Rat

bera

Berayen matsakaita iri-iri ne, rodents masu tsayi masu tsayi. Ana samun nau'ikan berayen a cikin tsarin Rodentia, amma ana samun stereotypical beraye a cikin halittar Rattus. Sauran jinsin berayen sun hada da Neotoma (fakitin beraye), Bandicota (berayen bandicoot) da Dipodomys (berayen kangaroo). Beraye yawanci ana bambanta su da beraye ta hanyar girman su. Yawanci sunan gama gari na babban rodent ɗin muroid zai haɗa da kalmar "bera", yayin da ƙaramin sunan muroid zai haɗa da "mouse". Kalmomin gama-gari na bera da linzamin kwamfuta ba su takamaimai ta hanyar haraji ba. Akwai sanannun nau'in beraye 56 a duniya.[1

nau'i da bayani

Mafi sanannun nau'in bera sune baƙar fata (Rattus rattus) da bera mai launin ruwan kasa (Rattus norvegicus). Wannan rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da Old World berayen ko berayen gaskiya, sun samo asali ne daga Asiya. Beraye sun fi yawancin tsofaffin beraye girma, waɗanda danginsu ne, amma ba kasafai suke yin nauyi sama da gram 500 (17+1⁄2 oz) a cikin daji ba.[2] Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar bera a cikin sunayen wasu ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda ba bera na gaskiya ba. Misalai sun haɗa da fakitin berayen Arewacin Amurka (wanda aka fi sani da berayen itace[3]) da wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan da ake kira berayen kangaroo.[3] Berayen irin su bandicoot bera (Bandicota bengalensis) rodents ne na murine da ke da alaƙa da berayen na gaskiya amma ba mambobi ne na jinsin Rattus ba.[4][5]

Ana kiran berayen dala; matan da ba a haifa ba, sun yi, masu ciki ko iyaye mata, madatsun ruwa; da jarirai, kyanwa ko jarirai. Ana kiran ƙungiyar beraye a matsayin ɓarna[6].

Jinsunan gama-gari sune masu tsira da dama kuma galibi suna rayuwa tare da kusa da mutane; don haka, an san su da commensals. Suna iya haifar da asarar abinci mai yawa, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa.[7] Koyaya, nau'in berayen da ke yaɗuwa da matsaloli masu matsala ƴan tsiraru ne a cikin wannan nau'in jinsin. Yawancin nau'in berayen na tsibiran tsibiri ne, wasu daga cikinsu sun shiga cikin hatsari saboda asarar muhalli ko gasa da bera mai launin ruwan kasa, baƙar fata, ko na Polynesia[8].

Rodents na daji, gami da beraye, na iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban na zoonotic, kamar Leptospira, Toxoplasma gondii, da Campylobacter.[9] Mutuwar Baƙar fata a al'adance ce ta samo asali ne daga ƙwayoyin cuta mai suna Yersinia pestis, wanda ke ɗauke da ƙuman bera na wurare masu zafi (Xenopsylla cheopis), wanda ya fara kama baƙar fata da ke zaune a cikin biranen Turai a lokacin barkewar annoba a tsakiyar zamanai; an yi amfani da waɗannan berayen azaman masu jigilar kaya. Wata cutar zoonotic da ke da alaƙa da bera ita ce cutar ƙafa da baki.[10]

Beraye sun zama balagaggu cikin jam'i suna da shekaru 6 makonni, amma suna kaiwa ga balaga cikin zamantakewa a kusan watanni 5 zuwa 6. Matsakaicin rayuwar beraye ya bambanta da nau'in nau'in, amma yawancinsu suna rayuwa kusan shekara guda ne kawai saboda tsinuwa.[11]

Berayen baƙar fata da launin ruwan kasa sun bambanta da sauran berayen Tsohon Duniya a cikin dazuzzukan Asiya a farkon Pleistocene.[12]

bindin beraye

Siffar doguwar wutsiya ta mafi yawan rodents siffa ce da aka yi nazari sosai a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan berayen daban-daban, waɗanda ke ba da shawarar ayyuka na farko na wannan tsarin: thermoregulation, [13] ƙananan ƙaƙƙarfan ra'ayi, da martani mai raɗaɗi mai tsaka-tsaki.[14] Wutsiyoyi na rodent-musamman a cikin ƙirar bera-an haɗa su tare da aikin thermoregulation wanda ya biyo baya daga ginin jikin sa. Wannan takamaiman yanayin halittar wutsiya yana bayyana a cikin dangin Muridae, ya bambanta da wutsiyar bushier na Sciuridae, dangin squirrel. Wutsiyar ba ta da gashi kuma ba ta da sirara amma tana da ƙarfi sosai, don haka yana ba da damar yin musanyar zafi mai inganci tare da muhalli. Maɗaukakin ƙwayar tsoka da nama mai haɗi na wutsiya, tare da isassun wuraren da aka makala tsoka tare da ɗimbin kashin kashin sa, suna sauƙaƙe ƙayyadaddun gabobin hankali don taimakawa wajen karkatar da rodent a cikin yanayi mai girma uku.[15]. Murids sun samo asali na musamman na tsaro da ake kira ƙasƙanci wanda ke ba da damar tserewa daga tsinkaya ta hanyar hasarar mafi girman gefen wutsiya. Koyaya, wannan tsarin yana da alaƙa da cututtukan cututtuka da yawa waɗanda suka kasance batun bincike.

A gefe guda, an kuma bincika ƙarfin wutsiya don yin aiki azaman firikwensin da ya dace da na'ura mai daidaitawa. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, wutsiya tana nuna babban matakin murƙushewar muscular da kuma shigar da jiki daga baya wanda da alama yana yin haɗin gwiwa wajen daidaita kwayoyin halitta.[17] Musamman, ana samun wannan ta hanyar daidaitawar juzu'i da tsawaita tsokar wutsiya don samar da ƴan sauye-sauye a cikin cibiyar tarin kwayoyin halitta, daidaitawa, da sauransu, wanda a ƙarshe yana taimaka mata tare da samun daidaiton ma'auni a cikin muhallinta. Ƙarin binciken injiniyoyi na jijiyoyi da ke cikin wutsiya na bera sun gano abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke tasiri yadda kwayoyin halitta ke kewaya yanayinta tare da wannan tsari. Misali na musamman shi ne na wani binciken da aka yi bayani dalla-dalla dalla-dalla game da yanayin halittar wadannan tendons.[18] Wato, gwaje-gwajen iyawar tantanin halitta na jijiyoyi na wutsiyar bera suna nuna mafi girman rabo na fibroblasts masu rai waɗanda ke samar da collagen na waɗannan zaruruwa. Kamar yadda yake a cikin mutane, waɗannan tendons sun ƙunshi babban nau'in gabobin tendon na golgi waɗanda ke taimaka wa dabba don tantance shimfiɗa tsoka a wurin da daidaita daidai ta hanyar isar da bayanan zuwa manyan wuraren cortical da ke da alaƙa da daidaituwa, haɓakawa, da motsi.

Siffar wutsiya ta murids ita ma tana nuna wata hanyar kariya ta musamman da aka sani da lalatawa wanda za'a iya ware gefen waje na integument don sauƙaƙe tserewar dabba daga mafarauci. Wannan matsi na zaɓin juyin halitta ya ci gaba duk da ɗimbin cututtuka waɗanda zasu iya bayyana yayin zubar da ɓangaren wutsiya da fallasa ƙarin abubuwan ciki ga muhalli.[19] Mafi girma a cikin waɗannan sune kamuwa da cuta na kwayan cuta da ƙwayar cuta, yayin da yawan ƙwayar jijiyoyi a cikin wutsiya ya bayyana a kan ɓarna ko rauni iri ɗaya ga tsarin. Amsa mai lalacewa shine amsa mai ban tsoro, ma'ana yana faruwa ne lokacin da dabbar ke fama da ciwo mai tsanani, kamar lokacin da mafarauci ya kwace kwayoyin halitta ta wutsiya.

kamar dabbobi

An adana beraye na musamman a matsayin dabbobi aƙalla tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Berayen dabbobi galibi bambance-bambance ne na nau'in bera mai launin ruwan kasa, amma baƙaƙen berayen da manyan ɓerayen jaka suma ana ajiye su a wasu lokuta. Berayen dabbobi suna nuna hali daban da takwarorinsu na daji dangane da yawan tsararraki da aka ajiye su a matsayin dabbobi.[20] Berayen dabbobi ba sa haifar da haɗarin cututtukan zoonotic fiye da dabbobin gida kamar kuliyoyi ko karnuka.[21] Berayen da aka ƙera gabaɗaya abokantaka ne kuma ana iya koya musu yin zaɓaɓɓun halaye.

Zaɓaɓɓen kiwo ya kawo launi daban-daban da nau'ikan alama a cikin berayen. Canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta kuma sun haifar da nau'ikan gashi daban-daban, kamar rex da marasa gashi. Cutar da aka haifa a cikin zaɓin kiwo ya haifar da bera na dumbo, sanannen zabin dabbobi saboda ƙananan kunnuwansu masu siffar biredi.[22] Akwai ma'auni na kiwo ga masu sha'awar berayen da ke son yin kiwo da nuna bera a wurin nunin bera.[23]