDC 39. An zargi mutanen da yiwa mata 102 da 'yan mata 33 fyade a garin Minova bayan ja da baya da suka yi daga Goma bayan harin da dakarun M23 suka kai musu. A shekara ta 2014 an kammala shari'ar tare da yanke hukunci guda biyu game da fyade, sauran kuma an wanke su. Maud Jullien, wanda ke aiki da BBC ya ce sakamakon "babban abin takaici ne", kuma lauyoyin wadanda suka tsira sun yi imanin cewa hukuncin zai hana sauran wadanda suka tsira kwarin guiwa.[18]